Asexual Reproduction & Cancer

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1 Asexual Reproduction & Cancer

2 Asexual Reproduction Only one individual needed No new genetic material added = organism clones itself Reproduction is fast and produces many individuals Gene pool is shallow not much diversity

3 Other Forms of Asexual Reproduction Regeneration growing back lost body parts (Starfish) Fission or budding - new individuals are produced from the original and break away (bacteria, yeast) Fragmentation breaking into parts (flatworms)

4 Regulating the Cell Cycle Proteins called cyclins regulate the cell cycle Cancer cells do not respond to these signals that regulate growth and division These cells grow and divide uncontrollably leading to the formation of tumors

5 Normal Cells Vs. Cancer Cells Cancer cells: Lose control over growth and multiplication Do not self-destruct when they become worn out or damaged Crowd out healthy cells

6 Growth of Cancer Cells 2-6 weeks 2-6 weeks Cancer cells reproduce every 2-6 weeks. Size of cancer cells: One million cancer cells = head of a pin One billion cancer cells = a small grape 2 30 = 1,073,741,824 = 1 billion cells 2-6 weeks

7 Types of Cancers Carcinomas (cells that cover internal and external body surfaces) Lung Breast Leukemia (Blood Cells) Lymphomas (Lymph nodes &tissues) Colon Bladder Prostate (Men) Sarcomas Cells in supportive tissues bones & muscles

8 What Causes Cancer? Lifestyle Family History Environment

9 Lifestyle Risks Smoking Diet high fat and low in fruits and vegetables Lack of exercise Unprotected exposure to the sun, (UV) rays Obesity Viruses: HPV

10 Environmental Risks Second hand smoke Air pollution Industrial pollution Chemical exposures

11 Inherited Risks Less than 15% of cancers are inherited Gene mutations are linked to some inherited cancers Cancers that may be caused by inherited gene mutations are: Colon cancer Breast cancer Ovarian Prostate cancer Skin cancer

12 Why Specialize? A single cellular organism performs all required functions in one cell. e.g., Amoeba.

13 Why Specialize? Multicellular organisms are much more complex. The body needs to supply food and nutrients, transport materials, remove wastes and fight infection.

14 Cellular Differentiation The process of creating specialized cells. All cells in the body originated from the zygote undergoing mitosis. As an embryo develops, cells change their shape, contents and function.

15 Cellular Differentiation

16 What Causes Specialization? certain factors may result in the expression of different genes within a cell.

17 Abnormal Development Chemical contamination of the environment can affect cellular development.

18 Stem Cells Cells that can differentiate into many different cell types. The daughter cells have the same DNA, but different genes may be turned on or off. Watch This!!!

19 Types of Stem Cells 1. Embryonic Stem Cells Differentiates into any cell type. 2. Adult Stem Cells Exists in some tissues but can only form specific types of cells. E.g., bone marrow stem cells form white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.

20 Stem Cell Research

21 Tissue Types Tissues are a collection of similar cells that perform specific functions. Animals have 4 types of tissue: 1. Epithelial. 2. Muscular. 3. Connective. 4. Nervous.

22 Line the internal and external surfaces of the body. Form a barrier by connecting adjoining cell membranes. Epithelial Tissue

23 Muscular Tissue Move the body or organ by contracting and relaxing.

24 Connective Tissue Strengthens, supports and protects other tissues. Cells are in an extracellular matrix.

25 Nervous Tissue Made of neurons with long projections that send and receive signals. Coordinates body actions.

26 Tissues in the Arm

27 Stem Cells All of the different cells found in your body came from stem cells (undifferentiated cells) These cells show promise for curing certain diseases such as Parkinson s, Alzheimer s, M.S., Leukemia and many others Although we can use some adult stem cells, the most promising cells come from embryos

28 The great debate Do we use cells from embryos to cure adults? Do we clone embryonic cells to produce cell lines with healing powers?

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