Ionizing Radiation. Michael J. Vala, CHP. Bristol-Myers Squibb
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1 Ionizing Radiation Michael J. Vala, CHP Bristol-Myers Squibb American Industrial Hygiene Association, New Jersey Section, Inc.
2 Course Objectives At the end of this course, you should be able to: identify sources of ionizing radiation understand physical characteristics, e.g. dose, half-life, penetration distance evaluate hazards from ionizing radiation, e.g., radiation surveys, dosimeters, bioassay know methods of protection from ionizing radiation Page 2 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
3 Discovery of Radiation Roentgen discovered x-ray tube, December Becquerel discovered the radioactivity of uranium, 1896 Marie Curie discovered radium and polonium, late 1890's. Page 3 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
4 Electromagnetic Spectrum Page 4 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
5 We Are All Irradiated Natural Radiation Man-Made Radiation Page 5 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
6 Natural and Man Made Population Radiation Exposures US Population Radiation Dose mrem/y mrem/y Cosmic 30 Natural External gamma 25 Internal (mostly K-40) Radon (lung dose) 250 Medical diagnostic 270 Occupational 1 Man Made Fallout Reactors 1 Consumer products 0.03 Page 6 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
7 Sources of Ionizing Radiation Radioactive material (radionuclides) Radiation producing machines X-ray diffraction instruments X-ray fluorescence analyzers Radiographic x-ray machines Medical x-ray machines Accelerators Page 7 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
8 Sealed Source Level Gauge Page # 8
9 Lab Use of Radionuclides Page # 9
10 Nuclear Reactor Page # 10
11 X-Ray Diffraction Page # 11
12 Portable X-Ray Diffraction Page # 12
13 Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer ( ray-gun style ) Page 13 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
14 Medical X-Ray Page # 14
15 CT Scan Page 15 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
16 X-Ray Tubes Page 16 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
17 X-Ray Production Page 17 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
18 Acute X-Ray Burns Very intense beams of x-rays. Acute skin burns possible. Shielding and safety interlocks prevent exposure. Page 18 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
19 Nuclear Physics and Radiation Biology in a Nutshell Radioactive material emits radiation. Radiation cannot be detected by human senses. Radiation exposure can be harmful. The harm is proportional to the dose. Radiation can be detected with radiation monitoring instruments. Page 19 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
20 Radiation and Radioactivity Radioactivity is matter which decays spontaneously emitting radiation. Radiation is ionizing emissions. Page 20 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
21 Radioactive Atoms Decay Spontaneously, Emitting Radiation Page 21 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
22 Types of Radioactive Decay Page 22 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
23 Beta Decay Page 23 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
24 Gamma Radiation (ionizing photons) Page 24 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
25 Penetrating Distances Page 25 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
26 Penetration of Common Radiation Page 26 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
27 Amount of Radioactivity Page 27 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
28 For example: Page 28 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
29 Units of Measure Page 29 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
30 Half Life Page 30 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
31 Half Life Equation Page 31 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
32 Half Lives of Common Nuclides Page 32 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
33 Biological Effects Page 33 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
34 Radiation Interactions with Matter Produce free radicals Break chemical bonds Produce new bonds and crosslinks between macromolecules Damage molecules vital to cell processes (e.g., DNA, RNA, proteins) Page 34 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
35 Minimum Dose for Clinical Effects Chromosomal damage (deletions, rings and dicentrics) Depressed sperm count Approximately 10 rad (0.1 Gray) Page 35 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
36 Biological Effect at Threshold Dose Page 36 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
37 Evidence for Carcinogenicity of Radiation Animal studies Epidemiological studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors Epidemiological studies of patients receiving medical radiation therapy Types of cancer: leukemia, bone, breast, GI track, lung, thyroid, etc. Page 37 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
38 Linear Non-Threshold Theory Radiation effects are assumed to be linear with radiation dose, even at small doses. Radiation effects below about 5-10 rem are too small to be observed in populations. Page 38 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
39 Radiation Dose Limits Page 39 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
40 Internal Radiation (inhalation and ingestion) Annual Limit on Intake (ALI). ALI is the amount of radioactivity which, if taken internally, would result in the maximum permissible internal dose. Page 40 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
41 Radiation Protection Instrumentation Geiger-Mueller detector (GM probe) General purpose probe Measures dose rate (e.g., mr/h) Page 41 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
42 Film badge Badge and Ring Dosimeters Measures cumulated radiation dose (mrem, msv) Body and hand dose Usually monthly or quarterly cycle Page 42 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
43 Bioassay for Radioactivity in the Body (Internal Radiation Dose) Urine analysis for tritium and carbon-14 Thyroid bioassay for iodine-125 and iodine-131 Page 43 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
44 Radiation Protection Techniques Minimize exposure time. Maximize distance to radiation source. Use radiation shielding. Page 44 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
45 Inverse Square Law Dose rate decreases as the square of the distance. 1 r 2 Page 45 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
46 ALARA As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA): Keep radiation dose to a minimum A regulatory requirement Based on Linear Non-Threshold (LNT) theory of radiation damage Page 46 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
47 Regulation in United States Radioactive material (byproduct, source, and special nuclear material) Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or Agreement States Machine-generated radiation States OSHA? Page 47 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
48 Warning Signs and Labels Page 48 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
49 Questions? Page 49 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
50 Bibliography / References Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition, Herman Cember and Thomas Johnson, McGraw Hill, Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection, Third Edition, James E. Turner, Wiley-VCH, 2007 Physics for Radiation Protection, Third Edition, James E. Martin, Wiley-VCH, Radiation Protection: A Guide for Scientists, Regulators and Physicians, Jacob Shapiro, Harvard University Press, Basic Health Physics, Second Edition, Joseph John Bevelacqua, Wiley-VCH. Health Physics and Radiological Health, Fourth Edition, Thomas E. Johnson and Brian K. Birky, Lippincott, Environmental Radioactivity from Natural, Industrial & Military Sources, Fourth Edition, Merrill Eisenbud and Thomas F. Gesell, Academic Press,1997. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Part 20, Radiation Protection. Page 50 Summer Review Course: Ionizing Radiation
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