The Cell Organelles. Eukaryotic cell. The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment. Plasma membrane: a cell s boundary
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1 Eukaryotic cell The Cell Organelles Enclosed by plasma membrane Subdivided into membrane bound compartments - organelles One of the organelles is membrane bound nucleus Cytoplasm contains supporting matrix called cytoskeleton Plasma membrane: a cell s boundary Separates two compartments Defines the perimeter of the cell Place of communication with the environment and other cells Channels Receptors Markers Adhesion to each other and extracellular matrix The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment Life is a watery process Needs boundaries Plasma membrane Plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with various proteins that are embedded in it Plasma membrane = lipid bilayer The plasma membrane The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is lipid bilayer Lipid bilayer is similar in every organism and every part of the cell Lipid bilayer just isolates two spaces Membrane proteins that are present in the cell membranes give each membrane a specific function (markers, channels, receptors)
2 The nucleus: control center of the cell Largest organelle First described by Robert Brown in 1831 Contains hereditary apparatus (chromosomes) submerged in nucleoplasm Enveloped by double membrane called nuclear envelope (double membrane does NOT mean bilayer, it means TWO bilayers!!!) Nuclear envelope Double membrane bag that surrounds nucleus Outer membrane Inner membrane Contains nuclear pores Nuclear pores are place of selective transport between cytoplasm and inside of nucleus (proteins, mrna) Nuclear envelope Outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and has ribosomes attached The space between the outer and inner membranes is continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum space Nuclear pores Formed at sites where inner and outer membranes membranes are pinched together Chromatin is organized so that a "pathway" is created to the nuclear pore Filled with filamentous material Structure of the nuclear pore SEM photo of nuclear pores Nuclear pore is a selectivity filter A ring of 8 subunits Each subunit projects a spoke-like unit into the center so that the pore looks like a wheel with 8 spokes from the top Inside is a central "plug
3 Inside of the nucleus Nucleolus Interior contains nucleoplasm Chromatine arranged in chromosomes is submerged in nucleoplasm Chromatin exists in extended and condensed forms A highly visible region in nucleus consisting of aggregation of rrna and ribosomal proteins - place of ribosomes assembly Nucleolus is not a structure!!! Just a visible region Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): walls within the cell Little net Network of interconnected, closed membrane vesicles Single membrane Divides a cell into compartments Place of protein and phospholipid synthesis Connected with the nuclear envelope! Smooth ER No attached ribosomes Anchoring place for enzymes Site of fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis Ca 2+ storage (intracellular Ca 2+ stores) Rough ER ER with ribosomes attached to it (not permanently!) Place of the synthesis proteins that will be later inserted into the cell membranes and proteins that will be secreted from the cell + everything that smooth ER does Golgi complex - delivery system of the cell Contains several to several hundred flattened compartments & vesicles that: Process Package Distribute molecules synthesized in the cell Single membrane
4 Golgi complex Lysosomes: recycling centers of the cell Three defined regions Cis - fusion with ER (entry) Medial Trans - place of budding secretory vesicles (exit) Each region contains different set of modifying enzymes Digestive organelles Responsible for degrading Certain cell components Material internalized from the extracellular environment Lysosomes Single membrane organelle Acidic organelles - low ph due to proton pump (ph=5) in the membrane Contain many degradative enzymes such as acid hydrolases Lysosomes Primary lysosome inactive Proton pump is not working Secondary lysosome active Proton pump is o and ph drops to 5.0 or less Without constant energy lysosomes pour into cytoplasm and digest the cell Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic defect in one of specific lysosomal hydrolases Peroxisomes Responsible for oxidation of fatty acids No ATP production, just heat Protect the cell from hydrogen peroxide (contain peroxidase) Contain Single membrane Oxidases and catalase Single membrane organelles
5 Mitochondrion: the cell s chemical furnace Place of oxidative metabolism and ATP production Tubular sausage-shaped organelles enveloped by double membrane Contains its own DNA and ribosomes Mitochondria Two membranes of different composition and properties Outer membrane Inner membrane Intermembrane space Matrix All enzymes for Krebs cycle mtdna and ribosomes Mitochondrial DNAs (nongenomic) Mitochondria contain multiple mtdna molecules Genes in mtdna exhibit cytoplasmic (maternal) inheritance and encode rrnas, trnas, and some mitochondrial proteins The size and coding capacity of mtdna varies considerably in different organisms Human mitochondrial DNA Circular molecule Encodes mitochondrial rrnas and 22 trnas Contains no introns and no long noncoding sequences The products of mitochondrial genes are not exported Human mitochondrial DNA Origins of double membrane Mitochondria (and chloroplasts) are thought to have originated as symbiotic, aerobic bacteria swallowed by the cell
6 Cytoskeleton: interior framework of the cell A network of protein filaments which lend support to the cell as well as effect cell movement Dynamic system - constant assembly and disassembly Three different types of cytoskeletal fibers Cytoskeleton consists of three different kinds of filaments each composed a different type of protein Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules All are protein polymers Three different types of cytoskeletal fibers Cytosol (cytoplasm) The portion of the cell enclosed by the cell membrane but not part of any organelle Divided into compartments through complicated array of internal membranes Contains All organelles Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Metabolic enzymes
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