Incorporation of Oleic Acid into Lipid by Foam Cells in Human Atherosclerotic Lesions
|
|
|
- Chrystal O’Connor’
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Incorporation of Oleic Acid into Lipid by Foam Cells in Human Atherosclerotic Lesions By Mark L. Wohlqvist, B.Med.Sc, M.B., B.S., Allan J. Day, M.D., D.Phil., and Ronald K. Tume, B.Sc. ABSTRACT The incorporation of C-labeled oleic acid into phospholipid, cholesterol ester, and triglyceride in human arterial intima (normal and atherosclerotic) obtained from kidney transplant donors has been investigated in vitro. Most of the oleic acid was incorporated into phospholipid, in both the normal intima and the atherosclerotic lesion, but a greater proportion of label was diverted to cholesterol ester in the lesion. Representative sections of the vessels used for metabolic studies were taken for radioautography, and these demonstrated localization of C to foam cells, but very little localization in the region of spindle-shaped cells. It was concluded that lipid synthesis in the human atherosclerotic lesion takes place predominantly in the intimal foam cells. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS human atheroma lipid metabolism fatty acids arterial wall metabolism intimal cells phospholipid cholesterol ester radioautography The origin of lipid in the early human atherosclerotic lesion has been the subject of considerable investigation over recent years. Whereas phospholipid accumulation depends on synthesis in the intima (), the cholesterol in the lesion appears to be derived from the plasma (2). The origin of cholesterol ester, which increases more rapidly than any other moiety, is not clear. Analysis of the plasma and intimal lipids indicates that the human fatty streak has a higher proportion of cholesterol oleate and a lower proportion of cholesterol linoleate than both the adjacent normal intima and the plasma (-5). These findings may be explained by differential uptake or removal of cholesterol esters by the lesion, but may equally well indicate the esterification of cholesterol in the arterial wall. The latter seems likely in view of the many From the Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. This work was supported in part by Grants from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Australian Research Grants Committee, and by U.S. Public Health Service Grant R05-TW 008. Accepted for publication November 25, 968. studies demonstrating lipid synthesis in the arterial wall (6-0). In-vitro studies in experimental animals (6,, 2) have demonstrated incorporation of labeled fatty acids either taken up by the intima or synthesized by it into cholesterol ester in the intima. In man, the umbilical artery has been shown to take up C-labeled linoleic acid and incorporate it into phospholipid and triglyceride, but not to any extent into cholesterol ester (). Little information is available, however, on the uptake and incorporation of fatty acids in atherosclerotic lesions in man. In the present paper, the uptake of relabeled oleic acid by human atherosclerotic lesions and by the adjacent normal intima has been examined in vessels obtained from renal transplant donors. The localization of such uptake and metabolism by the foam cells in the lesion has been investigated by radioautography, in a similar way to that described previously () for lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Materials and Methods Oleic acid - C, specific activity 2.5 or 2
2 2 WAHLQVIST, DAY, TUME.2 mc/mmole, (Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England) was dissolved in 5N sodium hydroxide and taken up in an excess of bovine albumin (Armour). Radiochemical purity was verified by thin-layer chromatography and by gas liquid radiochromatography as described below. The oleic acid chromatographed as a single spot, and gas liquid radiochromatography indicated > 99% oleic acid. Fresh human vessels were obtained from cadaveric renal transplant donors, within hour after cessation of vital functions. Portions of thoracic aorta, iliac or renal arteries containing uncomplicated atherosclerotic lesions were set up in an incubation medium containing equal volumes of Hanks' solution (5) and normal human serum, together with a known amount (approximately 0.5 to 2.0 /ic/ml incubation medium) of sodium - C oleate: albumin. After incubation for hours at 7 C, a portion of the vessel was taken for radioautography and the remainder dissected into macroscopically normal and atherosclerotic lesions, the intima then being stripped from media and adventitia in both portions. The intima (normal and lesion) was extracted with chloroform: methanol (2: v/v) according to the method of Folch et al. (6). The relative amounts of normal and atherosclerotic artery varied considerably in different experiments, and in experiment 2, as most of the artery used was atherosclerotic, no separation into normal and atherosclerotic was attempted. THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY Following extraction and counting, the lipid extracts from the normal and atherosclerotic intimas were separated into phospholipid, cholesterol/diglyceride, unesterified fatty acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester by thin-layer chromatography on Silica Gel G (Merck) using diethyl ethenacetic acid:n-hexane (8::00 v/ v/v) as developing solvent. The phospholipid moiety was further fractionated into individual phospholipids by thin-layer chromatography by the method of Skipski et al. (7). Identification of phospholipids was made by comparison of Rf values with standards (Applied Science Laboratories, State College, Penn., U.S.A.) as set out previously (8). Following separation of the lipid extracts into the various lipid components or the individual phospholipids, the proportion of the C-label in each moiety was determined by scraping the plates and counting directly, using the method of Snyder (9). All counting was done using a Packard Tricarb Spectrometer. All counts/min recorded were more than twice background, and counting was performed so that even where the C-labeled component was present in very small amounts, total counts were not less than 500. Most samples, however, were counted for a minimum of 2,000 counts. Duplicate samples and duplicate counts of the one sample were routine. GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY The specific activity of the C-labeled oleic acid present in the cholesterol ester and phospholipid fractions was determined by gas liquid radiochromatography using an F & M Model 5750 Gas Chromatograph as described previously (). In some cases a Pye Argon Chromatograph in conjunction with the Pye Radiochromatography monitor was used (20). Specific activities were expressed as counts/min of C/myu,mole oleic acid using methyl palmitate of known specific activity (5.2 counts/min/m/imole) as a standard. The standard deviation for duplicate determinations of the specific activity of the standard methyl palmitate (total counts/mass) was 7.0%, counting between 700 and,000 counts at a flow rate of 2 to 5 ml/min for the F & M, and 0 ml/min for the Argon Chromatograph. At these flows methyl palmitate peaks occupied approximately 0 to 60 seconds. Standard deviations of duplicate determinations carried out on individual days were appreciably less than the above figure, presumably due to slight changes in flow rate from day to day. The latter would alter the total counts accumulated by altering the counting time but would not alter the mass of a particular peak. The background radioactivity accumulating and integrated with the Pye Argon Chromatograph was 0 to 0 counts/min and with the F & M Chromatograph 20 to 0 counts/min. Sample counts accumulated over a peak time of approximately minute and ranged (unless indicated in Table ) from 0 to 70 total counts in the series reported. Duplicate determinations were routine. It was not possible to determine the specific activity of the oleic acid in the cholesterol ester in some of the samples by this means in view of their low specific activity. The C present in the cholesterol ester fraction was therefore determined directly by counting the methyl esters prepared from the cholesterol ester and then determining the chemical amount of oleic acid in the same sample following gas liquid chromatography, using an internal standard (cholesterol heptadecanoate) to quantitate the cholesterol oleate. Specific activities by these two methods agreed where comparison was possible. RADIOAUTOGRAPHY The portion of artery reserved for radioautography was fixed for days in % calcium chloride and % formaldehyde in physiological saline. Sections Qfi. thick were cut using an Inter- Circulalion Research, Vol. XXIV, January 969
3 LIPID SYNTHESIS IN HUMAN ATHEROMA 25 national Cryostat Model CTI. Radioautographs were prepared with Kodak AR0 Stripping Film. After exposure the radioautographs were developed and stained through the film with Sudan IV and hematoxylin. Results The clinical data for the four cases used for in-vitro metabolic studies are given in Table. The causes of death were not primary metabolic disorders, and the lesions were either fatty-streak (W.H.O. Grade I) or fibrofatty lesions (W.H.O. Grade II). In case 2, the fibrofatty lesions were so extensive that a normal area of vessel could not be obtained. Renal and iliac arteries were obtained, in addition to aorta, for metabolic study from case. The percentage distribution of H C-labeled oleic acid among phospholipid, diglyceride, fatty acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester is shown in Table 2. Since the relative amount of normal and atherosclerotic tissue varied considerably in the different experiments, no comparison of the amount of C-labeled oleic acid taken up and incorporated into combined lipid by normal and atherosclerotic portions of the intimas could be made. In both the normal intima and atherosclerotic lesion, most of the C-labeled oleic acid was incorporated into phospholipid. There is, however, a higher proportion of C-labeled oleic acid incorporated into cholesterol ester in all of the atherosclerotic intimal lesions than for the corresponding normal intima. This is particularly evident for the fatty-streak lesion where the normal intima incorporated.9% of the oleic acid into cholesterol ester compared with the adjacent atherosclerotic intima TABLE Clinical Data Related to Arteries Obtained for In-Vitro Studies 2 Cause of death Head injury Cerebral tumor Subarachnoid hemorrhage Head and chest injuries Sex Male Male Male Male Age Artery obtained Thoracic aorta Thoracic aorta Thoracic aorta Thoracic aorta Renal artery Iliac artery Extensive confluent fibrofatty plaques plaques TABLE 2 Percentage Distribution of '^C-Labeled Oleic Acid Among Intimal Lipid Fractions after Incubation In Vitro 2 Incubation medium counts/min X lovml % Uptake Phospholipid Aorta Renal Artery Iliac Artery Diglyceride Fatty acid Triglyceride , 2.7 8, 26. Cholesterol ester
4 26 WAHLQVIST, DAY, TUME TABLE Specific Activities of Phosvholipid, Triglyceride, and Cholesterol Ester oleic acid) (counts/min/m^mole Phospholipid Aorta Renal Artery 20 Iliac Artery Triglyceride Cholesterol ester 9* 8 0 2* <6f 2 <5t 20 <75t 27 Determined by direct counting and separate assay by gas liquid chromatography. fcounts less than twice background, precluding accurate determination. TABLE LI Percentage Distribution of "ic-labeled Oleic Acid Among Individual Intimal Phosjiholipids 2 Origin Lysolecithin Sphingomyelin Aorta Renal Artery Iliac Artery Lecithin Phosphatidyl inositol Phosphatidyl ethanolamine Solvent front in which 5.6% of the labeled oleic acid was diverted to cholesterol ester. The specific activity of the oleic acid present in the phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol ester is given in Table. In most of the experiments the specific activity for the phospholipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester of the atherosclerotic lesion is of the same order as that for the corresponding normal intima. For the fatty-streak lesion (case ), the specific activities of both triglyceride and cholesterol ester are lower for the lesion than for the normal intima. It can be seen also from Table that the specific activity of the phospholipid oleic acid is several times higher than that for the cholesterol ester oleic acid in the equivalent portion of artery whether normal or atherosclerotic. The incorporation of C-labeled oleic acid into individual phospholipids is given in Ta-
5 27 LIPID SYNTHESIS IN HUMAN ATHEROMA ble. Most of the oleic acid has been incorporated into lecithin in both the normal and atherosclerotic portions in all of the cases studied. Further, the pattern of incorporation is similar for the two portions. RADIOAUTOGRAPHY Localization of C-labeled lipid to sudanophilic mononuclear cells was evident in all lesions studied. This is illustrated in Figures to. Figure is a radioautograph of a lesion from case, where there was visible fatty streaking in the thoracic aorta. This lesion was essentially cellular though less so at the intimomedial junction. Most of the C present is localized in the sudanophilic mononuclear cells. A cluster of nonsudanophilic mononuclear cells present in upper righthand corner shows little localization. In Figure 2, a more fibrous lesion from case, spindle-shaped cells can be seen which have few related silver grains, in contrast to the sudanophilic mononuclear cells with which more label is associated. On the luminal side of the lesion shown in Figure, large foam cells have localized C-labeled oleic acid and its metabolic derivatives; some localization by cells with pyknotic nuclei and fragmented cytoplasm deep in the lesion is present. FIGURE Radioautograph of an aortic fatty streak, incubated with "'C-labeled oleic acid, from an 8-year-old male (case ). The luminal side of the vessel is uppermost. Localization of the "<C-labeled fatty acid by intimal foam cells (F) is apparent. There is little label associated with a cluster of nonsudanophilic mononuclear cells (M). The region of the intimomedial junction is denoted IM. Hematoxylin and Sudan IV. Exposure time, 0 days. FIGURE 2 Radioautograph of an aortic fibrofatty lesion from a 2-year-old male (case ). The luminal side is uppermost. Less localization by spindle-shaped cells (S) than by sudanophilic mononuclears (F) is apparent. The intimomedial junction is denoted IM. Hematoxylin and Sudan IV. Exposure time, 8 days.
6 28 WAHLQVIST, DAY, TUME Grain counts carried out in representative sections from all the cases studied are shown in Table 5. This data confirms quantitatively the findings illustrated in Figures to. FIGURE Radioautograph of a lesion from the same vessel <w Figure 2. Localization of ">C to large foam cells (F) on the luminal side of the lesion (upper aspect of figure) is marked. Somewhat necrotic cells (N) are seen deeper in the lesion. Hematoxylin and Sudan IV. Exposure time, 8 days. Radioautograph Grain Counts (no./loo 2 Foam cells TABLE 5 Intima Nonsudanophilic round mononudear cells Aorta Renal Artery.6 Iliac Artery 2.7 Discussion Most of the investigations in which human arterial wall has been incubated in vitro have used arteries obtained either post mortem or by surgery. Post-mortem material is usually not available immediately after death, and post-mortem changes make interpretation of metabolic data uncertain. Surgically removed arteries commonly contain advanced and complicated lesions, so that use of this material to study metabolic changes in the early atherosclerotic lesion in man is limited. The availability of vessels obtained from renal transplant donors provided an opportunity to study the lipid metabolism of early atherosclerotic lesions in vitro within to 2 hours of clinical death, so that many of the advantages possible for experimental lesions are present, and the metabolic studies made in experimental animals could be extended with few of the normal limitations. Our data indicate that in the early atherosclerotic lesion, fatty acid is actively taken up and incorporated into phospholipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester. The percentage of fatty acid diverted to cholesterol ester was higher in the atherosclerotic lesion than in the adjacent normal intima, and this was more Spindle-shaped cells Extracellular Media
7 LIPID SYNTHESIS IN HUMAN ATHEROMA 29 marked in the fatty-streak lesion than in the fibrofatty lesion. The specific activity of the oleic acid in the cholesterol ester was not appreciably greater in the lesion than in the normal intima. Such data are available for only one time interval in each experiment, however, so that an adequate comparison of the fractional turnover of cholesterol ester in the lesion and normal intima cannot be made. However, as far as they go, the specific activity data provide no indication of increased fractional turnover time of cholesterol ester in the lesion as compared with the normal. Presumably the amount of C-labeled oleic acid incorporated into cholesterol ester in vitro per unit weight of intima was increased in the lesion. The data presented is inadequate to assess the route of incorporation of fatty acid into either the phospholipid or cholesterol ester. The specific activity of the phospholipid was much higher, however, than that of the cholesterol ester at all time intervals, so that lecithin acyl transferase activity cannot be excluded as a source of cholesterol ester fatty acid. The findings reported in the present paper are essentially similar to those reported previously for lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits (), in which oleic acid was taken up and diverted to cholesterol ester formation in the atherosclerotic intima. The type of phospholipid into which the oleic acid was incorporated in the present study also closely parallels that demonstrated for the rabbit lesion. Our previous in-vitro study of atherosclerotic aortas from cholesterol-fed rabbits has indicated that most of the uptake and incorporation into lipid occurs in the foam cells present. This observation has been confirmed in the human lesion for foam cells present in both the fatty-streak and fibrofatty lesions. From the chemical data presented, it is apparent that most of the C present in the lesion after incubation is present as phospholipid, but varying amounts of the other moieties synthesized, triglyceride and cholesterol ester, are also present, together with a significant amount of unchanged C-labeled oleic acid. The radioautographic localization therefore cannot provide information relative to the incorporation into a single lipid moiety, but only to the total process involving uptake of fatty acid and its incorporation into phospholipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester. The conclusion that the foam cells take up oleic acid and are responsible for incorporating it into phospholipid and cholesterol ester in the human lesion does, however, make certain assumptions, namely, that the C localized by radioautography is present, not only as lipid, but as combined lipid in the foam cell areas. It must be further assumed that, if the oleic acid is present predominantly as combined lipid in the foam cells, this did not arise by transfer of complex lipids synthesized elsewhere. These assumptions are reasonable as most of the C-label is in fact present over foam cell areas, but there is no direct evidence in support of this in the present experiments. These possibilities have been considered and excluded in the case of rabbit atherosclerotic intima in the previous paper () and are discussed more fully in that context. It appears likely, therefore, that the localization of C-labeled oleic acid over foam cells in the present work indicates that the uptake of fatty acid and such incorporation into phospholipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester as occurs in the lesion is carried out in the main by the foam cells present. Further evidence is necessary, however, before one can conclude that the bulk of fatty acid synthesis and its subsequent incorporation into combined lipid in the human atherosclerotic lesion occurs predominantly in the foam cells present. Acknowledgments The technical assistance of Misses J. Anderson, J. Coldwell, J. Dare, Mrs. G. M. Neill, and Mr. D. M. Vickery is acknowledged. References. ZILVEHSMIT, D. B., MCCANDLESS, E. L., JOH- DAN, P. II., HENLY, W. S., AND ACKEHMAN, R. F.: Synthesis of phospholipids in human atheromatous lesions. Circulation 2: 70, 96.
8 0 WAHLQVIST, DAY, TUME 2. NEWMAN, H. A. I., AND ZILVEHSMIT, D. B.: Quantitative aspects of cholesterol flux in rabbit atheromatous lesions. J. Biol. Chem. 27: 2078, SMITH, E. B.: Influence of age and atherosclerosis on the chemistry of aortic intima. Part I: The lipids. J. Atherosclerosis Res. 5: 22, NELSON, W. R., WERTHESSEN, N. T., HOLMAN, R. L., HADAWAY, H., AND JAMES, A. T.: Changes in fatty-acid composition of human aorta associated with fatty streaking. Lancet : 86, CEER, J. C, AND GOIDRY, M. A.: Cholesteryl ester composition and morphology of human normal intima and fatty streaks. Exptl. Mol. Pathol. : 85, CHERNICK, S., SRERE, P. A., AND CHAIKOFF, I. L.: Metabolism of arterial tissue. II: Lipide syntheses. The formation in vitro of fatty acids and phospholipides by rat artery with C and P 2 as indicators. J. Biol. Chem. 79:, PARKER, F., SCHIMMELBUSCH, W., AND WIL- LIAMS, R, H.: Enzymatic nature of phospholipid synthesis in normal rabbit and human aorta. Results of in vitro studies. Diabetes : 82, CHOBANIAN, A. V., AND HOLLANDER, W.: Phospholipid synthesis in the human arterial intima. J. Clin. Invest. 5: 92, WERTHESSEN, N. T.: The inability of the cholesterol esters of the aorta wall to be identical with those of the serum. In I: Biochemical Problems of Lipids, edited by A. C. Fraser. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 96, p HOWARD, A. N., BOWYER, D. E., AND GRESH- AM, G. A.: Cholesterol metabolism in normal and atherosclerotic aortas. Circulation 6 (suppl. II): -8, NEWMAN, H. A. I., GRAY, G. W., AND ZILVER- SMIT, D. B.: Cholesterol ester formation in aortas of cholesterol-fed rabbits. J. Atherosclerosis Res. 8: 75, DAY, A. J., AND WILKINSON, G. K.: Incorporation of C-labeled acetate into lipid by isolated foam cells and by atherosclerotic arterial intima. Circulation Res. 2: 59, STEIN, O., SELINCER, Z., AND STEIN, Y.: Incorporation of [l- C]-linoleic acid into lipids of human umbilical arteries. J. Atherosclerosis Res. : 89, 96.. DAY, A. J., AND WAHLQVIST, M. L.: Uptake and metabolism of C-labeled oleic acid by atherosclerotic lesions in rabbit aorta: A biochemical and radioautographic study. Circulation Res. 2: 779, HANKS, J. H.: The longevity of chick tissue cultures without renewal of medium. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. : 25, FOLCH, J., LEES, M., AND SLOANE STANLEY, G. H.: A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 97, SKIPSKI, V. P., PETERSON, R. F., AND BARCLAY, M.: Quantitative analysis of phospholipids by thin-layer chromatography. Biochem. J. 90: 7, NEWMAN, H. A. I., DAY, A. J., AND ZILVERSMIT, D. B.: In vitro phospholipid synthesis in normal and atheromatous rabbit aortas. Circulation Res. 9: 2, SNYDER, F.: Radio-assay of thin-layer chromatograms: A high-resolution zonal scraper for quantitative C ) and H scanning of thin-layer chromatograms. Ann. Biochem. 9: 8, JAMES, A. T., AND PIPER, E. A.: Automatic recording of the radioactivity of zones eluted from the gas-liquid chromatogram. J. Chromatog. 5: 265, 96. Circulation Research, Vol. XIV, January 969
reticulo-endothelial cells in rat lymph nodes has been further investigated
FATTY ACID PATTERNS OF CHOLESTEROL ESTERS SYNTHE- SIZED BY RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.* By A. J. DAY, N. H. FIDGE, P. R. S. GoULD-HURST and D. J. RISELY. From the Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology,
In Vitro Phospholipid Synthesis in Normal and Atheromatous Rabbit Aortas
In Vitro Phospholipid Synthesis in Normal and Atheromatous Rabbit Aortas By H. A. I. Newman, Ph.D., Allen J. Day, M.D., D.Phil., and D. B. Zilversmit, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The incorporation of P"-phosphate and
Turnover of Individual Cholesterol Esters in Human Liver and Plasma*
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 45, No. 7, 1966 Turnover of Individual Cholesterol Esters in Human Liver and * P. J. NESTEL t AND E. A. COUZENS (From the University of Melbourne Department of Medicine,
Uptake and Metabolism of "C-Labeled Oleic Acid by Atherosclerotic Lesions in Rabbit Aorta
Uptake an Metabolism of "C-Labele Oleic Aci by Atherosclerotic Lesions in Rabbit Aorta A BIOCHEMICAL AND RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDY By Align J. Day, M.D., D.Phil., an Mark L Wahlqvist, B.Me.Sc, M.B., B.S.
IT IS WELL KNOWN that in both experimental and
Effect of cholesterol in suspension on the incorporation of phosphate into phospholipid by macrophages in vitro A. J. DAY, N. H. FIDGE, and G. N. WILKINSON Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology,
Effects of Regression of Atherosclerotic Lesions on the Content and Ester if ication of Cholesterol by Cell-Free Preparations of Pigeon Aorta
Effects of Regression of Atherosclerotic Lesions on the Content and Ester if ication of Cholesterol by Cell-Free Preparations of Pigeon Aorta By Richard W. St. Clair, Thomas B. Clarkson, and Hugh B. Lofland
Lipid Depletion in Atheromatous Coronary Arteries in Rhesus Monkeys after Regression Diets
Lipid Depletion in Atheromatous Coronary Arteries in Rhesus Monkeys after Regression Diets By Mark L. Armstrong and Marjorie B. Megan ABSTRACT Lipids were measured in the coronary arteries of monkeys on
Consequently, lipoprotein fractions have been analyzed
THE PHOSPHOLIPID COMPOSITION OF HUMAN SERUM LIPOPROTEIN FRACTIONS SEPARATED BY ULTRACENTRIFUGATION * BY GERALD B. PHILLIPS (From the Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, College of Physicians and
The Fatty Acid Composition of Porcine
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 1, 330-334 (1969) The Fatty Acid Composition of Porcine Spermatozoa Phospholipids L. A. JOHNSON1, R. J. GERRITS1, AND E. P. YOUNG1 United States Department of Agriculture, and University
CLASSIFICATION. The lipid composition of human plasma chylomicrons. * Present address: Fujikoshi Hospital, 20 Ishigane, Toyama
The lipid composition of human plasma chylomicrons PETER WOOD, KUNITARO IMAICHI, * JOHN KNOWLES, GEORGE MICHAELS, and LAURANCE KINSELL Institute for Metabolic Research, Highland-Alameda County Hospital,
Invasive Coronary Imaging Modalities for Vulnerable Plaque Detection
Invasive Coronary Imaging Modalities for Vulnerable Plaque Detection Gary S. Mintz, MD Cardiovascular Research Foundation New York, NY Greyscale IVUS studies have shown Plaque ruptures do not occur randomly
Imaging Overview for Vulnerable Plaque: Data from IVUS Trial and An Introduction to VH-IVUS Imgaging
Imaging Overview for Vulnerable Plaque: Data from IVUS Trial and An Introduction to VH-IVUS Imgaging Gary S. Mintz,, MD Cardiovascular Research Foundation New York, NY Today, in reality, almost everything
VARIABILITY IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HUMAN SKIN SURFACE LIPIDS* DONALD T. DOWNING, Ph.D., JOHN S. STRAUSS, M.D. AND PETER E. POCHI, M.D.
THE JOURNAL OF INYESTIOATJVE DERMATOLOGY Copyright 16 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 53, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. VARIABILITY IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HUMAN SKIN SURFACE LIPIDS* DONALD T. DOWNING,
Erythrocytes In Vitro *
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 46, No. 6, 1967 Fatty Acid Transport and Incorporation into Erythrocytes In Vitro * Human RICHARD K. DONABEDIAN AND ARTHUR KARMEN t (From the Department of Radiological
Independence of arterial phospholipid synthesis
ndependence of arterial phospholipid synthesis from alterations in blood lipids* J. Lipid Research Oct.ober. 1951) D. B. ZLVERsMTt and E. L. MCCANDLESS Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee,
Evaluation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for isolation and quantitation of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters
Evaluation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for isolation and quantitation of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters Richard M. Carroll and Larry L. Rudel Department of Comparative Medicine,
Title Spot Test Method Convenient in Column Chromatography for Det Author(s) Morita, Shigeru; Hanai, Tetsuya Citation Bulletin of the Institute for Chemi University (1975), 53(3): 279-283 Issue Date 1975-09-16
SEASONAL CHANGES OF AVOCADO LIPIDS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND STORAGE
California Avocado Society 1968 Yearbook 52: 102-108 SEASONAL CHANGES OF AVOCADO LIPIDS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND STORAGE Yoshio Kikuta Present address: Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture,
Rapid separation of serum lipids for fatty acid analysis by a single aminopropyl column. J. J. ¥,] A. Julkunen, and I. Penttila.
![Rapid separation of serum lipids for fatty acid analysis by a single aminopropyl column. J. J. ¥,] A. Julkunen, and I. Penttila.](/thumbs/72/67617887.jpg "Rapid separation of serum lipids for fatty acid analysis by a single aminopropyl column. J. J. ¥,] A. Julkunen, and I. Penttila.")
Rapid separation of serum lipids for fatty acid analysis by a single aminopropyl column J. J. ¥,] A. Julkunen, and I. Penttila Department oj Clinical Chemisty, University of Kuopio, PO. Box 1627, SF-70211
Metabolism of echitamine and plumbagin in rats
J. Biosci., Vol. 3, Number 4, December 1981, pp. 395-400. Printed in India. Metabolism of echitamine and plumbagin in rats B. CHANDRASEKARAN and B. NAGARAJAN Microbiology Division, Cancer Institute, Madras
Participation of Endogenous Fatty Acids in Ca 2+ Release Activation from Mitochondria
Gen. Physiol. Biophys. (1985), 4, 549 556 549 Participation of Endogenous Fatty Acids in Ca 2+ Release Activation from Mitochondria B. I. MEDVEDEV, E. P. SEVERINA, V. G. GOGVADZE, E. A. CHUKHLOVA and Yu.
Utilization of Long-Chain Free
Utilization of Long-Chain Free Fatty Acids by Human Platelets ARTHUR A. SPECrOR, JoHN C. HoAK, EMORY D. WARNER, and GLENNA L. FRY From the Departments of Internal Medicine, Biochemistry, and Pathology
Quantitative analysis of phospholipids and phospholipid fatty acids from silica gel thin-layer chromatograms. Materials
Quantitative analysis of phospholipids and phospholipid fatty acids from silica gel thin-layer chromatograms FRANK PARKER and NORMAN F. PETERSON Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University
Histopathology: Vascular pathology
Histopathology: Vascular pathology These presentations are to help you identify basic histopathological features. They do not contain the additional factual information that you need to learn about these
Overview on the identification of different classes of. lipids by HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer. Chromatography) and ITLC (Immuno Thin Layer
Overview on the identification of different classes of lipids by HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) and ITLC (Immuno Thin Layer Chromatography) Iuliana Popa 1, Marie-Jeanne David 2, Daniel
notes on methodology Rapid separation of lipid classes in high yield and purity using bonded phase columns
notes on methodology Rapid separation of lipid classes in high yield and purity using bonded phase columns M. A. Kaluzny, * L. A. Duncan,* * M. V. Merritt,' and D. E. Eppse.* Physical and Analytical Chemisty
IN RECENT YEARS several systems of TLC for the separation. Separation of neutral glycosphingolipids and sulfatides by thin-layer chromatography
Separation of neutral glycosphingolipids and sulfatides by thin-layer chromatography VLADIMIR P. SKIPSKI, ANSON F. SMOLOWE,* and MARION BARCLAY Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Sloan-Kettering Institute
Lipid composition of the vascular system during infancy, childhood, and young adulthood
Lipid composition of the vascular system during infancy, childhood, and young adulthood HILDA F. WIESE, EDMUND COON, WILLIAM YAMANAKA, SHIRLEY BARBER, and PHILIP JOHNSON Bruce Lyon Memorial Research Laboratory,
Hydrophobic Surfactant Treatment Prevents Atherosclerosis in the Rabbit
Hydrophobic Surfactant Treatment Prevents Atherosclerosis in the Rabbit RAPID PUBLICATIONS J. B. RODGERS, E. C. KYRIAKIDES, B. KAPUSCINSKA, S. K. PENG, and W. J. BOCHENEK, Department of Medicine, Albany
possible that TGFA derived from chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins of hepatic origin could be differentiated.
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 41, No. 10, 1962 SITES OF INITIAL REMOVAL OF CHYLOMICRON TRIGLYCERIDE FATTY ACIDS FROM THE BLOOD * BY P. J. NESTEL,t R. J. HAVEL,4 AND A. BEZMAN (From the Cardiovascular
Composition and synthesis of fatty acids in atherosclerotic aortas of the pigeon
Composition and synthesis of fatty acids in atherosclerotic aortas of the pigeon RICHARD W. ST. CLAIR, HUGH B. LOFLAND, JR.. and THOMAS B. CLARKSON Departments of Pathology and Laboratory animal Medicine,
The effect of phosphatidyl choline on the degradation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine by the phospholipase of post-heparin plasma or snake venom
The effect of phosphatidyl choline on the degradation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine by the phospholipase of post-heparin plasma or snake venom WILLIAM C. VOGEL, J. L. KOPPEL, and J. H. OLWIN Coagulation
Investigations on the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia observed in copper deficiency in rats
J. Biosci., Vol. 12, Number 2, June 1987, pp. 137 142. Printed in India. Investigations on the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia observed in copper deficiency in rats P. VALSALA and P. A. KURUP Department
THE INTIMA of the arterial system, a
Lipids of the Serum and Connective Tissue of the and By NANCY L. NOBLE, PH.D. AND ROBERT J. BOUCEK, M.S., M.D. The lipicl profile of connective tissue, isolated from the rat and the rabbit, by the sponge-implantation
1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones?
1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones? 3How are dietary lipids transported? 4How lipids synthesized in the liver are transported? 5 Lipoprotien
The lipid composition of normal mouse liver*
d. Lipid Research, April, 1962 Volume 3, Number 1 The lipid composition of normal mouse liver* GARY J. NELSON? Donner Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical Physics, University of California, Berkeley 4,
RECENT. In vivo turnover of different cholesterol. esters in rat liver and plasma
n vivo turnover of different cholesterol esters in rat liver and plasma DeWTT S. GOODMAN and TATSUJ SHRATOR Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Colege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, N.
UMR 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy Chatenay-Malabry. Natura-Brasil. EA Laboratory of Dermatological Research,
Iuliana Popa 1, Noëlle Remoué 2 and Jacques Portoukalian 3 1 UMR 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy Chatenay-Malabry 2 Natura-Brasil 3 EA 41 69 Laboratory of Dermatological Research, University of Lyon I, Faculty
Skeletal muscle metabolism was studied by measuring arterio-venous concentration differences
Supplemental Data Dual stable-isotope experiment Skeletal muscle metabolism was studied by measuring arterio-venous concentration differences across the forearm, adjusted for forearm blood flow (FBF) (1).
(i.e. specific activity) of C16: 0, C18: 0 and C18: 1 acids between the
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Phy8iology (1974), 59, 131-139 ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF LYMPH LIPIDS IN THE SHEEP. By W. M. F. LEAT and F. A. HARRISON. From the Agricultural Research Council Institute
Fatty acid esterification and chylomicron formation during fat absorption: nialc0lm WHYTE,t ARTHUR KARMEN, and DEWITT 8. GOODMAN$
J. Lipid Research, July 19G3 Volume 4, Number 3 Fatty acid esterification and chylomicron formation during fat absorption: 2. Phospholipids* nialc0lm WHYTE,t ARTHUR KARMEN, and DEWITT 8. GOODMAN$ Laboratory
Pathology of Coronary Artery Disease
Pathology of Coronary Artery Disease Seth J. Kligerman, MD Pathology of Coronary Artery Disease Seth Kligerman, MD Assistant Professor Medical Director of MRI University of Maryland Department of Radiology
Concentration and Fatty Acid Distribution of Aortic Cerebrosides in Cholesterol-Fed and Normal Rabbits
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-1968 Concentration and Fatty Acid Distribution of Aortic Cerebrosides in Cholesterol-Fed and Normal Rabbits Robert V.
IN THE FIRST PART (1) of this study of the effects of a
Effects of a nutritional deficiency of unsaturated fats on the distributionof fatty acids in rat liver mitochondrial phospholipids RALPH M. JOHNSON and TAKERU IT0 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology,
FATTY ACID COMPONENT OF LIPID OF EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA
FATTY ACID COMPONENT OF LIPID OF EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA HIDEO TSUYUKI AND SHINGO ITOH Department of Food Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo ABSTRACT Lipids extracted
Increased Cholesterol-Ester Formation during Forced Cholesterol Synthesis in Rat Hepatocytes
Eur. J. Biochem. 51, 337-342 (1975) Increased Cholesterol-Ester Formation during Forced Cholesterol Synthesis in Rat Hepatocytes Wke NILSSON Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Lund (Received
Akiyoshi HOSONO and Fumisaburo. (Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Ina, Nagano-Ken, Japan) (Received for Publication on May, 7, 1970)
The lipolytic properties of Candida mycoderma and Debaryomyces kloeckeri isolated from limburger cheese and some properties of the lipases produced by these yeasts Akiyoshi HOSONO and Fumisaburo TOKITA
Lipid changes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1972, 35, 658-663 B. P. HUGHES From the Muscular Dystrophy Research Laboratory, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital, London SUMMARY Thin layer
Imaging Atheroma The quest for the Vulnerable Plaque
Imaging Atheroma The quest for the Vulnerable Plaque P.J. de Feijter 1. Department of Cardiology 2. Department of Radiology Coronary Heart Disease Remains the Leading Cause of Death in the U.S, Causing
Lipoproteins Metabolism Reference: Campbell Biochemistry and Lippincott s Biochemistry
Lipoproteins Metabolism Reference: Campbell Biochemistry and Lippincott s Biochemistry Learning Objectives 1. Define lipoproteins and explain the rationale of their formation in blood. 2. List different
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
Analytical Method for 2, 4, 5-T (Targeted to Agricultural, Animal and Fishery Products)
Analytical Method for 2, 4, 5-T (Targeted to Agricultural, Animal and Fishery Products) The target compound to be determined is 2, 4, 5-T. 1. Instrument Liquid Chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS)
Opinion on the safety assessment of phospholipds obtained from egg yolk as food produced using a new process
EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL XXIV CONSUMER POLICY AND CONSUMER HEALTH PROTECTION Directorate B - Scientific opinions on health matters Unit B3 - Management of scientific committees II SCIENTIFIC
CHAPTER 28 LIPIDS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
HAPTER 28 LIPIDS SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. The lipids, which are dissimilar substances, are arbitrarily classified as a group on the basis of their solubility in fat solvents and their insolubility
DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN EDIBLE OILS BY CAPILARY GC
DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN EDIBLE OILS BY CAPILARY GC Vesna Kostik 1 University Goce Delcev Stip Faculty of Medicine Department of Pharmacy 1 WHY FATTY ACID (FA) ANALYSIS IN EDIBLE OILS The content
In vivo studies on pathways for the biosynthesis of lecithin in the rat
In vivo studies on pathways for the biosynthesis of lecithin in the rat PAL BJBRNSTAD and JON BREMER* Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway ABSTRACT The in
SKIN LIPIDS OF A NORMAL AND A MUTANT (ASEBIC) MOUSE STRAIN*
TRE JOURNAL OF IN'VESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY Copyright 1986 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 47, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. SKIN LIPIDS OF A NORMAL AND A MUTANT (ASEBIC) MOUSE STRAIN* DAVID I. WILKINSON, PHD.
TENOFOVIR TABLETS: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (June 2010)
June 2010 TENOFOVIR TABLETS: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (June 2010) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-fourth WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Tenofoviri disoproxili fumaras)
C 19 H 30 N 5 O 10 P. C 4 H 4 O 4 Relative molecular mass. 635.5. Chemical names. bis(1-methylethyl) 5-{[(1R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-methylethoxy]methyl}-5-oxo-2,4,6,8-tetraoxa-5-λ 5 - phosphanonanedioate
Estradiol- and testosterone-induced alterations in phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride synthesis in hepatic endoplasmic reticulum
Estradiol- and testosterone-induced alterations in phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride synthesis in hepatic endoplasmic reticulum DAVID L. YOUNG* Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center,
An aneurysm is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the heart Types: 1-"true" aneurysm it involves all three layers of the arterial
An aneurysm is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the heart Types: 1-"true" aneurysm it involves all three layers of the arterial wall (intima, media, and adventitia) or the attenuated
The effect of dietary essential fatty acids upon
J. Lipid Research, July 193 Volume, Number 3 The effect of dietary essential fatty acids upon composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in depot fat and erythrocytes of the rat* HANS MOHRHAUERt and RALPH
Fatty acid profile analysis: Grape Seed Oil Sample Set Two ( )
Fatty acid profile analysis: Grape Seed Oil Sample Set Two (1-21-2014) Overview: Samples were provided of oil pressed from grape seeds and analysis of fatty acid content requested. Fatty acid profiles
THE SITE OF STEROL AND SQUALENE SYNTHESIS IN THE HUMAN SKIN123
THE SITE OF STEROL AND SQUALENE SYNTHESIS IN THE HUMAN SKIN123 N. NICOLAIDES, PH.D. AND STEPHEN ROTHMAN, M.D. In earlier work (1) it was demonstrated that human scalp skin is an efficient organ for synthesizing
Furthermore, added choline may exert relatively little effect when. naturally occurring lipotropic factors are present in appreciable amounts
343 6I2.352.2:547.922 THE EFFECTS OF CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLINE ON LIVER FAT BY C. H. BEST AND JESSIE H. RIDOUT (From the School of Hygiene, University of Toronto) (Received January 27, 1936) THE results
Lipid Droplets in Atherosclerotic
Lipid Droplets in Atherosclerotic Fatty Streaks of Human Aorta P. Dn-rm LANG and WILLIAM INSULL, JR. From the Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 A B S T R A
Effect of phospholipase-d on rat kidney mitochondria*
J. Biosci., Vol. 1, Number 1, March 1979, pp. 75 82. Printed in India. Effect of phospholipase-d on rat kidney mitochondria* S. N. A. ZAIDI, A. C. SHIPSTONE and N. K. GARG Division of Biochemistry, Central
CHAPTER 28 LIPIDS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
28 09/16/2013 17:44:40 Page 415 APTER 28 LIPIDS SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. The lipids, which are dissimilar substances, are arbitrarily classified as a group on the basis of their solubility in fat solvents
Student Handout. This experiment allows you to explore the properties of chiral molecules. You have
Student Handout This experiment allows you to explore the properties of chiral molecules. You have learned that some compounds exist as enantiomers non-identical mirror images, such as your left and right
AMERICAN SPIKENARD FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS ARALIA RACEMOSA FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS
AMERICAN SPIKENARD FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS ARALIA RACEMOSA FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS Aralia racemosa ad praeparationes homoeopathicas DEFINITION Dried, underground part of Aralia racemosa L.
The Antiatherogenic Effect of Iridium192 upon the Cholesterolfed
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 43, No. 2, 1964 The Antiatherogenic Effect of Iridium192 upon the Cholesterolfed Rabbit * MEYER FRIEDMAN, LELAND FELTON, AND SANFORD BYERS WITH THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
IT IS NOW well established that lipids in plasma exist. Fatty acid composition of human plasma lipoprotein fractions METHODS
Fatty acid composition of human plasma lipoprotein fractions DeWITT S. GOODMAN and TATSUJI SHIRATORI Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and The Presbyterian
CYTIDINE. Enzymatic synthesis of cytidine diphosphate diglyceride
Enzymatic synthesis of cytidine diphosphate diglyceride JAMES R. CARTER* and EUGENE P. KENNEDY Department of Biological Chemistry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts ABSTRACT Evidence is presented
DRAFT MONOGRAPH FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPOEIA PAEDIATRIC RETINOL ORAL SOLUTION (August 2010)
August 2010 RESTRICTED DRAFT MONOGRAPH FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPOEIA PAEDIATRIC RETINOL ORAL SOLUTION (August 2010) DRAFT FOR COMMENT This document was provided by a quality control expert and was
ABSINTHIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS ABSINTHIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS
ABSINTHIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS ABSINTHIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS Artemisia absinthium ad praeparationes homoeopathicas Other Latin name used in homoeopathy: Artemisia absinthium DEFINITION
Lipoprotein lipase secretion by human monocyte-derived macrophages.
Lipoprotein lipase secretion by human monocyte-derived macrophages. A Chait,, P H Iverius, J D Brunzell J Clin Invest. 1982;69(2):490-493. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci110473. Research Article Human monocyte-derived
Calcified Aortic Sinotubular Ridge: A Source of Coronary Ostial Stenosis or Embolism
1510 JACC Vol. 12, No, 6 December 1988:1510--4 Calcified Aortic Sinotubular Ridge: A Source of Coronary Ostial Stenosis or Embolism KEVIN J. TVETER, MD, JESSE E. EDWARDS, MD, FACC St, Paul, Minnesota This
Banff-SCT 2017 Towards Uniformity of Terminology for the Pathology of CAV. Gerald J. Berry, MD Dept. of Pathology Stanford University Stanford, CA
Banff-SCT 2017 Towards Uniformity of Terminology for the Pathology of CAV Gerald J. Berry, MD Dept. of Pathology Stanford University Stanford, CA Objectives Review current terminology Identify key histopathologic
Neither the course of events leading to these abnormalities nor their role in the manifestations
THE PHOSPHATIDES OF HUMAN PLASMA. II. ABNORMALITIES ENCOUNTERED IN THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME* By WILLIAM H. R. NYE t AND CHRISTINE WATERHOUSE (From the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School
ABSINTHIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS ABSINTHIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS
ABSINTHIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS ABSINTHIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS Artemisia absinthium ad praeparationes homoeopathicas Other Latin name used in homoeopathy: Artemisia absinthium DEFINITION
Cholesterol, Triglyceride, and Phospholipid Content of Intima, Media, and Atherosclerotic Fatty Streak in
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 45, No. 4, 1966 Cholesterol, Triglyceride, and Phospholipid Content of Intima, Media, and Atherosclerotic Fatty Streak in Human Thoracic Aorta * WILLIAM INSULL, JR.,t
The Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism of Vitamin A
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 45, No. 10, 1966 The Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism of Vitamin A and P-Carotene in Man * DEWITT S. GOODMAN,t ROLF BLOMSTRAND, BENGT WERNER, HELEN S. HUANG,4
Volpenhein [1964] found fat equivalent to approximately 150 mg. oleic acid
![Volpenhein [1964] found fat equivalent to approximately 150 mg. oleic acid](/thumbs/77/75307868.jpg "Volpenhein [1964] found fat equivalent to approximately 150 mg. oleic acid")
Quart. J. exp. Physiol. (1967) 52, 305-312 THE SOURCE OF ENDOGENOUS LIPID IN THE THORACIC DUCT LYMPH OF FASTING RATS. By B. K. SHRIVASTAVA,* T. G. REDGRAVE t and W. J. SIMMONDS. From the Department of
ARTENIMOLUM ARTENIMOL. Adopted revised text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia
February 2012 ARTENIMOLUM ARTENIMOL Adopted revised text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia This monograph was adopted at the Forty-sixth WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical
Keywords: Cholesteryl ester; Plant sterol ester; Cholesterol esterase; Trichoderma sp. Stigmasterol
Novel process for enzymatic production of sterol esters in microaqueous solution with cholesterol esterase from Trichoderma sp. AS59 Atsushi Maeda a, Norihumi Hashitani a, Takayuki Mizuno a, Masanori Bunya
Effect of infusions of phosphatides upon the atherosclerotic aorta in situ and as an ocular aortic implant*
Volume 1 Number 4 Effect of infusions of phosphatides upon the atherosclerotic aorta in situ and as an ocular aortic implant* SANFORD. BYERS and MEYER FRIEDMAK Harold Brunn Institute, Mount Zion Hospital
Effects of a fatty acid deficiency on lipids of whole brain, microsomes, and myelin in the rat
Effects of a fatty acid deficiency on lipids of whole brain, microsomes, and myelin in the rat Grace Y. Sun Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Cleveland Psychiatric Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44109 Abstract
Simultaneous determination of triglycerides and cholesterol esters in serum by infrared spectrophotometry
Simultaneous determination of triglycerides and cholesterol esters in serum by infrared spectrophotometry NORMAN K. FREEMAN Donner Laboratory of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory,
1 N THE BIOSYNTHESIS of cholesterol, the steps leading
Effect of a new inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis (AY 9944) on serum and tissue sterols in the rat L. HORLICK Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
CYCLOSERINI CAPSULAE - CYCLOSERINE CAPSULES (AUGUST 2015)
August 2015 Document for comment 1 2 3 4 5 CYCLOSERINI CAPSULAE - CYCLOSERINE CAPSULES DRAFT PROPOSAL FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPOEIA (AUGUST 2015) DRAFT FOR COMMENT 6 Should you have any comments
BIOFENOLI ED INIBIZIONE DELL UPTAKE DI oxldl DA PARTE DI CELLULE MACROFAGICHE UMANE E MURINE
BIOFENOLI ED INIBIZIONE DELL UPTAKE DI oxldl DA PARTE DI CELLULE MACROFAGICHE UMANE E MURINE Roberta Di Benedetto Centro Nazionale per la Qualità degli Alimenti e per i Rischi Alimentari Istituto Superiore
Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis = hardening of arteries = arterial wall thickening + loss of elasticity 3 types: -Arteriolosclerosis -Monckeberg medial sclerosis -Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis,
Lutein Esters from Tagetes Erecta
Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82 nd meeting 2016 Lutein Esters from Tagetes Erecta This monograph was also published in: Compendium
Distribution of molecular species of sphingomyelins in different parts of bovine digestive tract
Distribution of molecular species of sphingomyelins in different parts of bovine digestive tract M. E. Breimer Membrane Biochemistry Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Giiteborg,
Citation Acta Medica Nagasakiensia. 1987, 32
NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Ac Title Author(s) The Effect of Glomerulonephritis on -A Special Reference to the Glomeru Aortic Intima- Ohi, Junji Citation Acta Medica Nagasakiensia. 1987, 32 Issue Date
OLEANDER FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS NERIUM OLEANDER FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS
OLEANDER FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS NERIUM OLEANDER FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS Nerium oleander ad praeparationes homoeopathicas Other Latin name used in homeopathy: Oleander DEFINITION Fresh leaf
Influence of ph of the medium on free fatty acid utilization by isolated mammalian cells
Influence of ph of the medium on free fatty acid utilization by isolated mammalian cells ARTHUR A. SPECTOR* Laboratory of Metabolism, National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
by ultracentrifugation, dextran sulfate
J. Lipid Research, July, 9 Volume 2, Number 3 Separation of dog serum lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation, dextran sulfate precipitation, and paper electrophoresis* TOSHIO SAKAGAMI~ and D. B. ZILVERSMIT~
DRAFT TANZANIA STANDARD
DRAFT TANZANIA STANDARD Determination of the difference between actual and theoretical content of triacyglycerols with Equivalent Carbon Number (ECN) 42 in Olive oils TANZANIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 0 Foreword
SIMAROUBA CEDRON FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS CEDRON FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS
SIMAROUBA CEDRON FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS CEDRON FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS Simaba cedron ad praeparationes homoeopathicas Other Latin name used in homoeopathy: Simaruba DEFINITION Dried cotyledons