The Cell Cycle CHAPTER 12
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1 The Cell Cycle CHAPTER 12
2 The Key Roles of Cell Division cell division = reproduction of cells All cells come from pre-exisiting cells Omnis cellula e cellula
3 Unicellular organisms division of 1 cell reproduces organism Binary fission
4 Multicellular organisms Why cells reproduce Development/Growth Replacement Repair
5 100 µm 200 µm 20 µm (a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development (c) Tissue renewal
6 Cellular Organization of Genetic Material chromosome = strand of DNA 2 sets of 23 chromosomes in humans = 46 genome = All DNA in a cell 20 µm
7 Somatic cells= body cells (2 trillion in adult) 2sets of chromosomes (pairs= diploid) Produced by mitosis - 1 diploid cell 2 identical diploid cells Gametes sperm and eggs have 1 set = haploid Produced by meiosis 1 diploid cell 4 unique cells Occurs in?
8 Gametes
9 Identical cells Diploid Unique cells Haploid
10 Concept check 1. start with a fertilized egg 5 cell divisions produce how an embryo of cells 2. a chicken has 78 chromosomes in a somatic cell. How many chromosomes in a chicken sperm?
11 The cell cycle = time from new cell to when it divides Interphase 90% of time Mitosis 4o min G 1 S (DNA synthesis) G 2
12 Cell Division Mitosis = division of the nucleus Cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm
13 INTERPHASE G1 phase cell grows, gets ready S phase DNA replicates G2 phase cell grows, gets ready G 1 S (DNA synthesis) G 2
14 Signs of interphase?
15 S phase of Interphase Chromosomes (DNA) replicate Sister chromatids = 2 Centromere = constricted region
16 0.5 µm Chromosomes DNA molecules Chromosome arm Centromere Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis) Sister chromatids Separation of sister chromatids Centromere Sister chromatids
17 MITOSIS video Prophase (Prometaphase) Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis by late telophase
18 I. Prophase Chromosomes condense Mitotic spindle forms from centrioles Nuclear membrane breaks apart
19 The mitotic spindle (formation begins in prophase) Prophase G 2 of Interphase Centrosomes Aster
20 Prophase
21 II. Prometaphase Spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes Chromosomes pulled towards center of cell
22 III. Metaphase chromosomes (sister chromatids) line up at the metaphase plate midway between spindle s two poles
23
24 Aster Centrosome Microtubules Chromosomes Sister chromatids Metaphase plate Kinetochores Centrosome 1 µm Overlapping nonkinetochore microtubules Kinetochore microtubules 0.5 µm
25 G 2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase G 2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Chromatin (duplicated) Early mitotic spindle Aster Centromere Fragments of nuclear envelope Nonkinetochore microtubules Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Kinetochore Kinetochore microtubule
26 Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Metaphase plate Cleavage furrow Nucleolus forming Spindle Centrosome at one spindle pole Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming
27 IV. Anaphase sister chromatids separate microtubules shorten move chromosomes toward opposite ends of cell
28 V. Telophase Identical nuclei form in each cell Chromosomes less condensed (they become threadlike again)
29 Division of cytoplasm animal cells cleavage furrow Cytokinesis plant cells cell plate
30 Cleavage furrow 100 µm Contractile ring of microfilaments Daughter cells (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)
31 Vesicles forming cell plate Wall of parent cell Cell plate New cell wall 1 µm Daughter cells (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)
32 Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin condensing 1 Prophase
33 Chromosomes 2 Prometaphase
34 3 Metaphase
35 4 Anaphase
36 Cell plate 10 µm 5 Telophase
37
38 The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular controls Short length ex. skin cell Longer length ex. Neurons Specific signal molecules in cytoplasm
39 Application: Cancer Mutation in cell cycle genes Breast cancer cells dividing
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