Unit 1 Matter & Energy for Life

Transcription

1 Unit 1 Matter & Energy for Life Chapter 2 Interaction of Cell Structure Biology 2201

2 Primary Membrane Function: Homeostasis Conditions in the cell must remain more or less constant under many different conditions in order for the cell to carry on its life functions. This constant state resulting from the maintenance of these conditions is called homeostasis.

3 The Cell Membrane Functions Transport raw materials into the cell Transport manufactured products and wastes out of the cell Prevent entry of unwanted matter into the cell Prevent the escape of matter needed to perform cellular functions

4 Cell Membrane Structure Lipids Phospholipids Composed of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. Cholesterol Regulates the rigidity of the membrane over different temperature ranges. Proteins Channel or Gate proteins Serve to allow materials in and out of the cell. These proteins are often specific to certain molecules. Glycoproteins Proteins that have a carbohydrate chain on them. Often involved in immune response helping cells to identify one another. Together these make up the phospholipid bilayer.

5 Fluid Mosaic Model This describes the idea that the membrane has a fluid-like consistency that allows each phospholipid to move independently throughout the membrane. Lipids can move in laterally or flip-flop. All membrane components can move freely as if floating on the surface of the ocean The membrane is able to change shape without damaging the cell

6 Cholesterol in the Membrane Allows the animal cell membrane to exist in a wide variety of temperatures Warmer temperatures Maintains rigidity of the bilayer holds it together preventing it from melting Colder temperatures Keeps the membrane fluidic, flexible and functional prevents cell death from a frozen membrane Note Plant cells have a different lipid with a similar function

7 Membrane Proteins Have a variety of functions, and cells may have several types on their membrane surface Some functions Cell-cell recognition Transport Receptor sites Structural support to cytoskeleton

8 Maintaining Homeostasis The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some molecules to pass through, while preventing others Water is the solvent both inside and outside the cell, allowing materials to be easily dissolved In multicellular organisms, every cell is covered in extracellular fluid made up of mostly water and dissolved materials Wastes eliminated by cells (CO 2 or urea) Substances needed by the cells (O 2 or water)

9 Diffusion and the Cell Membrane Passive Transport Require no cellular energy The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion. Occurs along a concentration gradient high to low Reaches a point of equilibrium no net change in the concentration of a molecule (Diffusion stops) Rate of diffusion increases with temperature increasing Brownian motion (vibrating molecules) See figure 2.25 on page 53

10 Diffusion causes the molecules to move from high concentration to low concentration areas! A B

11 Limits on Cell Size (Lab activity) The rate of diffusion decreases abruptly once a substance crosses the cell membrane Having a large surface area, relative the volume, increases the area available for materials to diffuse The greater the surface area the larger the amount of raw materials that can enter at only one time. As a cell grows its SA-V decreases

12 Surface area to volume in order to survive, cells must constantly interact with their surrounding environment. Gases and food molecules dissolved in water must be absorbed and waste products must be eliminated. For most cells, this passage of all materials in and out of the cell must occur through the plasma membrane. Each internal region of the cell has to be served by part of the cell surface.

13 As a cell grows bigger, its internal volume enlarges and the cell membrane expands. Unfortunately, the volume increases more rapidly than the surface area, and so the relative amount of surface area available to pass materials to a unit volume of the cell steadily shrinks. At some point, there is just enough surface available to service all the interior; if it is to survive, the cell must stop growing. If the cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased cellular volume.

14 Table 3.1 Surface Area to Cell Size Radius of Sphere 1 cm 3 cm 10 cm Calculate : Which has the best surface area to volume ratio? Which has the worst surface area to volume ratio?

15 Osmosis: The Diffusion of Water The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called Osmosis When the membrane does not allow the diffusion of materials, water is still able to cross the membrane from high concentration to low concentration Known as concentration gradient! No energy needed!!

16 Diffusion describes the solute movement (what is added) across a concentration gradient Osmosis describes the solvent movement (water) across a concentration gradient. In osmosis, the water will move towards the solute to dilute it evenly.

17 Types of solutions A. Hypertonic the concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than it is inside. 1. Water will move outside the cell to dilute the higher concentration of solutes 2. The cell will shrink

18

19 A. A cell in a HYPERTONIC SOLUTION X = NaCl (salt) O = H 2 O

20 B. HypOtonic the concentration of solutes inside the cell is greater than it is outside 1. Water will move inside the cell to dilute the higher concentration of solutes 2. The cell will SWELL (unless the water is pumped out by a contractile vacuole)

21

22

23 C. Isotonic the concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell is the same 1. Water will not move 2. The cell will stay the same

24

25

26 Cellular Tonicity Note: Water moves in or out of the cell down the concentration gradient in an attempt to reach equilibrium Isotonic Solution Water Concentration outside the cell is equal to the concentration inside the cell Equal amounts of solute inside and outside Hypotonic Solution Water concentration outside the cell is More than the water concentration inside the cell Less solute inside the cell Hypertonic Solution Water concentration outside the cell is Less than the water concentration inside the cell More solute inside the cell

27 Osmosis Diffusion of Water P. 55 Isotonic Solutions Cells have same concentration of water inside and Outside - there is NO net movement of water. Hypotonic Solutions Cells have less concentration inside the cell than outside the cell there is a movement of water high concentration (outside) to low Concentration (inside) water moves INSIDE the cell may burst. Hypertonic solutions cells have more concentration inside the cell than outside the cell there is a movement of water from high concentration (inside) to low concentration (outside) water LEAVES the cell and shrivels!! Diffusion only allows movement of substances over short distances

28 The contractile vacuole in single celled organisms pumps out excess water so the cell does not burst

29 Seatwork/Homework P. 61 # 3, 6, 7, 8

30 Osmosis Dialysis Lab m/watch?v=v3mqr4iu Cm8 m/watch?v=0lnywo CiYHw Dyalisis Tubing Lab Video Osmosis and Diffusion Video How to fold tubing and tie

31 Facilitated Diffusion Sometimes materials are too large to diffuse across the membrane without assistance, or they may not be soluble in lipids, so they cannot dissolve in the lipid bilayer These material need help from a protein Passive transport No cellular energy is required for the carrier protein to function These carrier proteins are specific to the materials that they are transporting (moving) across the membrane by size, shape and electrical charge Movement of molecules is still going down the concentration gradient, but now the carrier protein is helping to move them

32 Carrier Protein vs. Channel Protein Channel proteins Have a tunnel that allows ions of a specific charge to move in or out of the cell Ex. Na + or Cl - Carrier protein Changes shape to move specific molecules in or out of the cell Ex. Glucose

33 Active Transport The process of moving materials backwards up their concentration gradient FROM LOW CONCENTRATION TO HIGH CONCENTRATION ATP is used to activate the transport protein and pump the material out of the cell. Often a specific shape is required to be set into the protein before the ATP will release energy to open the pump. Similar to pushing an object up a hill

34 Where To Find Active Transport Kidney cells pump glucose and amino acids out of the urine and back into the blood Intestinal cells pump nutrients from the gut Plant root cells pump nutrients from the soil Fish gill cells pump sodium ions out of the body P. 61 # 14,15,16 and P. 65 # 13,14

35 The Sodium Potassium Pump A. Carrier protein has the shape to allow 3 Na + (sodium) ions B. ATP molecule splits, releasing its energy into ADP + phosphate C. Energy causes the carrier protein to change shape, releasing sodium out of the cell D. Phosphate is release E. Shape change causes 2 K + ions to be moved out of the cell

36 Bulk Membrane Transport Sometimes molecules are too large or too polar to cross through the cell membrane The cell uses a specialized method of getting these materials in or out of the cell. The cell membrane is able to fold in on itself and engulf material into a membrane bubble called a vesicle Vesicles may be newly formed and separate into or out of the cell, or they may simple fuse with the membrane releasing its contents out of the cell

37 Endocytosis The membrane folds in on itself trapping matter from the extra cellular fluid within it. There are three types of endocytosis used by cells depending on what it is engulfing 1. Pinocytosis Cell drinking Engulfs extracellular fluid containing dissolved nutrients 2. Phagocytosis Cell eating Engulfs extracellular fluid containing bits of matter or bacteria Process used by macrophages in the immune system when they encounter bacteria 3. Receptor-assisted endocytosis Involves intake of specific molecules that attach to special proteins on the cell membrane This membrane receptors are specific to molecules that bind to them like a key into a lock

38 Endocytosis

39 Receptor-Assisted Endocytosis & Cholesterol Animal cells bring in cholesterol using this method of endocytosis The liver produces cholesterol when levels are low Cholesterol is a lipid and cannot dissolve in the extracellular fluid (which is mostly water) Each molecule is surrounded in a single layer of phospholipids, each with a protein tag This protein tag binds to the receptor side on the cell surface triggering endocytosis to begin See page 63 in your textbook Figure 2.34

40 Exocytosis Reverse of endocytosis A vesicle from the inside of the cell fuses with the cell membrane The contents of the vesicle are excreted (expelled) into the extracellular fluid Very important to the cells of organs that secrete hormones Ex. The pancreas secretes insulin

41

42

43 Chapter 2 Review & Test Review Questions Page 61-1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17 Page 64 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 Test