Cell Structure and Function
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1 Cell Structure and Function
2
3 Agre and cells in the news
4 Cells Smallest living unit Most are microscopic
5 Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) Observed sliver of cork Saw row of empty boxes Coined the term cell
6 Cell theory (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden all living things are made of cells (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow all cells come from cells
7 Principles of Cell Theory All living things are made of cells Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
8 Cell Size
9 Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
10 Characteristics of All Cells A surrounding membrane Cytoplasm a gel-like material that fills the cell Organelles structures for cell function Control center with DNA
11 Cell Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
12 Prokaryotic Cells First cell type on earth Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
13 Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound nucleus Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration Organelles not bound by membranes
14 Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus bound by membrane Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells Possess many organelles Protozoan
15 Representative Animal Cell
16 Representative Plant Cell
17 Organelles Cellular machinery Two general kinds Derived from membranes Bacteria-like organelles
18 Bacteria-Like Organelles Derived from symbiotic bacteria Ancient association Endosymbiotic theory Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria
19 Plasma Membrane Contains cell contents Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
20 Phospholipids Polar Hydrophylic head Hydrophobic tail Interacts with water
21 Movement Across the Plasma Membrane A few molecules move freely Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen Carrier proteins transport some molecules Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer Fluid mosaic model describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins
22
23 Membrane Proteins 1. Channels or transporters Move molecules in one direction 2. Receptors Recognize certain chemicals
24 Membrane Proteins 3. Glycoproteins Identify cell type 4. Enzymes Catalyze production of substances
25 Cell Walls Found in plants, fungi, & many protists Surrounds plasma membrane
26 Cell Wall Differences Plants mostly cellulose Fungi contain chitin
27 Cytoplasm Viscous fluid containing organelles components of cytoplasm Interconnected filaments & fibers Fluid = cytosol Organelles (not nucleus) storage substances
28 Filaments & fibers Made of 3 fiber types Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments 3 functions: mechanical support anchor organelles help move substances Cytoskeleton
29 A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
30 Cilia & Flagella Provide motility Cilia Short Used to move substances outside human cells Flagella Whip-like extensions Found on sperm cells Basal bodies like centrioles
31 Cilia & Flagella Structure Bundles of microtubules With plasma membrane
32 Centrioles Pairs of microtubular structures Play a role in cell division
33 Membranous Organelles Functional components within cytoplasm Bound by membranes
34 Nucleus Control center of cell Double membrane Contains Chromosomes Nucleolus
35 Nuclear Envelope Separates nucleus from rest of cell Double membrane Has pores
36 DNA Hereditary material Chromosomes DNA Protiens Form for cell division Chromatin
37 Nucleolus Most cells have 2 or more Directs synthesis of RNA Forms ribosomes
38 Endoplasmic Reticulum Helps move substances within cells Network of interconnected membranes Two types Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
39 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes attached to surface Manufacture protiens Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER May modify proteins from ribosomes
40 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum No attached ribosomes Has enzymes that help build molecules Carbohydrates Lipids
41 Golgi Apparatus Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall Packaging & shipping station of cell
42 Golgi Apparatus Function 1. Molecules come in vesicles 2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane 3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
43 Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued) 4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle 5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus 6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
44
45 Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes Functions Aid in cell renewal Break down old cell parts Digests invaders
46 Vacuoles Membrane bound storage sacs More common in plants than animals Contents Water Food wastes
47 Bacteria-Like Organelles Release & store energy Types Mitochondria (release energy) Chloroplasts (store energy)
48 Mitochondria Have their own DNA Bound by double membrane
49 Mitochondria Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration) Glucose Fatty acids Release energy ATP
50
51 Chloroplasts (only in plants) Derived form photosynthetic bacteria Solar energy capturing organelle
52 Photosynthesis (only in plants) Takes place in the chloroplast Makes cellular food glucose
53 Review of Eukaryotic Cells
54 Review of Eukaryotic Cells
55
56 Biology: Cell Structure
Smallest living unit Most are microscopic
Smallest living unit Most are microscopic Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) Observed sliver of cork Saw row of empty boxes Coined the term cell (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden all living things are made
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