Mitosis. AND Cell DiVISION

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1 Mitosis AND Cell DiVISION

2 Cell Division Characteristic of living things: ability to reproduce their own kind. Cell division purpose: When unicellular organisms such as amoeba divide to form offspring reproduction The process of creating a multicellular organism from a single celled zygote growth The replace existing cells that die from normal wear and tear - repair

3 Cell Cycle From the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell Until its own division into two cells. The purpose is to pass identical genetic information to cellular offspring.

4 DNA The entire amount of DNA within a cell is called its genome. Prokaryotes single long DNA molecule Eukaryotes many linear DNA molecules Before cell can divide to form genetically identical daughter cells, all of this DNA must be copied, and separated so that each daughter cell ends up with a genome.

5 DNA is packaged into chromosomes. Every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. Ex: nuclei of human somatic (all body cells except reproductive cells) cells contain 46 chromosomes, made of 2 sets of 23 pairs, one set inherited from each parent.

6 Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and proteins. Each single chromosome contains one very long molecule of DNA. It carries several hundred to a few thousand genes

7 When a cell is carrying out normal activities and duplicating its DNA it is in the form of chromatin After DNA duplicates, and a cell prepares for division the chromatin fiber becomes condensed to form chromosomes that can be seen under a microscope.

8 Sister chromatids

9 Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids. The two chromatids each contain an identical DNA molecule. The duplicated chromosome has a narrowing called the centromere where the chromatids are attached.

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11 Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, it is followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm. Mitosis is only one small part of the cell cycle. (mitotic M phase) Cell division alternates with a much longer stage called interphase. (90% of the cell cycle)

12 During interphase a cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division. Interphase has subphases: G 1 phase S phase when DNA is replicated G 2 phase During all three, the cell grows, and makes more organelles, but it only duplicates DNA during S phase.

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14 Mitosis is broken down into five stages: Prophase, prometaphase (early prophase, late prophase), metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

15 Interphase (G 2 ) Notice: A nuclear membrane envelopes the nucleus. The nucleus contains one or more nucleoli. Two centrosomes have formed (from one) Chromosomes are duplicated, but cannot be seen individually.

16 Prophase (early prophase) Chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled. Nucleoli disappear. The mitotic spindle begins to form composed of centrosomes and microtubules that extend from them Centrosomes move away from each other

17 Prometaphase (late prophase) The nuclear membrane breaks up. Microtubules extending from centrosomes reach into nucleus Some microtubules begin attaching to centromere of sister chromatids.

18 Metaphase The centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell. The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. For each chromosome, the sister chromatids are attached to microtubules from opposite poles.

19 Anaphase Anaphase begins when the centromeres split, allowing the two sister chromatids to separate into single chromosomes. The daughter chromosomes begin moving to opposite poles of the cell, as the microtubules shorten. The cell elongates.

20 Telophase Two daughter nuclei form in the cell. Nuclear membranes reform. Nucleoli reappear Chromosomes become less condensed Mitosis is complete

21 Cytokinesis in Animal Cells The division of cytoplasm begins in telophase. In animal cells cleavage occurs A cleavage furrow (shallow groove) occurs near the middle of the cell. The furrow has a contractile ring that slowly contracts smaller until the parent cell is pinched in two.

22 Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Instead of a cleavage furrow, during telophase vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move to the middle of the cell. The vesicles group together to form a cell plate. Cell wall materials carried in the vesicles collect in the cell plate and it grows. Eventually the membrane fuses with the cell membrane, forming daughter cells.

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