Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division

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1 Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division

2 The Cell Cycle: Cell Growth, Cell Division

3 Getting from there to here Going from egg to baby. the original fertilized egg has to divide and divide and divide and divide

4 Why do cells divide? For reproduction u asexual reproduction one-celled organisms For growth u from fertilized egg to multi-celled organism For repair & renewal u replace cells that die from normal wear & tear or from injury amoeba

5 Making new cells Nucleus chromosomes u DNA u Cytoskeleton u centrioles in animals u microtubule spindle fibers

6 Nucleus Function u protects DNA Structure u nuclear envelope double membrane nuclear pores nucleolus DNA histone protein membrane fused in spots to create pores w allows large macromolecules to pass through What kind of molecules need to pass through? chromosome nuclear pore nuclear envelope

7

8 Cytoskeleton Function u structural support maintains shape of cell provides anchorage for organelles w protein fibers n u motility cell locomotion cilia, flagella, etc. u regulation microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules organizes structures & activities of cell

9 Cytoskeleton actin microtubule nuclei

10 Centrioles Cell division u in animal cells, pair of centrioles organize microtubules spindle fibers u guide chromosomes in mitosis

11 Getting the right stuff What is passed on to daughter cells? u exact copy of genetic material = DNA mitosis u organelles, cytoplasm, cell membrane, enzymes cytokinesis chromosomes (stained orange) in kangaroo rat epithelial cell notice cytoskeleton fibers

12 Overview of mitosis I.P.M.A.T. interphase prophase (pro-metaphase) cytokinesis metaphase anaphase telophase

13 Interphase 90% of cell life cycle u cell doing its everyday job produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes u prepares for duplication if triggered I m working here! Time to divide & multiply!

14 Cell cycle Cell has a life cycle G2 Gap 2 M Mitosis G1 Gap 1 cell is formed from a mitotic division S Synthesis G0 Resting cell grows & matures to divide again cell grows & matures to never divide again G 1, S, G 2, M liver cells G 1 G 0 epithelial cells, blood cells, stem cells brain / nerve cells muscle cells

15 Interphase Divided into 3 phases: u G 1 = 1 st Gap (Growth) cell doing its everyday job cell grows u S = DNA Synthesis copies chromosomes u G 2 = 2 nd Gap (Growth) prepares for division cell grows (more) produces organelles, proteins, membranes G 0

16 green = key features Interphase Nucleus well-defined u DNA loosely packed in long chromatin fibers Prepares for mitosis u replicates chromosome DNA & proteins u produces proteins & organelles

17 S phase: Copying / Replicating DNA Synthesis phase of Interphase u dividing cell replicates DNA u must separate DNA copies correctly to 2 daughter cells human cell duplicates ~3 meters DNA each daughter cell gets complete identical copy error rate = ~1 per 100 million bases w 3 billion base pairs in mammalian genome w ~30 errors per cell cycle n mutations (to somatic (body) cells)

18 Organizing DNA DNA is organized in chromosomes u double helix DNA molecule u wrapped around histone proteins like thread on spools u DNA-protein complex = chromatin organized into long thin fiber u condensed further during mitosis double stranded chromosome ACTGGTCAGGCAATGTC DNA histones chromatin duplicated mitotic chromosome

19 Copying DNA & packaging it After DNA duplication, chromatin condenses u coiling & folding to make a smaller package DNA mitotic chromosome chromatin

20 doublestranded mitotic human chromosomes

21 Mitotic Chromosome Duplicated chromosome u 2 sister chromatids homologous chromosomes u narrow at centromeres u contain identical copies of original DNA homologous chromosomes single-stranded sister chromatids double-stranded homologous = same information

22 Mitosis Dividing cell s DNA between 2 daughter nuclei u dance of the chromosomes 4 phases u prophase u metaphase u anaphase u telophase

23 green = key features Prophase Chromatin condenses u visible chromosomes chromatids Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell u animal cell Protein fibers cross cell to form mitotic spindle u microtubules actin, myosin u coordinates movement of chromosomes Nucleolus disappears Nuclear membrane breaks down

24 green = key features Transition to Metaphase Prometaphase u spindle fibers attach to centromeres creating kinetochores u microtubules attach at kinetochores connect centromeres to centrioles u chromosomes begin moving

25 green = key features Metaphase Chromosomes align along middle of cell u metaphase plate meta = middle u spindle fibers coordinate movement u helps to ensure chromosomes separate properly so each new nucleus receives only 1 copy of each chromosome

26

27 green = key features Anaphase Sister chromatids separate at kinetochores u move to opposite poles u pulled at centromeres u pulled by motor proteins walking along microtubules actin, myosin increased production of ATP by mitochondria Poles move farther apart u polar microtubules lengthen

28 Separation of chromatids In anaphase, proteins holding together sister chromatids are inactivated u separate to become individual chromosomes 1 chromosome 2 chromatids double-stranded 2 chromosomes single-stranded

29 Chromosome movement Kinetochores use motor proteins that walk chromosome along attached microtubule u microtubule shortens by dismantling at kinetochore (chromosome) end

30 green = key features Telophase Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles u daughter nuclei form u nucleoli form u chromosomes disperse no longer visible under light microscope Spindle fibers disperse Cytokinesis begins u cell division

31 Cytokinesis Animals u constriction belt of actin microfilaments around equator of cell cleavage furrow forms splits cell in two like tightening a draw string

32 Cytokinesis in Animals (play Cells Alive movies here) (play Thinkwell movies here)

33 Mitosis in whitefish blastula

34 Mitosis in animal cells

35 Cytokinesis in Plants Plants u cell plate forms vesicles line up at equator w derived from Golgi vesicles fuse to form 2 cell membranes u new cell wall laid down between membranes new cell wall fuses with existing cell wall

36 Cytokinesis in plant cell

37 Mitosis in plant cell

38 onion root tip

39 Evolution of mitosis Mitosis in eukaryotes likely evolved from binary fission in bacteria u single circular chromosome u no membranebound organelles chromosome: double-stranded DNA Origin of replication replication of DNA elongation of cell ring of proteins cell pinches in two

40 Evolution of mitosis A possible progression of mechanisms intermediate between binary fission & mitosis seen in modern organisms prokaryotes (bacteria) protists dinoflagellates protists diatoms eukaryotes yeast eukaryotes animals

41 Dinoflagellates algae u red tide u bioluminescence

42 Diatoms microscopic algae u marine u freshwater

43 Any Questions??

44 Control of Cell Cycle

45 Kinetochore Each chromatid has own kinetochore proteins u microtubules attach to kinetochore proteins

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