TOPIC 2.1 MOLECULES TO METABOLISM

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1 TOPIC 2.1 MOLECULES TO METABOLISM

2 2.1 A Carbon Compounds & Metabolism

3 IB BIO 2.1 Understandings U1: Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved. Molecular biology is the study of the structure and function of molecule that are essential to life. It explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved. 3 Molecular Biology

4 IB BIO 2.1 Understandings U2: Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist. Organic molecules are those that are synthesized by living orgnisms. They are all carbon-based as a result of carbon s ability to form a diversity of stable compounds. Here are just a few: 4 Organic Molecules

5 IB BIO 2.1 Understandings U2: Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist. Because of their valence electron structure, carbon atoms are able to form four covalent bonds. This allows carbon to form a wide variety of simple to complex structures. 5 Organic Molecules

6 IB BIO 2.1 Understandings U3: Life is based on carbon compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. There are four primary types of organic carbon compounds that make up living organisms. They are: 6

7 IB BIO Applications A1: Urea as an example of a compound that is produced by living organisms but can also be artificially synthesized. Urea is an organic compound that is produced by organisms when they break down proteins. It is excreted from the body through urine. Although it is organic, it can be artificially synthesized in a laboratory. Urea

8 2.1 B Metabolism

9 IB BIO 2.1 Understandings U4: Metabolism is the web of all the enzymecatalysed reactions in a cell or organism. Within organisms, molecules are constantly being synthesized and broken down via enzymes. The web of all these reactions is called the metabolism, which has two pathways: 9 Catabolic Anabolic asdf

10 IB BIO 2.1 Understandings U5: Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions. Anabolic reactions use enery to build complex molecules from simpler ones. They do so through condensation reactions. 10 Anabolism Condensation These reactions remove water (H 2 O) between monomers and then form a new covalent bond. This builds polymer chains.

11 IB BIO 2.1 Understandings U5: Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions. Condensation Reaction The following is an example of two molecule being joined by condensation reaction. Note the water molecule that is removed. 11 Anabolism Condensation H 2 O

12 IB BIO 2.1 Understandings U6: Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers. Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into simpler ones, which releases energy. They do so through hydrolysis. 12 Catabolism Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is the opposite of condensation. Polymers are broken down by adding H2O and breaking covalent bonds.

13 IB BIO 2.1 Understandings U6: Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers. Hydrolysis Reaction The following is an example of a molecule being broken down by hydrolysis reaction. Note the water molecule that is added. H 2 O 13 Catabolism Hydrolysis

14 IB BIO 2.1 Anabolism vs. Catabolism 14 Understandings U4: Metabolism is the web of all the enzymecatalysed reactions in a cell or organism. Anabolism Catabolism

15 IB BIO Understandings U4: Metabolism is the web of all the enzymecatalysed reactions in a cell or organism. CONDENSATION Energy consumed Covalent bond formed Water removed Monomer Polymer HYDROLYSIS Energy Released Covalent bond broken Water Added Polymer Monomer Condensation Hydrolysis

16 REVIEW IB BIO Define molecular biology Define organic compounds. 3. List the four major classes of biomolecules. 4. Define metabolism. 5. Outline the differences between anabolism and catabolism.

17 2.1 C Molecular Structures

18 INTRO IB BIO 2.1 The four classes of biomolecules each have unique structures, which you should be able to identify and draw. 18

19 IB BIO 2.1 Sugars 19 Skills S2: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid. Simple sugars are the building blocks carbohydrates (polysaccharides). Monosaccharide sugars include: Glucose hexose (6-sided) sugar Ribose pentose (5-sided) sugar Sugar / Monosaccharide Glucose Ribose

20 IB BIO 2.1 Sugars 20 Skills S2: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid. Disaccharide sugars are formed when two monosaccharide sugars join together through condensation reactions. Disaccharide

21 asdf IB BIO 2.1 Fatty Acids 21 Skills S2: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid. Fatty acids are chains of hydrogen and carbon and are the building blocks of lipids and fats. The following are saturated fatty acids. Fatty Acid

22 IB BIO 2.1 Fatty Acids 22 Skills S2: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid. Phospholipids that make up cell membranes have two tails made of fatty acid chains. Fatty Acid

23 IB BIO 2.1 Fatty Acids 23 Skills S2: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acid chains and glycerol. Triglyceride

24 IB BIO 2.1 Amino Acids 24 Skills Building blocks of proteins that have three distinct regions. S2: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid. Amine Group Carboxyl Group Amino Acid R group which can be one of 20 groups

25 IB BIO 2.1 Amino Acids 25 Skills Monomers join via peptide bonds to form dipeptides and proteins. S2: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid and a generalized amino acid. Amino Acid

26 IB BIO 2.1 Skills S3: Identification of biochemicals such as sugars, lipids or amino acids from molecular diagrams. Identify the Sugar(s) 26

27 IB BIO 2.1 Skills S3: Identification of biochemicals such as sugars, lipids or amino acids from molecular diagrams. Identify the Amino Acids(s) 27

28 IB BIO 2.1 Skills S3: Identification of biochemicals such as sugars, lipids or amino acids from molecular diagrams. Identify the Fatty Acid(s) 28

29 REVIEW asdf IB BIO List the four main types of biomolecules Draw diagrams of the following biomolecules: - Glucose - Ribose - Fatty Acid - Amino Acid