Name a property of. water why is it necessary for life?

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1 Name a property of + water why is it necessary for life? n Cohesion n Adhesion n Transparency n Density n Solvent n Heat capacity

2 + Macromolecules (2.3 & some of 2.4)

3 + Organic Molecules All molecules containing carbon found in living systems with a few exceptions (CO 2 ) n Mostly have covalent bonds Note: Inorganic molecules are all other molecules. Can have ionic bonds like NaCl

4 + PS! Things with carbon are organic UNLESS they are exclusively C & H (or CO 2 ) these are not organic. ie. Hydrogencarbonate : CH 4

5 Macromolecules n Polymer: a molecule made of repeating units linked by covalent bonds n ex. lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, protein

6 Polymers n Polymers are made up of monomers n Monomers are small repeating units; the building blocks of polymers. n Ex: Glucose is a monomer, starch is a polymer: many glucose bonded together make starch. Glucose Starch

7 Condensation Reactions n Building polymers n Two molecules are covalently connected (it requires an enzyme) and produce one water molecule. n Each monomer contributes to water that is made, one provides the -OH, one the -H. n Aka dehydration reaction

8 + Condensation Reaction For Example: Glucose + Galactose à Lactose + water (monomer) + (monomer) à (polymer) + water

9 Hydrolysis How to break polymers into monomers add water and enzymes to break the bonds between monomers. n a H from water attaches to one monomer n OH from water attaches to the other monomer

10 + Hydrolysis For Example: Lactose + water à Glucose + Galactose (polymer) + water à (monomer) + (monomer)

11 Classes of Macromolecules n Carbohydrates n Lipids n Proteins n Nucleic Acids

12 Monosaccharides Monosaccharides: simplest carbohydrates n simple sugars n General formula (CH 2 O) n n Major nutrients for cells n raw material for other molecules n disaccharides and polysaccharides n Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose C 6 H 12 O 6

13 Monosaccharides n **Glucose: energy source carried by the blood to cells n **Fructose: used to make fruit sweet tasting and attractive to animals n Galactose: used to make milk

14 Draw these! - you should be able to recognize them Glucose Structure Ribose Structure

15 Disaccharides Disaccharides: two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond between monosaccharides using condensation) n Ex: sucrose; maltose; lactose

16 Disaccharides n **Sucrose: glucose + fructose; carried by phloem to transport energy to cells in plants n Maltose: 2 glucose; used in creating starch n **Lactose: glucose + galactose; the sugar in milk; source of energy

17 Polysacchrides Polysaccharides: storage and structural macromolecules made from a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides n Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

18 Storage Polysaccharides n Starch: found in plants, polymer made of glucose molecules, used for energy n **Glycogen: found in animals, a highly branched polymer of glucose (short term energy storage in liver and muscle cells)

19 + Structural Polysaccharides **Cellulose: used to make strong fibers; major components on plant cell walls Bioweb.wku.edu

20 Lipids n Functions: n Long term energy storage molecules in plants and animals n Insulation n Buoyancy n Solids are known as fats; liquids are known as oils n Animals: store fat n Plants: store oils

21 General Lipid Structure n Glycerol attached to one or more fatty acids

22 Fatty Acid Structue Fatty Acid: Draw this structure!

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24 Types of Lipids n Fat: Composed of a fatty acid attached to glycerol n Triglyceride: Consists of three fatty acids linked to glycerol by condensation reactions

25 Types of Lipids Fatty Acid: a long hydrocarbon tail with a carboxyl group at the head end n Saturated: have no double bonds in the carbon chains n Unsaturated: have double bonds in carbon chains (cis or trans) Cis = Curved = Omega - 3 Trans = Straightened - hydrogenated