Wireless Capsule Endoscopy: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?

Transcription

1 Session I LGS-I: Small Bowel Endoscopy: What Can We Do in 2013? Wireless Capsule Endoscopy: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? Ki-Nam Shim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Introduction The year 2011 marked the 10 th anniversary of approval of the first wireless (WCE), the M2A (Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel), by the FDA. WCE technology has evolved over the past decade. The main indications for WCE were obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, Crohn s disease, and unexplained symptoms. This review provided an update on a comprehensive evaluation of WCE and emphasizes advances in WCE in clinical practice. Wireless capsule endoscopy systems There are 5 WCE systems: the PillCam SB2 (Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel), the Endo Capsule (Olympus America, Center Valley, PA), the MiroCam (IntroMedic, Seoul, Korea), the OMOM capsule (Jinshan Science and Technology, Chongqing, China), and the CapsoCam VS1 (CapsoVision, Saratoga, CA, USA) (Table 1). 1 However, only the PillCam SB2 and the Endo Capsule are currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. 2 Preliminary studies in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) have reported Table 1. Wireless capsule endoscopes in use or in development worldwide1 Device Company PillCam SB2 Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel EndoCapsule Olympus, Tokyo, Japan MiroCam IntroMedic, Seoul, Korea OMOM Jinshan Science, Chongding, China CapsoCam CapsoVision, Saratoga, USA Field of view (º) Frames per second Battery life (h) Image sensor Transmission mode FDA Dimensions approval (mm) status Optical enhancement CMOS Radiofrequency Yes Blue mode FICE settings CCD Radiofrequency Yes Contrast imaging >11 CMOS EFP Pending NA 140 ± 10 2 variable 8 CCD Radiofrequency No NA Unkno wn USB No NA CCD, charge coupled device; CMOS, complementary metal oxide silicon imaging; EFP, electric field propagation; FICE, Fujinon Intelligent Colour Enhancement; NA, not applicable; USB, Universal Serial Bus. 106 IDEN 2013

2 LGS-I: Small Bowel Endoscopy: What Can We Do in 2013? Table 2. Clinical utilities and capabilities of WCE in gastrointestinal disease1 Gastrointestinal bleeding Detection of hemorrhagic lesions: WCE diagnostic yield higher than plush enteroscopy, SBFT, angiography; WCE diagnostic yield comparable to CTE, DBE Selection of DBE insertion route Preoperative localization of bleeding site Real-time diagnosis in emergency room evaluation Crohn s disease Detection of lesions suggestive of small bowel Crohn s disese Clarification of distribution and severity of Crohn s disease Differentiation of IBD type in patients with inderterminate colitis Complimentary use with specific inflammatory markers Facilitation of major scoring system for disease severity: CECDAI; Lewis system CECDAI, capsule endoscopy Crohn s disease activity index; CTE, CT enterography; DBE, double balloon enteroscopy; SBFT, small bowel follow through; WCE, wireless capsule endoscopy. comparable utility and safety with both capsules. WCE is currently US Food and Drug Administration approved for use in adult and pediatric patients older than age 10 years for evaluation of OGIB, Crohn s disease (CD), celiac disease, polyposis syndromes, small bowel (SB) abnormalities detected on imaging studies, and symptom evaluation. The main limitations of WCE include its lack of therapeutic capabilities, the inability to control its movement, its high rate of incidental findings, difficulty in localizing identified lesions, and the potential to miss single-mass lesions. 2 WCE may also be complicated by retention, which precludes its use in patients with suspected obstruction or strictures. 3 Established indications 1. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding WCE is indicated for initial testing for overt or occult OGIB of presumed small intestinal origin (Table 2). OGIB has been defined as bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract persists or recurs after a negative initial evaluation using bidirectional endoscopy and radiologic imaging with barium contrast medium such as with SB follow through (SBFT) or enteroclysis. 4 With the technological advances inherent to WCE and balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE), most limitations of older diagnostic test have been overcome, leading to a major paradigm shift in evaluation and management. A meta-analysis of studies that compared WCE and push enteroscopy (PE) for OGIB showed that WCE had an incremental yield of 30% (56% vs 26%) for clinically significant findings. Similarly, WCE had an incremental yield of 36% over SBFT (yield, 42% vs 6%). 5 On the basis of these results, WCE is currently recommended as the third test of choice for OGIB after a negative upper endoscopy and a negative colonoscopy. A meta-analysis of 11 studies comparing WCE to DBE for SB disease showed a comparable diagnostic yield (60% vs 57%) for all findings. The yields were also similar to those for vascular, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions. 6 Another meta-analysis of 8 studies also found no difference in diagnostic yield (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, ). However, in patients with OGIB, WCE had a higher yield than DBE using a IDEN

3 IDEN 2013 single approach (odds ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, ) but a significantly lower yield than DBE using a combined antegrade-retrograde approach (odds ratio, 0.12; 95% confidence interval, ; P<0.05). 7 The main utility of WCE for evaluation of OGIB lies in its high positive predictive value (94-97%) and its high negative predictive value (83-100%). 8,9 Specifically, it can be used to identify the bleeding lesion and help direct further therapeutic intervention or surgery. WCE findings that lead to endoscopic or surgical intervention or a change in medical management have been reported in 37-87% of patients. 8,10 In addition, 50-66% of patients have been reported as remaining transfusion free without recurrent bleeding at follow-up. 9,11 Moreover, the rebleeding rate is quite low (33%) after a negative WCE. 12 WCE also guides further diagnostic testing and therapeutic planning. WCE can help select DBE insertion routes with excellent accuracy and is useful for localizing bleeding sites prior to intraoperative endoscopy or surgical resection. 13,14 Whether VCE improves outcome is less certain. In a study in which patients with gastrointestinal bleeding were randomly allocated to initial VCE or small bowel barium radiography, no differences were observed in subsequent diagnostic interventions, therapies or hospitalizations over a period of 12 months Crohn s disease WCE is useful for diagnosing Crohn s enteritis and defining anatomical distribution and severity in those with established disease (Table 2). In a meta-analysis of individuals with suspected CD, WCE showed superior diagnostic yields compared with barium radiography (52% vs 16%), CT enterography (CTE) (68% vs 21%) and ileocolonoscopy (47% vs 25%). 16 In the same analysis, WCE yields in those with established Crohn s disease were higher than for contrast radiography (71% vs 36%) and push enteroscopy (66% vs 9%). More importantly, the capsule was negative in 48% of symptomatic patients, potentially helping avoid unnecessary therapy. 17 Ultimately, larger prospective studies are needed to determine the role of WCE in evaluating suspected and established CD and influencing clinical outcomes. The high negative predictive value of WCE is an important advantage when evaluating patients with suspected CD. A pooled analysis of the results of 24 WCE trials comprising 530 patients found that WCE had a low miss rate of 0.5% for SB ulcerations, compared with 78.7% for other modalities (SBFT, PE, or ileocolonoscopy). 18 Thus, the diagnosis of WCE can possibly be excluded in most patients with a negative capsule study. Other potential uses include noninvasive assessment of mucosal healing and endoscopic response to therapy, 19 diagnosis of postoperative recurrence, 20 and evaluation of indeterminate colitis. 21,22 The potential for capsule retention because of structuring CD mandates caution when performing WCE in patients with this condition. Retention rates vary from 5-13% in patients with established CD to 1-2% in those with suspected disease. 23,24 Use of the patency capsule in patients with suspected obstruction has led to a clinically significant reduction in the incidence of capsule retention Small bowel tumors and polyps WCE has been compared with other diagnostic modalities for diagnosis of SB tumors, specifically SBFT and PE, and was found to be superior to SBFT. WCE proved particularly helpful in identifying lesions beyond the 108 IDEN 2013

4 LGS-I: Small Bowel Endoscopy: What Can We Do in 2013? reach of PE; thus, the two procedures are complementary. 26 A meta-analysis also found WCE to be superior to both SBFT and PE. 5 With this growing body of literature supporting the increased yield of WCE in identifying SB tumors, it will become the diagnostic procedure of choice in these patients. Several series have also examined the use of WCE in evaluating patients with polyposis syndromes Compared with other tests, WCE identifies more polyps, but these are usually small and difficult to evaluate quantitatively. Thus, the role of WCE in the management of polyposis syndromes is not clear at this time. Patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome may benefit from WCE vs SBFT, particularly for surveillance and when there is OGIB. 30 New techniques and innovations The advent of WCE for gastrointestinal imaging has created a major paradigm shift in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Areas of innovation include new type of capsule, improved optics, better propulsion, the ability to perform biopsies and therapeutics, targeted drug delivery, and the evaluation of SB motility. The Sayaka device (RF Systems, Nagano, Japan)-not available in any country at this time-includes an inner capsule that spins and a lens on its lateral surface that obtains high-resolution sidewall images at 30fps to provide 360º inspection of the luminal wall. 31 Furthermore, a dual camera capsule was developed to test if two cameras are complementary in assessing small bowel lesions. In 41 patients, 42% of 68 findings were not detected by one camera, whereas 44% were not detected by the other. Overall, more lesions were detected by dual rather than by single camera, but diagnostic yield was not clearly afftected by the number of the cameras. 32 For the enhanced mucosal imaging, computed virtual chromoendoscopy (FICE) simulated NBI in three different wavelengths without optical filters and might be able to discriminate and demarcate lesions found on white light such as tumors, polyps, and angioectasias. 33 In addition, other imaging techniques using fluorescence and computer assisted texture recognition with 3D imaging may further improve disease recognition. The potential benefits are enhanced detection of pathologic images and better tissue characterization. Image analysis methods have been proposed to facilitate the identification of normal, healthy gut anatomical structures (automated capsule localization). One technique used color image analysis to discriminate between the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. 34 For enhanced maneuvering, magnetic forces are being studied that will control the movement and location of the capsule within the gastrointestinal tract. This might improve procedure time, real-time image viewing, and back-and-forth navigation. The feasibility of an 8-legged locomotion capsule has also been discussed. It uses a novel propelling mechanism featuring electromechanical legs. 35 One attribute lacking in even the latest CE technology is the ability to perform biopsies. However, research is being conducted on a spring-loaded device similar to the Crosby capsule that is guided by real-time imaging capability and remote manipulation to obtain mucosal biopsies. 36 Other biopsy devices include a capsule with single-crystal silicon planar microspikes and protruding barbs for microscale biopsy that uses micro-electro-mechanical systems technology. 36 Targeted drug delivery is also on the horizon. The ipill (Intelligent Pill; Philips Research, Royal Philips Electronics, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) is a plastic capsule with a medication reservoir that has a tiny pump to deposit medicine all at once or in bursts at a specific location. The capsule, which has been tested in animals, IDEN

5 IDEN 2013 has sensors that detect acidity and temperature and can react to ph changes. 2 Finally, capsule technology may allow for endoluminal analysis to evaluate patients with motility disorders. 37 This would permit detection of contractile events, noncontractile patterns, types of contents, and detection and movement of parietal and endoluminal structures. SB motor function can be evaluated quantitatively, with computer algorithms providing analysis of various endoluminal features. Conclusions WCE has become an essential component in the management of several conditions. Established indications for WCE include unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, small bowel Crohn s disease, localization of small bowel tumors and a broad range of miscellaneous abnormalities. New investigations have focused on optical improvements, advances in intestinal cleansing and risk reduction strategies to optimize WCE methodologies in clinical practice and to expand the potential utility of WCE, novel devices that can manoeuvre within or insufflate the gut lumen, tag or biopsy suspect lesions, or target drug delivery to specific sites are in development. References 1. Fisher LR, Hasler WL. New vision in video capsule endoscopy: current status and future directions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;9: Leighton JA. The role of endoscopic imaging of the small bowel in clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106: Cheifetz AS, Kornbluth AA, Legnani, P et al. The risk of retention of the capsule endoscope in patients with known or suspected Crohn s disease. Am J Gastoenterol 2006;101; Raju GS, Gerson L, Das A, Lewis B; American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2007;133: Triester SL, Leighton JA, Leontiadis GI, et al. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100: Pasha SF, Leighton JA, Das A, et al. Double-ballon enteroscopy and capsule endoscopy have comparable diagnostic yield in small-bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6: Chen X, Ran ZH, Tong JL. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to double-balloon enteroscopy in patients with small bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13: Pennazio M, Santucci R, Rondonotti E, et al. Outcome of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after capsule endoscopy: report of 100 consecutive cases. Gastroenterology 2004;126: Delvaux M, Fassler I, Gay G. Clinical usefulness of the endoscopic video capsule as the initial intestinal investigation in patients with obscure digestive bleeding: validation of a diagnostic strategy based on the patient outcome after 12 months. Endoscopy 2004;36: Ben Soussan E, Antonietti M, Hervé S, et al. Diagnostic yield and therapeutic implications of capsule endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin Boil 2004;28: Estévez E, González-Condo B, Vazquez-Iglesias JL, et al. Diagnostic yield and clinical outcomes after capsule endoscopy in 100 consecutive patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;18: Lai LH, Wong GL, Chow DK, Lau JY, Sung JJ, Leung WK. Long-term follow-up of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after negative capsule endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101: Li X, Chen H, Dai J, Gao Y, Ge Z. Predictive role of capsule endoscopy on the insertion route of double-balloon endoscopy. Endoscopy2009; 41: Douard, R, Wind P, Berger A, et al. Role of intraoperative enteroscopy in the management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding 110 IDEN 2013

6 LGS-I: Small Bowel Endoscopy: What Can We Do in 2013? at the time of video-capsule endoscopy. Am J Surg 2009;198: Laine l, Sahota A, Shah A. Does capsule endoscopy improve outcomes in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding? Randomized trial versus dedicated small bowel radiography. Gastroenterology 2012;138: Dionisio PM, Gurudu SR, Leighton JA, et al. Capsule endoscopy has a significantly higher diagnostic yield in patients with suspected and established small-bowel Crohn s disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105: Mehdiazadeh S, Chen GC, Barkodar L, et al. Capsule endoscopy in patients with Crohn s disease: diagnostic yield and safety. Gastrointest Endosc 201;71: Lewis BS, Eisen GM, Friedman S. A pooled analysis to evaluate results of capsule endoscopy trials. Endoscopy 2005;37: Erratrum in: Endoscopy 2007;39: Schoo R, Buening C, Ockenga J, et al. Mucosal healing in the small intestine detected by wireless capsule endoscopy [abstract]. Gastroenterology 2006;130(Suppl 2): A Bourreille A, Jarry M, D Halluin PN, et al. Wireless capsule endoscopy versus ileocolonoscopy for the diagnosis of post-operative recurrence of Crohn s disease: a prospective study. Gut 2006;55: Maunoury V, Savoye G, Bourreille A, et al. Value of wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with indeterminate colitis (inflammatory bowel disease type unclassified). Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13: Viazis N, Karamanolis DG. Indeterminate colitis: the role of wireless capsule endoscopy [letter to the editor]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:859; author reply Lorenzo-Zúñiga V, de Vega VM, Domènech E, Cabré E, Moñosa M, Boix J. Impact of capsule endoscopy findings in the management of Crohn s disease. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55: Levesque BG, Cipriano LE, Chang SL, Lee KK, Owens DK, Garber AM. Cost dffectiveness of alternative imaging strategies for the diagnosis of small-bowel Crohn s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hapatol 2010;8: Herrerias JM, Leighton JA, Costamagna G, et al. Agile patency system eliminates risk of capsule retention in patients with known intestinal strictures who undergo capsule endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67: Schwartz GD, Barkin JS. Small bowel tumors. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2006;16: Wong RF, Tuteja AK, Haslem DS, et al. Video capsule endoscopy compared with standard endoscopy for the evaluation of small-bowel polyps in persons with familial adenomatous polyps (with video). Gastrointest endosc 2006;64: Mata A, Llach J, Castells A, et al. A prospective trial comparing wireless capsule endoscopy and barium contrast series for small-bowel surveillance in hereditary GI polyposis syndromes. Gastrointest endosc 2005;61: Schulmann K, Hollerbach S, Kraus K, et al. Feasibility and diagnostic utility of video capsule endoscopy for the detection of small bowel polyps in patients with hereditary polypsis syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100: Brown G, Fraser C, Schofield G, et al. Video capsule endoscopy in peutz-jeghers syndrome: a blinded comparison with barium follow-through for detection of small-bowel polyps. Endoscopy 2006;38: RF system. RF system Lab [online]. www. rfsystemlab.com/en/ (2012). 32. Triantafyllou K, Papanikolaou IS, Papaxoinis K, Ladas SD. Two cameras detect more lesions in the small-bowel than one. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17: Gupta T, et al. Is Fujinon Intelligent Color Enhancement (FICE) assisted capsule endoscopy (CE) useful for analyzing obscure GI bleeding (OGIB)? Gastroenterology 2010;138:S667-S Mackiewicz M, Berens J, Fisher M. Wireless capsule endoscopy color video segmentation. IEEE Trans med imaging 2008;27: Quirini M, Menciassi A, Scapellato S, et al. Feasibility proof of a legged locomotion capsule for the GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67: Sharma VK. The future is wireless: advances in wireless diagnostic and therapeutic technologies in gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 2009;137: Malagelada C, De Iorio F, Azpiroz F, et al. New insight into intestinal motor function via noninvasive endoluminal image analysis. Gastroenterology 2008;135: IDEN