Biochemistry of the Eye
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1 Biochemistry of the Eye Elaine R. Berman Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School Jerusalem, Israel Plenum Press New York and London
2 Contents 1. Selected Topics in Biochemistry Relevant to the Eye 1.1. General Cellular Biochemistry Organization of the Cell Synthesis of Proteins and Nucleic Acids Molecular Biology, a Brief Introduction Extracellular Matrix Collagen Basal Lamina (Basement Membrane): Type IV Collagen, Laminin, Fibronectin, and Proteoglycan Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans Receptor-Stimulated Membrane Signal Transduction and Second Messengers Adenylate Cyclase System Polyphosphoinositide Breakdown Atrial Natriuretic Factor and Guanylate Cyclase Desensitization Oxygen Free Radicals and Hydrogen Peroxide Toxicity, Lipid Peroxidation, and Phospholipase A Generation of Free Radicals and H Free Radical Scavengers Lipid Peroxidation Phospholipase A Arachidonic Acid and Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes) Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes (Cytochromes P450 and Mixed-Function Oxidases) Retinol Transport, Metabolism, and Functions Absorption and Transport Metabolism Functions References Tears 2.1. Introduction and General Description Lacrimal Glands: Protein and Electrolyte Secretion Physical Properties; Collection of Tears 68 xi
3 XÜ CONTENTS 2.2. Chemical Compositum of Tear Fluid Low-Molecular-Weight Solutes and Retinol Proteins Glycoconjugates Immunoglobulins Enzymes Lipids Bactericidal Propeities Inflammatory and Antiinflammatory Systems Protection from Oxygen Free Radical Toxicity Clinical Disorders Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (Dry Eye) Mucin Deficiency Diseases Blepharitis Diagnosis of Lysosomal Enzyme Storage Disorders References Cornea 3.1. Epithelium Oxidative Metabolism Structural Components Vitamin A, Retinole Acid, and Xerophthalmia Phosphoinositide Breakdown and Protein Kinase C Ion Transport Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, HETEs, and Epoxyeicosatrienoie Acids Detoxiflcation Basal Lamina (Basement Membrane) Stroma Collagen Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans Proteoglycan-Collagen Interaction Descemet's Membrane Endothelium Carbohydrate Metabolism Fluid and Ion Transport: Metabolie Pumps Redox Systems Collagen Synthesis in Culture Phagocytic Propeities and Cell-Surface Glycoproteins Epidermal Growth Factor and Eicosanoids Lipids Proteins Wound Healing Epithelial Abrasions and Keratectomy Wounds Alkali Bums Vitamin A and Retinole Acid Therapeutic Possibilities 131
4 CONTENTS XM 3.9. Keratoconus Comeal Dystrophies Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy Macular Comeal Dystrophy Mucopolysaccharidoses and Mucolipidoses References Aqueous, Iris-Ciliary Body, and Trabeculum 4.1. Aqueous Humor Chemical Composition Protection from Oxidative Damage Iris-Ciliary Body Aqueous Humor Formation Blood-Aqueous Barrier Lipids Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes Drug-Metabolizing Systems and Glutathione Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors Desensitization Atrial Natriuretic Factor Trabecular Meshwork Chemical Composition Endothelial Cells Biochetnical Changes in Aging and in Glaucoma References Lens 5.1. Introduction Anatomie and Structural Features Physical Basis of Transparency The State of Water Chemical Composition Water-Soluble Components Structural Components Metabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism Glutathione Metabolism and Function Protein Metabolism Photochemical Reactions Aging Crystallins Fiber Cell Plasma Membranes and Cytoskeleton Enzyme Activities Glycation Pigments and Fluorescent Substances 245
5 XIV CONTENTS 5.6. Cataract Lens Proteins Sugar Cataracts Radiation Cataracts and Oxidative Stress Selenite Cataract Cyanate and Carbamylation U18666A Cataract Animal Models of Hereditary Cataract Human Cataract Classification, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Therapy References Vitreous 6.1. Introduction and General Features Chemical Composition Molecular Organization Zonules Lipids Low-Molecular-Weight Solutes Metabolism Aging References Retina 7.1. Introduction: General Composition and Metabolism Intact Neural Retina (Excluding Lipids) Lipids in Neural Retina Photoreceptor Cells Chemical Composition Metabolism (Excluding Phototransduction) Lipid Peroxidation, Free Radicals, Light Damage, and Protective Mechanisms Interphotoreceptor Matrix General Description and Structure Glycosaminoglycans, Proteins, and Glycoproteins (Excluding IRBP) Interphotoreceptor Retinol-Binding Protein Retinal Pigment Epitheiium General Description Methods for Isolation and Culture Chemical Composition Metabolism Phagocytosis, Phagolysosomal System, and Lipofuscin Metabolism of the Microvasculature Glucose Transport, Insulin, and Aldose Reductase Production of Extracellular Matrix 408
6 CONTENTS XV Adrenergic Receptors and Phosphoinositide Tlimover Regulation of Microvessel Caliber Glia (Müller Cells) Retinoid-Binding Proteins Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Insulin Synthesis (Insulin-Specific mrna) Neurotransmitters Amino Acids Biogenic Amines Neuropeptides Visual Excitation Bleaching of Photopigments: cgmp as the Chemical Messenger Phototransduction in Vertebrate Rods: G Protein (Transducin) and the cgmp Cascade Phosphoinositide Turnover and G Protein in Invertebrate Retinas Retinal Degenerations Animal Models Human Disorders Retinoblastoma: Biochemical Studies on Cell Line Y Retinoid-Binding Proteins Insulin and IGF-I Receptors Cyclic-AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases Attached (Monolayer) Y-79 Cell Cultures References 437 Index 469
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