rabbit, 45 min for dog) and more slowly for dehydrocholic acid (25- decrease, questioning the mechanism by which bile acids increase bile
|
|
- Isabella Benson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. Physiol. (1972), 224, pp With 6 text-ftgure8 Printed in Great Britain SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN THE CHOLERETIC RESPONSE TO BILE SALTS BY CURTIS D. KLAASSEN From the Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66103, U.S.A. (Received 11 October 1971) SUMHARY 1. C(holic, taurocholic and dehydrocholic acids were administered i.v. to rats, rabbits and dogs ( mg/kg). With the higher doses of cholic acid, the bile-flo~w was increased sixfold in the dog and only 2 to 21- fold in the rat and rabbit. The choleretic response was also maintained for a longer time in the dog (90 min) than in the rat or rabbit (20-30 min). 2. Similar species differences in the choleretic response to taurocholic acid and dehydrocholic acid were observed. However, the bile flow returned to control rates more rapidly for cholic acid (10-15 min for rat and rabbit, 45 min for dog) and more slowly for dehydrocholic acid (25-40 min for rat and rabbit, 120 min for dog). 3. Cholic acid is conjugated more rapidly by the rabbit and rat than dog. 4. An increase in the biliary bile acid concentration was observed in all three species after the i.v. administration of the bile acid excreted by each species. 5. Control bile flow was much higher in the rat (50 #L./min. kg) and the rabbit (70 #1./min.kg) than in the dog (5 #L./min.kg). 6. Part of the difference in the choleretic response of the three species to the bile acids appears to be due to this difference in basal bile production. 7. Administration of taurocholic acid to the rat increases the biliary bile acid concentration in the bile but the bile flow may either increase or decrease, questioning the mechanism by which bile acids increase bile flow. INTRODUCTION Bile acids are an important constituent of bile and are involved in the absorption of fats from the gastro-intestinal tract. According to Sperber (1959, 1963, 1965), the secretion of bile acids into the canaliculi is the 11-2
2 260 CURTIS D. KLAASSEN driving force of bile production. The osmotic effect of these bile acids in the canaliculi then results in a flow of water and solutes into the canaliculi. This theory is supported by the fact that bile acids are considered to be one of the most potent choleretic drugs. The purpose of the present study is to compare the percentage increase and duration of bile flow produced by cholic, taurocholic and dehydrocholic acid in rats, rabbits and dogs in an attempt to further understand the importance of bile acid excretion in bile production. METHODS Animals. Simonsen Sprague-Dawley male rats ( g), New Zealand white male rabbits (1-2 kg) and mongrel male dogs (7-13 kg) were used throughout. Anaethesia. The following anaesthetics were employed: rat-urethane, 900 mg/kg, I.P.; rabbit-urethane, 900 mg/kg, I.v.; dog-pentobarbitone sodium, 30 mg/kg, i.v. Rectal temperature of the animals was maintained at 370 C with a heat-lamp to prevent hypothermic alteration in hepatic function (Roberts, Klaassen & Plaa, 1967). Surgical procedure. In all three species, a femoral vein of each animal was cannulated for administering the bile salts. In the rat, PE-50 tubing was used and in the rabbit and dog PE-100 was employed. After ligation of the cystic duct in the rabbit and dog, the bile duct was cannulated with PE-50 and PE-100 respectively. In the rat the bile duct was cannulated with PE-10 tubing. Bile acids and administration. Cholic acid, taurocholic acid sodium salt, dehydrocholic acid, and glycodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (A grade) were obtained from Calbiochem (Los Angeles, Calif.). In the experiments to determine the dose-response effects of bile acids to increase bile flow, cholic, taurocholic, and dehydrocholic were administered at 3-12, 6-25, 12-5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg i.v. and bile flow recorded by a drop counter attached to a Gilson polygraph recorder. In the experiments in which the biliary bile acid concentrations were measured, bile was collected at 10-min intervals for 1 hr and then the bile acid was administered iv. (50 mg/kg) and bile again collected at 10-min intervals for an additional hour. Analytical methods. The 10-min bile samples were measured with a graduate pipette. The bile acid concentration in the bile was measured by the gas-liquid chromatographic method of Klaassen (1971 b). The amount of non-conjugated and total (non-conjugated plus conjugated) bile acids in the bile was measured without and with the addition of cholyl glycine hydrolase, respectively. The thin-laver chromatographic method of Hofmann (1962) was used to determine if the bile acid was conjugated with taurine or glycine. RESULTS Species difference in the choleretic response to cholic acid. Fig. 1 illustrates the increase in bile flow produced by a graded series of i.v. doses of cholic acid in the rat, rabbit and dog. In the dog, 3-12 mg/kg produced a 2--fold increase in bile flow and returned to control values in about 10 min. As the dosage was increased, the peak rate of bile flow increased as well as the duration of choleresis. With the highest dose of cholic acid (100 mg/kg),
3 BILE ACIDS AND CHOLERESIS a 6i-fold increase in bile flow was obtained and did not return to control values until about 100 min after injection. Cholic acid was much less choleretic in the rabbit than in the dog, in that only a twofold increase in bile flow was observed and a maximum duration of only about 30 mi was observed. With the two lower doses of cholic acid, 3412 and 6-25 mg/kg, a choleretic response was not observed in the rabbit I C =~5 4 3 I Fig. 1. Bile flow in rats, rabbits and dogs after various doses of cholic acid. The choleretic response of the rat to cholic acid was also quite minimal. Again with cholic acid, 3-12 and 6-25 mg/kg, no detectable choleretic response was observed. As with the rabbit, only about a twofold increase in bile flow was observed after the higher doses of cholic acid and the bile flow returned to control values in a relatively short time. The 100 mg/ kg dose of bile acids were not given to the rats as was administered to rabbits and dogs, because this dose was often fatal for the rats.
4 262 CURTIS D. KLAASSEN Species difference in the choleretic response to taurocholic acid. Fig. 2 illustrates the choleretic response to taurocholic acid in the rat, rabbit and dog. Again the dog was very responsive to the choleretic properties of a bile acid. The highest dose of taurocholic acid produced a 62-fold increase in bile flow, very similar to that produced by cholic acid. The _ 1 C 0 1._ U 0 L_ 7 #A Lr Fig. 2. Bile flow in rats, rabbits and dogs after various i.v. doses of taurocholic acid. major difference in the choleresis produced by cholic and taurocholic acid was that the duration of choleresis was only about one-half as long with taurocholic acid as with cholic acid. Again the choleretic response of the rat and rabbit was much less than that observed for the dog. Only about a twofold increase in bile flow was observed and the duration of choleresis was relatively short. Species difference in the choleretic response to dehydrocholic acid. Dehydrocholic acid is a synthetic bile acid and considered to be the most choleretic bile acid. As can be seen (Fig. 3), dehydrocholic acid was more choleretic
5 o...dog BILE ACIDS AND CHOLERESIS 263 in the dog than the two other bile acids, cholic and taurocholic acid. Dehydrocholic acid produced a 7k-fold increase in bile flow in comparison to the 6j-fold increase observed with the other two bile acids. However, the most marked difference was in the duration of choleresis; after the 100 mg/kg dose, the bile flow rate did not return to control values until 150 min after administration of dehydrocholic acid, but returned in 50 and 100 min for taurocholic and cholic acid respectively. Dehydrocholic acid was also somewhat more choleretic in the rabbit and rat than the other two bile acids, dehydrocholic acid producing a Rat 3 2 p\. Rabbit 3 _,. 21 E 7 100~~~~~~ 1mg/kg o/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 50 6 P~~~~~~ Fig. 3. Bile flow in rats, rabbits and dogs after various i.v. doses of dehydrocholic acid.
6 264 CURTIS D. KLAASSEN 24- to 3-fold increase in bile flow while the other two bile acids produced a 2 to 22-fold increase. The choleretic response to dehydrocholic acid was much less in the rat and rabbit than in the dog as was observed for the other two bile acids. Bile flow and biliary bile acid concentration after cholic acid administration in the dog, rabbit and rat. Fig. 4 demonstrates the results when bile was collected at 10 min intervals for 1 hr after bile duct cannulation and for 25 E 15 5 u2 60 C 0 -c 45-0 U Fig. 4. Bile flow and bile acid concentration in the dog for 60 min after bile duct cannulation and for an additional 60 min after cholic acid 50 mg/kg administered i.v. The shaded portion of each bar graph represents the amount of taurocholic acid and the unshaded portion the amount of cholic acid. another hour at 10 min intervals after the i.v. administration of cholic acid (50 mg/kg). The control bile flow rate in the dogs was 5,tl./min.kg and after the administration of the cholic acid the bile flow increased fivefold to 25 ul./min. kg. The major bile acid in dog bile is taurocholic acid and after the administration of cholic acid the total concentration of bile acids did not increase appreciably. Since the flow increased approximately five times and the concentration remained relatively constant, the excretion of bile acids also increased about five times. Within the hour
7 BILE ACIDS AND CHOLERESIS 265 after administration, cholic acid was excreted into the bile (approximately 25 mg/kg), approximately 50 % conjugated with taurine and the other half in an unconjugated form. 160 bt Q E U C V 25. r_ U._ C 5 U -a.c 5 V.C r OẸ 15 S l Fig. 5. Bile flow and bile acid concentration in the rabbit for 60 min after bile duct cannulation and for an additional 60 min after cholic acid 50 mg/kg administered i.v. The shaded portion of each bar graph represents the amount of bile acid conjugated with glycine and the unshaded portion the amount of unconjugated bile acid. Fig. 5 illustrates the results of a similar experiment performed in rabbits. Bile flow in the rabbit is very high and in the present study the control bile flow was about 75 #1l./min.kg. The major bile acid present in rabbit bile is glycodeoxycholic acid and its concentration is relatively low, only 7 m-equiv/l. After the administration of cholic acid (50 mg/kg), the bile flow rate doubled and returned to control rates within 20 min.
8 266 CURTIS D. KLAASSEN The maximal concentration of cholic acid and its conjugate was detected in the first 10 min collection period. There was about a sevenfold increase in excretion of bile acids into the bile during this time interval over control rates while only a doubling in bile flow. The concentration of the total amount of cholic and glycocholic acid in the bile rapidly decreased. Within 1 hr after administration, approximately 30 mg/kg of the cholic acid Fig. 6. Bile flow and bile acid concentration in the rat for 60 min after bile duct cannulation and for an additional 60 min after cholic acid 50 mg/kg administered i.v. The shaded portion of each bar graph represents the amount of taurocholic acid and the unshaded portion the amount of cholic acid. administered to the rabbit was excreted into the bile. Approximately 40 % of cholic acid was excreted as such into the bile and the other 60 % was conjugated with glycine. The effect of the administration of cholic acid on rat bile flow and biliary bile acid concentration is demonstrated in Fig. 6. The control bile flow in these rats was about 50,l./min. kg and the taurocholic acid concentration in the bile is about 13 m-equivfl. When cholic acid was administered i.v. into the rats, a very marked increase in biliary bile acid concentration was observed. Even though there was a fourfold increase in
9 BILE ACIDS AND CHOLERESIS 267 bile acid excretion only a 30 % increase in bile flow was observed. Within 1 hr after administration of the cholic acid, approximately 35 mg/kg was excreted into the bile. About 90 % of the cholic acid excreted into the bile of the rats during the hour was conjugated with taurine. Bile flow and biliary bile acid concentration in the dog, rabbit, and rat after administration of their major endogenous bile acid. Taurocholic acid, the major bile acid produced by dogs, was administered i.v. into the dogs and a fivefold increase in bile flow was observed which returned to control values in 50 min. The bile acid concentration in the bile doubled after administration whereas only a minor increase in bile acid concentration was observed after cholic acid administration. Glycodeoxycholic acid is the major bile acid produced by rabbits, and when it was administered i.v. into the rabbits (50 mg/kg) a threefold increase in bile flow was observed and it returned to control values within 30 min. A two- to threefold increase in biliary glycodeoxycholic acid concentration was also observed. When taurocholic acid was administered to rats and bile flow and biliary bile acid concentration measured, a decrease in bile flow was observed. The effect that bile acids had on bile flow in the rat was very erratic, sometimes a small decrease in bile flow was observed and other times a small increase in bile flow. Taurocholic acid concentration in the bile markedly increased after its administration, more than tripling within 20 min of its administration. DISCUSSION Marked species differences in bile production and biliary excretion of drugs have been reported. For example, rabbits and rats have a very high rate of bile production, from 40 to 90 #L./min.kg, and dogs have a low rate (5,d./min.kg). This difference in the rate of bile production appears to play an important role in determining the rate of biliary excretion of some compounds such as sulphobromophthalein (BSP). BSP is rapidly cleared from the plasma and excreted into the bile in rats and rabbits - species that have a high rate of bile production - and slowly in dogs (Klaassen & Plaa, 1967). Also, if bile flow of a dog is increased by the administration of bile acids, an enhanced BSP excretion rate is observed (O'Maille, Richards & Short, 1966). Thus, the rate of bile production appears to be an important factor in determining the rate at which some compounds are excreted into the bile, but the reason for such marked differences in the rates of biliary production in various species is not clearly understood. The present study demonstrates that these three species also respond
10 268 CURTIS D. KLAASSEN to the exogenous administration of bile acids differently. First of all, there is a difference in the conjugation of the bile acids by the three species. Both the rat and dog conjugate the bile acids with taurine and the rabbit conjugates it with glycine. The dog has a slow rate of conjugation for 1 hr after the 50 mg/kg administration of cholic acid; one half the cholic acid in the bile was in an unconjugated form. In contrast, the rabbit and rat appear to have a high capacity to conjugate cholic acid, for in 20 min after its administration less than one quarter of the cholic acid being excreted into the bile is in the unconjugated form. The most marked difference in the response of the three species to the administration of bile acids was that the percentage increase in bile flow produced and its duration was always greater in the dog than the rat and rabbit. The reason for this difference is not entirely clear. Part of the discrepancy is simply due to the difference in basal bile flow rates in the three species. Since the dog has a lower rate of bile production than the other two species, an equal increase in absolute bile flow in the dog as observed in the rabbit or rat would be interpreted as a much greater percentage increase in bile flow in the dog than the other two species. However, this does not appear to be the entire explanation. In the rat, for example, the effect that bile acids have on bile flow is very erratic - sometimes a small increase in bile flow is observed and other times a small decrease. If bile formation was exclusively and linearly dependent on bile acid secretion, then the bile salt concentration should be the same during normal bile flow and during choleresis produced by the injection of the bile acid normally excreted by that species. However, in the present study when taurocholic acid was administered to dogs, bile flow increased and the biliary bile acid concentration also increased. Also, when glycocholic acid was administered to rabbits, a marked increase in bile acid concentration was observed as the bile flow increased; in the rat, the bile flow even decreased while the bile acid concentration increased after taurocholic acid administered. Therefore, it would appear that the presence of bile acids in the bile of rats play a minor role in bile production as we previously concluded (Klaassen, 1971 a). It would also appear that biliary flow in the rabbit and dog is also not entirely dependent on bile acid secretion for bile formation as has been concluded by others (Erlinger, Dhumeaux, Berthelot & Dumont, 1970; Wheeler, Ross & Bradley, 1968) and that there is a bile-salt-independent fraction of bile formation. However, the real importance of bile acids in bile formation is open to conjecture. It seems somewhat conflicting to think that the bile acids in bile of some species can osmotically add fluid volume to the bile but that an increase in bile acid excretion does not always increase the bile flow of rats.
11 BILE ACIDS AND CHOLERESIS 269 The author acknowledges the very able technical assistance of Mrs Mary Reeves, Mr WV. H. Whittley and Mr Bill Kerr. This study was supported by funds from Public Health Service Grant GM The author is a recipient of a Public Health Service Career Development Award 1 K04 GM REFERENCES ERLINGER, S., DHUMEAUX, D., BERTHELOT, P. & DUmONT, M. (1970). Effect of inhibitors of sodium transport on bile formation in the rabbit. Am. J. Physiol. 219, HOFMANN, A. F. (1962). Thin-layer absorption chromatography of free and conjugated bile acids on silicic acid. J. Lipid Res. 3, KLAAS5EN, C. D. (1971 a). Does bile acid secretion determine canalicular bile production in rats? Am. J. Physiol. 220, KLAAsSEN, C. D. (1971 b). Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of bile acids in bile. Clinica chim. Acta 35, KLAASSEN, C. D. & PLAA, G. L. (1967). Species variation in metabolism storage, and excretion of sulfobromophthalein. Am. J. Physiol. 213, O'MAiLLE, E. R. L., RICHARDS, T. G. & SHORT, A. H. (1966). Factors determining the maximal rate of organic anion secretion by the liver and further evidence of the hepatic site of action of the hormone secretin. J. Physiol. 186, ROBERTS, R. J., KiAASSEN, C. D. & PLAA, G. L. (1967). Maximum biliary excretion of bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein during anesthesia-induced alteration of rectal temperature. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 125, SPERBER, I. (1959). Secretion of organic acids in the formation of urine and bile. Pharmac. Rev. 11, SPERBER, I. (1963). Biliary excretion and choleresis. In First Proc. Int. Pharmac. Meeting, Stockholm, vol. 4, pp SPERBER, I. (1965). Biliary excretion of organic anions and its influence on bile flow. In The Biliary System, pp , ed. TAYLOR, WV. Oxford: Blackwell. WHEELER, H. O., Ross, E. D. & BRADLEY, S. E. (1968). Canalicular bile production in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 214,
taurocholate, and unlike taurocholate, increased the bicarbonate concentration Cardiff CF1 1XL (Received 9 May 1974)
J. Physiol. (1975), 245, pp. 567-582 567 With 7 text-figures Printed in Great Britain ASPECTS OF BILE SECRETION IN THE RABBIT BY SIGRID C. B. RUTISHAUSER* AND THE LATE S. L. STONE From the Department of
More informationBILE FORMATION, ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION & BILE SALTS
1 BILE FORMATION, ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION & BILE SALTS Color index Important Further explanation 2 Mind map...3 Functions of bile & stages of bile secretion... 4 Characteristics & composition of bile...5
More informationCANALICULAR BILE FLOW AND BROMOSULFOPHTHALEIN TRANSPORT MAXIMUM: THE EFFECT OF A BILE SALT-INDEPENDENT CHOLERETIC, SC-2644
GASTROENTEROLOGY 66:1046-1053, 1974 Copyright 197~ 1l\' The William, & Wilkim Co. Vol. 66. )lo. ~ Printed in U.S.A. CANALICULAR BILE FLOW AND BROMOSULFOPHTHALEIN TRANSPORT MAXIMUM: THE EFFECT OF A BILE
More informationThe Choleretic Effect of Iodipamide
The Choleretic Effect of Iodipamide GREGORY K. FELD, PETER M. LOEB, ROBERT N. BERK, and HENRY 0. WHEELER From the Departments of Medicine and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
More information6. Production or formation of plasma protein and clotting factors and heparin.
Liver function test Clinical pathology dr. Ali H. Liver function test The liver has many vital physiologic functions involving synthesis, excretion, and storage. When a disease process damages cells within
More informationBile acid metabolism. doc. Ing. Zenóbia Chavková, CSc.
Bile acid metabolism doc. Ing. Zenóbia Chavková, CSc. Bile acid metabolism Importance: Availability for fat & cholesterol absorption Regulates total body pool of cholesterol Factors that synthesis promote
More informationAccording to Sperber [1965], bile secretion in many species is mainly due to. South Wales, 2033, Australia.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology (1974) 59, 93-2 REGULATION OF BILE FORMATION IN RABBITS AND GUINEA PIGS. By H. M. SHAW and T. J. HEATH. From the School of Physiology and Pharmacology, The
More informationcorn oil. The controls received an equivalent
Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the Biliary Excretion of Indocyanine Green in Rat by Slang W1. Hwang* Chlorinated dibenzodioxins have been found as contaminants of various technical chlorinated
More informationCholestasis Induced by Sodium Taurolithocholate in Isolated Hamster Liver
Cholestasis Induced by Sodium Taurolithocholate in Isolated Hamster Liver JOHN E. KING and LESLIE J. SCHOENFIELD From the Gastroenterology Unit, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55901
More informationThe effect of coeliac disease upon bile salts
Gut, 1973, 14, 24-2 T. S. LOW-BEER,1 K. W. HEATON, E. W. POMARE, AND A. E. READ From the University Department of Medicine, Bristol Royal Infirmary SUMMARY The size and composition of the bile salt pool
More informationPhysiological functions of the liver. Describe the major functions of the liver with respect to metabolism,detoxification & excretion of hydrophobic
Physiological functions of the liver. Describe the major functions of the liver with respect to metabolism,detoxification & excretion of hydrophobic substances. Describe the formation of bile,its constitents
More informationDRUG ELIMINATION II BILIARY EXCRETION MAMMARY, SALIVARY AND PULMONARY EXCRETION
DRUG ELIMINATION II BILIARY EXCRETION MAMMARY, SALIVARY AND PULMONARY EXCRETION ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND EXTRAHEPATIC DRUG METABOLISM The decline in plasma concentration after drug administration
More informationEffect of Muscular Exercise on Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Secretion of the Adrenal Gland in the Dog
Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1966, 88, 361-366 Effect of Muscular Exercise on Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Secretion of the Adrenal Gland in the Dog Sennosuke Ohukuzi Deparment of Physiology (Prof. T. Suzuki),
More informationSIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF THE PANCREATIC AND BILIARY RESPONSE TO CCK AND SECRETIN
GASTROENTEROLOGY 70:403-407, 1976 Copyright 1976 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 70, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF THE PANCREATIC AND BILIARY RESPONSE TO CCK AND SECRETIN Primate
More informationHepatic Metabolism of Sulfobromophthalein Sodium (BSP). The Role of Bile Flow
The ffect of Sodium Taurocholate on the Hepatic Metabolism of Sulfobromophthalein Sodium (BSP). The Role of Bile Flow J. L. BoYR, R. L. SCHIG, and G. KLATsiIN From the Department of Medicine, Yale University
More informationdiets with EDTA supplements exhibited moderate loss of weight. This could not be ascribed to diminished induced progressive chronic hypercholesteremia
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN CHELATING SUBSTANCES (EDTA) UPON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN THE RAT" By RAY H. ROSENMAN AND MALCOLM K. SMITH (From the Harold Brunn Institute, Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco, Calif.)
More informationMechanism of Action of N-Acetylcysteine in the Protection Against the Hepatotoxicity of Acetaminophen in Rats In Vivo
Mechanism of Action of N-Acetylcysteine in the Protection Against the Hepatotoxicity of Acetaminophen in Rats In Vivo BERNHARD H. LAUTERBURG, GEORGE B. CORCORAN, and JERRY R. MITCHELL, Baylor College of
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 October 18.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1986 July ; 53(1): 137 140. EFFECT OF BILE ON CYCLOSPORINE ABSORPTION IN DOGS Raman Venkataramanan
More informationOGY. IV. THE METABOLISM OF IODINE IN
RADIOACTIVE IODINE AS AN INDICATOR IN THYROID PHYSIOL- OGY IV THE METABOLISM OF IODINE IN GRAVES' 1 By S HERTZ, A ROBERTS, AND W T SALTER (From the Thyroid Clinic of the Massachusetts General Hospital,
More informationUsing a technique by which it is possible to study gastro-intestinal absorption
531 J. Physiol. (I956) I34, 53I-537 THE ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE BY THE INTACT RAT BY P. C. REYNELL AND G. H. SPRAY From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford (Received 30 May
More informationEstimation of Hydrocortisone Secretion
Estimation of Hydrocortisone Secretion Method of Calculation from Urinary-Excretion Data Robert H. Silber IN1938, Anderson, Haymaker, and Joseph (1) reported the finding of increased concentrations of
More informationUnit 2b: EXCRETION OF DRUGS. Ms.M.Gayathri Mpharm (PhD) Department of Pharmaceutics Krishna Teja Pharmacy college Subject code: 15R00603 (BPPK)
Unit 2b: EXCRETION OF DRUGS By Ms.M.Gayathri Mpharm (PhD) Department of Pharmaceutics Krishna Teja Pharmacy college Subject code: 15R00603 (BPPK) Excretion, along with metabolism and tissue redistribution,
More informationStudies of Sulfobromophthalein Sodium (BSP) Metabolism in. (Tm) for Biliary Excretion of BSP * Man. III. Demonstration of a Transport Maximum
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 3, No. 7, 196 Studies of Sulfobromophthalein Sodium (BSP) Metabolism in Man. III. Demonstration of a Transport Maximum (Tm) for Biliary Excretion of BSP * LESLIE
More informationclearing activity is produced and destroyed in the rat. Both the
THE SITES AT WHICH PLASMA CLEARING ACTIVITY IS PRODUCED AND DESTROYED IN THE RAT. By G. H. JEFFRIES. From the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford. (Received for publication 25th June 1954.) CLEARING
More informationCambridge CB2 3EG. ['25I]L-thyroxine. Experiments were performed after 24 hr had elapsed.
J. Physiol. (1971), 212, pp. 447-454 447 With 2 text-ftgurea Printed in Great Britain AN EXAMINATION OF THE EXTENT OF REVERSIBILITY OF THYROXINE BINDING WITHIN THE THYROXINE DISTRIBUTION SPACE IN THE RABBIT
More informationLiver Function Tests. Dr. Abdulhussien Aljebory Babylon university College of Pharmacy
Liver Function Tests Dr. Abdulhussien Aljebory Babylon university College of Pharmacy FUNCTIONS OF LIVER Metabolic function Excretory function Synthetic fuction Detoxification function Storage function
More informationEFFECTS OF EXOGENOUSLY ADDED SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ON PANCREATIC EXOCRINE SECRETION IN DOMESTIC RABBIT
EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUSLY ADDED SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ON PANCREATIC EXOCRINE SECRETION IN DOMESTIC RABBIT DOJANA N 1., POP A 2., PAPUC C 3. 1 Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
More informationLipid Chemistry. Presented By. Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair
Lipid Chemistry Presented By Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair 6 1. By the end of this chapter the student should be able to: define lipids. describe the biological importance of lipids. point out basic
More informationWelfare, Bethesda, Md.)
CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN MAN By MARVIN D. SIPERSTEIN AND ANNE W. MURRAY (From the Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.
More informationTHE SIGNIFICANCE OF HORMONES, BILE SALTS, AND FEEDING IN THE REGULATION OF BILE AND OTHER DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS IN THE RAT
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HORMONES, BILE SALTS, AND FEEDING IN THE REGULATION OF BILE AND OTHER DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS IN THE RAT By H. M. SHA w* and T. HEATH* [Manuscript received 16 July 1971] Abstract Conscious
More informationabnormally high compared to those encountered when animals are fed by University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A.
J. Phy8iol. (1965), 181, pp. 59-67 59 With 5 text-ftgure8 Printed in Great Britain THE ANALYSIS OF GLUCOSE MEASUREMENTS BY COMPUTER SIMULATION* BY R. G. JANES "D J. 0. OSBURN From the Departments of Anatomy
More information(Received 5 November 1956) Work with 131I-labelled thyroxine has shown that the plasma thyroxine is
198 J. Physiol. (I957) I36, I98-22 FAECAL CLEARANCE RATE OF ENDOGENOUS THYROID HORMONE IN RATS By N. B. MYANT From the Medical Research Council, Experimental Radiopathology Research Unit, Hammersmith Hospital,
More informationIII. TOXICOKINETICS. Studies relevant to the toxicokinetics of inorganic chloramines are severely
III. TOXICOKINETICS Introduction Studies relevant to the toxicokinetics of inorganic chloramines are severely limited. However, studies done with various chlorinated amino compounds (including organic
More informationCHANGES IN THE BILE-ACIDS COMPOSITION OF BILE JUICE AFTER FAT INTAKE
Lucrări ştiinţifice Zootehnie şi Biotehnologii, vol. 42 (1) (2009), Timişoara CHANGES IN THE BILE-ACIDS COMPOSITION OF BILE JUICE AFTER FAT INTAKE SCHIMBĂRI ÎN COMPOZIŢIA ACIZILOR BILIARI AI SUCULUI BILIAR
More informationFetal Bile Salt Metabolism
Fetal Bile Salt Metabolism II. HEPATIC EXCRETION OF ENDOGENOUS BILE SALT AND OF A TAUROCHOLATE LOAD R. A. SMALLWOOD, R. LESTER, G. J. PIASECKI, P. D. KLEIN, R. GREco, and B. T. JACKSON From the Departments
More informationFat absorption in pancreatic deficiency in rats
Gut, 1966, 7, 114 Fat absorption in pancreatic deficiency in rats J. MASAREI1 AND W. J. SIMMONDS From the Department ofphysiology, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia EDITORIAL
More informationEffect of Cholestyramine on Bile Acid Metabolism in Normal Man
Effect of Cholestyramine on Bile Acid Metabolism in Normal Man J. T. GAisurr and T. J. KENNEY From the Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
More informationTHBA Platform - Bile acid imbalance
- Bile acid imbalance Bile acids play an important role in maintaining human health by means of signaling molecules in the regulation of bile formation, liver function and metabolism. The detergent effect
More informationBile Acid Profiling and Quantification in Biofluids using. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem. Mass Spectrometry
Bile Acid Profiling and Quantification in Biofluids using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Magali H. Sarafian *, Matthew R. Lewis *, Alexandros Pechlivanis, Simon Ralphs,
More informationTHE ACTION OF ANTISYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE
Brit. J. Pharmacol. (1959), 14, 380. THE ACTION OF ANTISYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE BY B. G. BENFEY, G. LEDOUX, AND M. SEGAL From the Department ofpharmacology,
More informationDefinition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism
Definition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism obilirubin formation otransport of bilirubin in plasma ohepatic bilirubin transport oexcretion through intestine Other substances conjugated by glucuronyl transferase.
More information(Received 22 July 1957) It is now generally accepted that the unequal distribution of ions between cells
190 J. Physiol. (I958) I40, I90-200 THE EFFECT OF ALTERATIONS OF PLASMA SODIUM ON THE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CONTENT OF MUSCLE IN THE RAT By F. 0. DOSEKUN AND D. MENDEL From the Department of Physiology,
More informationAli Yaghi. Yaseen Fatayer. M.Khatatbeh
6 Ali Yaghi Yaseen Fatayer M.Khatatbeh P a g e 1 pancreatic secretions note: The pancreas has endocrine (secretions are released toward the blood) and exocrine(secretions are released through the canalicular
More informationNOTES: The Digestive System (Ch 14, part 2)
NOTES: The Digestive System (Ch 14, part 2) PANCREAS Structure of the pancreas: The pancreas produces PANCREATIC JUICE that is then secreted into a pancreatic duct. The PANCREATIC DUCT leads to the The
More informationLippincott Questions Pharmacology
Lippincott Questions Pharmacology Edition Two: Chapter One: 1.Which one of the following statements is CORRECT? A. Weak bases are absorbed efficiently across the epithelial cells of the stomach. B. Coadministration
More informationEx : Butter contain large proportion of short chains of fatty acids, so it has high saponification number while margarine with more long fatty acids,
Lec 2 1. Saponification number Definition : The number of m gms of KOH required to saponify the free and combined fatty acids in one gram of a given fat. Uses : The amount of alkali needed to saponify
More informationIntroduction to Pharmacokinetics
- 1 - Introduction to Pharmacokinetics Outline accompanies required webcast for Marie Biancuzzo s Lactation Exam Review and Marie Biancuzzo s Comprehensive Lactation Course Notes We will not cover this
More informationPrinciples of Toxicology: The Study of Poisons
Principles of Toxicology: The Study of Poisons Elizabeth Casarez Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University it of Arizona The study of the adverse effects of a toxicant on living organisms Adverse
More informationMCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System
MCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. During the oral phase of swallowing,. Question #01 A. Initially, the food bolus is moved to the back of the tongue and
More informationDigestive System 7/15/2015. Outline Digestive System. Digestive System
Digestive System Biology 105 Lecture 18 Chapter 15 Outline Digestive System I. Functions II. Layers of the GI tract III. Major parts: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
More informationCryo Characterization Report (CCR)
Human Cryopreserved Hepatocytes Lot number: HUM4061B Date: October 19, 2014 Cryo Characterization Report (CCR) Lot Overview Qualification Catalog Number Quantity Cryopreserved human hepatocytes, Qualyst
More informationChapter 14: The Digestive System
Chapter 14: The Digestive System Digestive system consists of Muscular tube (digestive tract) alimentary canal Accessory organs teeth, tongue, glandular organs 6 essential activities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
More informationA. Incorrect! The esophagus connects the pharynx and the stomach.
Human Physiology - Problem Drill 19: Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as 1. This organ
More informationThe Application of UPLC/MS E for the Analysis of Bile Acids in Biological Fluids
The Application of UPLC/MS E for the Analysis of Bile Acids in Biological Fluids Elizabeth J. Want, 1 Muireann Coen, Perrine Masson, Hector C. Keun, Jake T.M. Pearce, Michael D. Reily, Donald Robertson,
More informationVolpenhein [1964] found fat equivalent to approximately 150 mg. oleic acid
Quart. J. exp. Physiol. (1967) 52, 305-312 THE SOURCE OF ENDOGENOUS LIPID IN THE THORACIC DUCT LYMPH OF FASTING RATS. By B. K. SHRIVASTAVA,* T. G. REDGRAVE t and W. J. SIMMONDS. From the Department of
More informationThe Digestive System. Prepares food for use by all body cells.
The Digestive System Prepares food for use by all body cells. Digestion The chemical breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts. Lipids to fatty acids Proteins to individual amino
More informationPenguin. The Relation Between Structure and Function of Bile Ducts in Man, Some Laboratory Animals and the Adelie
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology (1979) 64, 61-67 The Relation Between Structure and Function of Bile Ducts in Man, Some Laboratory Animals and the Adelie Penguin C. J. H. ANDREWS and the late
More informationSULFONAMIDES: PASSAGE INTO SPINAL FLUID AND RECTAL ABSORPTION*
SULFONAMIDES: PASSAGE INTO SPINAL FLUID AND RECTAL ABSORPTION* By WINDSOR C. CUTTING, M.D., and ERNEST H. SULTAN, A.B., San Francisco, California THE increasing importance of sulfathiazole in the treatment
More informationRadioimmunoassay of primary bile salts in serum
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1979, 32, 560-564 Radioimmunoassay of primary bile salts in serum Y. A. BAQIR, J. MURISON, P. E. ROSS, AND IAN A. D. BOUCHIER From the Department of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital
More informationThe Digestive System. Chapter 25
The Digestive System Chapter 25 Introduction Structure of the digestive system A tube that extends from mouth to anus Accessory organs are attached Functions include Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption
More informationKorner, Morris and Courtice, 1954; Morris, 1954; Simmonds, 1954,
THE HEPATIC AND INTESTINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THORACIC DUCT LYMPH.1 By BEDE MORRIS.2 From the Kanematsu Memorial Institute of Pathology, Sydney Hospital, Sydney. (Received for publication 14th December
More informationbinding proteins in the plasma (Ingbar & Freinkel, 1960; Robbins & Rall, binding of thyroxine by human serum albumin and, in man, a correlation
J. Phy8iol. (1968), 199, pp. 169-175 169 With 4 text-figure8 Printed in Great Britain THE EFFECT OF FATTY ACID ON THE UPTAKE OF THYROXINE BY THE PERFUSED RAT HEART BY A. P. HILLIER From the Physiological
More informationKRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi
KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi Prof, Dept. Of Pharmacology KTPC The Digestive System Food undergoes six major processes: 1. Ingestion : process
More informationnorepinephrinee." 2 PNMT activity is stimulated by certain adrenocortical markedly,3' 4 but can be restored to normal by the administration of
IMPAIRED SECRETION OF EPINEPHRINE IN RESPONSE TO INSULIN AMONG HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED DOGS* BY RICHARD J. WURTMAN, ALFRED CASPER, LARISSA A. POHORECKY, AND FREDERIC C. BARTTER DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION AND FOOD
More informationINCREASED RATIO OF GLYCINE- TO TAURINE-CONJUGATED BILE SALTS IN PATIENTS WITH ILEAL DISORDERS
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1969 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 56, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. INCREASED RATIO OF GLYCINE- TO TAURINE-CONJUGATED BILE SALTS IN PATIENTS WITH ILEAL DISORDERS J. T. GARBUTT,
More informationDIGESTIVE SYSTEM II ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS Dr. Larry Johnson Texas A& M University Objectives Distinguish between the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Understand and identify the structural
More informationTHE EFFECT OF MALE FERN EXTRACT ON BILIARY SECRETION
Brit. J. Pharmacol. (1966), 26, 34-40. THE EFFECT OF MALE FERN EXTRACT ON BILIARY SECRETION BY T. HARGREAVES From the Department of Chemical Pathology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, S.
More informationLIVER PHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASE
GASTROENTEROLOGY 64:1156-1162, 1973 Copyright by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 64, No. 6 Printed in U.S. A. LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF BILE SALTS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND CHOLESTEROL
More informationBiology 137 Introduction to Toxicology Name Midterm Exam 1 Fall Semester 2001
Biology 137 Introduction to Toxicology Name Midterm Exam 1 Fall Semester 2001 Part I. Multiple choice. Two points each. 1. Toxicology is the study of A. prevalence of disease and death in a population
More informationSerum bile acids in primary biliary cirrhosis
Serum bile acids in primary biliary cirrhosis G. M. MURPHY, ALISON ROSS, AND BARBARA H. BILLING From the Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London Gut, 13, 1972, 21-26 sumumary Serum bile acid
More informationCooke, Nahrwold and Grossman, 1967]. In the present experiments, attempts. Wales, 2033, Australia.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Phyeiology (1973) 58, 335-343 BASAL AND POSTPRANDIAL PANCREATIC SECRETION IN RATS. By H. M. SiHw and T. J. HEATH. From the School of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University
More informationSection Coordinator: Jerome W. Breslin, PhD, Assistant Professor of Physiology, MEB 7208, ,
IDP Biological Systems Gastrointestinal System Section Coordinator: Jerome W. Breslin, PhD, Assistant Professor of Physiology, MEB 7208, 504-568-2669, jbresl@lsuhsc.edu Overall Learning Objectives 1. Characterize
More informationAnalogue, on Bile Formation and Biliary Lipid
Effects of Taurodihydrofusidate, a Bile Salt Analogue, on Bile Formation and Biliary Lipid Secretion in the Rhesus Monkey MARC BEAUDOIN, MARTIN C. CAREY, and DONALD M. SMALL From the Department of Medicine,
More informationAPO-URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID CAPSULES
APO-URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID CAPSULES NAME OF THE MEDICINE Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) Chemical Name: 3α, 7ß-Dihydroxy-5ß-cholan-24-oic acid Structural Formula: Molecular Formula: Molecular Weight: C24H40O4
More informationDr. R. Pradheep. DNB Resident Pediatrics. Southern. Railway. Hospital.
Hyperbilirubinemia in an Infant Pradheep Railway Dr. R. DNB Resident Pediatrics. Southern Hospital. A 2 ½ month old male baby born out of 3 rd degree consanguinity presented to us with c/o yellow discolouration
More informationFundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 4
(A) (B) Figure 4-1 A, B (C) FIGURE 4-1C The active transport process moves particles against the concentration gradient from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. Active transport
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology Unit EMEA/MRL/050/95-FINAL February 1996 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS AMINOSIDINE
More informationRoutes of drug administration
Routes of drug administration Definition:- A route of administration in pharmacy is the path by which a drug is taken into the body. Classification:- The various routes of administrations are classified
More informationDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF JAUNDICE
CHARLES L. HARTSOCK, M.D. The yellow or greenish yellow staining of the blood plasma and body tissues, to which the clinical term jaundice has been applied, is due to an excessive amount of one of the
More informationGastric, intestinal and colonic absorption of metoprolol in
Br. J. clin. Pharmac. (1985), 19, 85S-89S Gastric, intestinal and colonic absorption of metoprolol in the rat J. DOMENECH', M. ALBA', J. M. MORERA', R. OBACH' & J. M. PLA DELFINA2 'Department of Pharmaceutics,
More informationKonakion MM. Phytomenadione Composition. Properties and effects. Pharmacokinetics
פורמט עלון זה נקבע ע"י משרד הבריאות ותוכנו נבדק ואושר על ידו בנובמבר 2015 Konakion MM Phytomenadione Composition Active ingredient: phytomenadione (synthetic vitamin K 1 ). Ampoules MM 10 mg/ml in a bile
More informationFigure Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore
Figure 41.1 Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore Essential Nutrients: Amino acids Fatty acids Vitamins Minerals Figure 41.2 Complete vs incomplete Omnivore vs herbivore (vegetarian) Table 41.1 Table
More information(Received 8th October 1973)
THE INFLUENCE OF A CANNULA IN THE RABBIT OVIDUCT II. EFFECT ON EMBRYO SURVIVAL M. H. SLOAN, S. L. COLEY and A. D. JOHNSON Animal Science Department, Livestock-Poultry Building, University of Georgia, Athens,
More informationCitation for published version (APA): Minich, D. M. (1999). Essential fatty acid absorption and metabolism Groningen: s.n.
University of Groningen Essential fatty acid absorption and metabolism Minich, Deanna Marie IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from
More informationIntroduction to. Pharmacokinetics. University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D
Introduction to 1 Pharmacokinetics University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D 2 Learning objectives Understand compartment models and how they effects
More informationPOLYCYSTIC LIVER DISEASE: STUDIES ON THE MECHANISMS OF CYST FLUID FORMATION
GASTROENTEROLOGY 66:423-428, 1974 Copyright 1974 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 66, No.3 Printed in U.S.A. POLYCYSTIC LIVER DISEASE: STUDIES ON THE MECHANISMS OF CYST FLUID FORMATION A case report
More informationStart Module 2: Physiology: Bile, Bilirubin. Liver and the Lab
Start Module 2: Physiology: Bile, Bilirubin Liver and the Lab Bile Physiology WYNTKFTB (Intro to Pathology) Applied Anatomy Components Function Synthesis Enterohepatic circulation Imbalance of components
More informationIS CHOLINE THE FACTOR IN THE PANCREAS THAT PREVENTS FATTY LIVERS IN DEPANCREATIZED DOGS MAINTAINED WITH INSULIN?
IS CHOLINE THE FACTOR IN THE PANCREAS THAT PREVENTS FATTY LIVERS IN DEPANCREATIZED DOGS MAINTAINED WITH INSULIN? BY C. ENTENMAN AND I. L. CHAIKOFF (From the Division of Physiology, University of California
More informationTRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS IN INTACT 3T3 AND SV3T3 CELLS. Binding Activity for Leucine in Membrane Preparations of Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells
Journal of Supramolecular Structure 4:441 (401)-447 (407) (1976) TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS IN INTACT 3T3 AND SV3T3 CELLS. Binding Activity for Leucine in Membrane Preparations of Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells
More informationName: Date: Period: The Dissection 1. Place your specimen dorsal side down. Make your incisions following the diagram below. Make sure to make shallow cuts with the scissors. DO NOT CUT TOO DEEP! You will
More informationPharmacokinetic Phase
RSPT 2217 Principles of Drug Action Part 2: The Pharmacokinetic Phase Gardenhire Chapter 2; p. 14-25 From the Text Common Pathways for Drug Box 2-3; page 18 Plasma Half-lives of Common Drugs Table 2-4;
More informationSOME OBSERVATIONS UPON SODIUM ALGINATE. By 0. M. SOLANDT. From the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge.
582.6 SOME OBSERVATIONS UPON SODIUM ALGINATE. By 0. M. SOLANDT. From the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge. (Received for publication 13th December 1940.) ALGINIC acid was discovered by Stanford in 1883
More information(From the Physiological Laboratories of University College, London and Cambridge University.) extracts2, etc.). dilation of the vessels.
THE OXYGEN EXCHANGE OF THE PANCREAS. BY J. BARCROFT AND E. H. STARLING. (From the Physiological Laboratories of University College, London and Cambridge University.) THE interest of the investigations,
More informationToxicity of intraperitoneal bisulfite
Toxicity of intraperitoneal bisulfite Studies were carried out in animals to investigate the toxicity of intraperitoneal bisulfite. The LDso (dose lethal to 50 per cent of the animals) for a single intraperitoneal
More informationThe absorption of water from the whole stomach. or one of its parts has not been demonstrated. Many years ago Pavlov showed that water was a
GASTRIC SECRETION. III. THE ABSORPTION OF HEAVY WATER FROM POUCHES OF THE BODY AND ANTRUM OF THE STOMACH OF THE DOG By OLIVER COPE, HESTER BLATT, AND MARGARET R. BALL (From the Surgical Research Laboratories
More informationTHE MAINTENANCE OF A NORMAL PLASMA PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN SPITE OF REPEATED PROTEIN LOSS BY BLEEDING
Published Online: 1 May, 1932 Supp Info: http://doi.org/1.184/jem.55.5.683 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on September 3, 218 THE MAINTENANCE OF A NORMAL PLASMA PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN SPITE OF REPEATED
More informationDigestive system L 4. Lecturer Dr. Firdous M. Jaafar Department of Anatomy/Histology section
Digestive system L 4 Lecturer Dr. Firdous M. Jaafar Department of Anatomy/Histology section objectives 1-Describe the structure of liver. 2-Define liver lobule, and identify its zones. 3-Define portal
More informationThe physiology of gastrointestinal system 3.
The physiology of gastrointestinal system 3. Stomach, pancreas, bile Dr. Gabriella Kékesi The mechanism and regulation of gastric juice secretion (Lo.) 64. Secretory cells in stomach Composition and role
More informationDATA SHEET URSOFALK. Ursodeoxycholic Acid
URSOFALK - New Zealand Page 1 of 7 NAME OF DRUG DATA SHEET URSOFALK Ursodeoxycholic Acid DESCRIPTION Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a white or almost white powder. It is practically insoluble in water,
More information