Microfilaments. myosin. In muscle cells. Microfilaments. Microfilaments. Video: Cytoplasmic Streaming. amoeboid movement. Pseudopodia.

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1 Microfilaments Fig, 6-27a myosin Microfilaments protein func3ons in cellular mo3lity in addi3on to ac3n In muscle cells Thousands of ac3n filaments are arranged parallel to one another Thicker myosin filaments interdigitate with the thinner ac3n fibers Actin filament Myosin filament Myosin arm Muscle cell (a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction Microfilaments Microfilaments amoeboid movement Localized contrac3on brought about by ac3n and myosin sliding Pseudopodia cellular extensions extend and contract through the reversible assembly and contrac3on of ac3n subunits into microfilaments Cytoplasmic streaming circular flow of cytoplasm within cells speeds distribu3on of materials within the cell plant cells ac3n myosin interac3ons and sol gel transforma3ons drive cytoplasmic streaming Video: Cytoplasmic Streaming 1

2 Fig. 6-27bc Cortex (outer cytoplasm): gel with actin network Intermediate Filaments Inner cytoplasm: sol with actin subunits Extending pseudopodium (b) Amoeboid movement Streaming cytoplasm (sol) Parallel actin filaments Nonmoving cortical cytoplasm (gel) Vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Intermediate filaments range in diameter from 8 12 nanometers larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules support cell shape and fix organelles in place more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes (c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells Table 6-1c 5 µm Extracellular Matrix Keratin proteins Fibrous subunit (keratins coiled together) 8 12 nm Most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are external to the plasma membrane These extracellular structures include: Cell walls of plants The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells Intercellular junc3ons 2

3 Cell Walls of Plants Cell Walls cell wall extracellular structure that dis3nguishes plant cells from animal cells made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water Prokaryotes, fungi, and a few pro3sts also have cell walls Bacteria pep3doglycan Fungi chi3n Plant cell walls may have mul3ple layers: Primary cell wall: rela3vely thin and flexible Middle lamella: thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells Secondary cell wall (in some cells): added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall Plasmodesmata channels between adjacent plant cells Fig Central vacuole Cytosol Plasmodesmata 1 µm Secondary cell wall Primary cell wall Middle lamella Plasma membrane Plant cell walls The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells Extracellular matrix (ECM) Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by ECM made up of glycoproteins Integrins Collagen Proteoglycans fibronecdn Receptor proteins in the plasma membrane to which ECM proteins bind 3

4 Extracellular Matrix Fig Func3ons of the ECM: Support Anchorage and separa3on of different 3ssues Adhesion Bind cells together within 3ssues Movement Collagen Fibronectin Plasma membrane EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Proteoglycan complex Integrins Polysaccharide molecule Carbohydrates Core protein Proteoglycan molecule Proteoglycan complex Guide for cell migra3on in embryonic development Microfilaments CYTOPLASM Regula3on Propaga3on of external s3muli to nucleus Intercellular junc3ons Intercellular JuncDons facilitate contact between neighboring cells in 3ssues, organs, or organ systems Types adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact Plasmodesmata Tight junc3ons Desmosomes Gap junc3ons Plasmodesmata Plasmodesmata in Plant Cells channels that perforate plant cell walls water and small solutes (and some3mes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell Plasma membrane con3nuous from one cell to another 4

5 Fig Tight JuncDons, Desmosomes, and Gap JuncDons in Animal Cells Interior of cell Interior of cell Cell walls 0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes Dght juncdons Leak proof barrier Plasma membranes squeezed together Desmosomes Diges3ve system anchoring junc3ons fasten cells together into strong sheets rivets Gap juncdons communica3ng junc3ons provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells Fig. 6-32a Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells Fig. 6-32b Intermediate filaments Tight junction Desmosome Tight junction Gap junctions Space between cells Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix 0.5 µm 5

6 Fig. 6-32c Fig. 6-32d Gap junction Desmosome 1 µm 0.1 µm Fig. 6-UN1 Cell Component Structure Function Concept 6.3 Nucleus Surrounded by nuclear Houses chromosomes, made of The eukaryotic cell s genetic envelope (double membrane) chromatin (DNA, the genetic instructions are housed in perforated by nuclear pores. material, and proteins); contains the nucleus and carried out The nuclear envelope is nucleoli, where ribosomal by the ribosomes continuous with the subunits are made. Pores endoplasmic reticulum (ER). regulate entry and exit of materials. (ER) Ribosome Two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be Protein synthesis free in cytosol or bound to ER Concept 6.4 Endoplasmic reticulum Extensive network of Smooth ER: synthesis of The endomembrane system membrane-bound tubules and lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, Ca regulates protein traffic and (Nuclear sacs; membrane separates performs metabolic functions envelope) 2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and poisons lumen from cytosol; in the cell continuous with the nuclear envelope. Rough ER: Aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins; produces new membrane Golgi apparatus Stacks of flattened Modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phos- membranous sacs; has polarity pholipids; synthesis of many (cis and trans polysaccharides; sorting of Golgi faces) products, which are then released in vesicles. Lysosome Membranous sac of hydrolytic Breakdown of ingested substances, enzymes (in animal cells) cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling Vacuole Large membrane-bounded Digestion, storage, waste vesicle in plants disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection You should now be able to: 1. Dis3nguish between the following pairs of terms: magnifica3on and resolu3on; prokaryo3c and eukaryo3c cell; free and bound ribosomes; smooth and rough ER 2. Describe the structure and func3on of the components of the endomembrane system Concept 6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another Mitochondrion Chloroplast Bounded by double Cellular respiration membrane; inner membrane has infoldings (cristae) Typically two membranes Photosynthesis around fluid stroma, which contains membranous thylakoids stacked into grana (in plants) 3. Briefly explain the role of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes Peroxisome Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to water, producing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) as a by-product, which is converted to water by other enzymes in the peroxisome 4. Describe the func3ons of the cytoskeleton 6

7 5. Compare the structure and func3ons of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments 6. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relate to their func3ons 7. Describe the structure of a plant cell wall 8. Describe the structure and roles of the extracellular matrix in animal cells 9. Describe four different intercellular junc3ons 7

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