Chapter Sections: 3.1 Carbon s Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.
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1 Chapter Sections: 3.1 Carbon s Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids Student Goals: By the end of this lecture series, students should be able to do the following: List the four major classes of molecules found in cells and the major functions of each. Recognize the corresponding monomer for each polymer in these four classes of molecules. Recognize these molecules in food and understand the main purpose of eating each. Understand the basic role proteins and nucleic acids play in controlling cells. Chapter 3 Reading Guide Define all key vocabulary terms listed below: 1. Carbohydrate 2. Cellulose 3. Chitin 4. Cholesterol 5. Deoxyribonucleic acid 6. (DNA) 7. Fatty acid 8. Functional group 9. Glycogen 10. Glycoprotein 11. Hydrocarbon 12. Lipid 13. Lipoprotein 14. Monomer 15. Monosaccharide 16. Monounsaturated fatty acid 17. Nucleotide 18. Oil 19. Organic chemistry 20. Phosphate group 21. Phospholipid 22. Polymer 23. Polypeptide 24. Polysaccharide 25. Polyunsaturated fatty acid 26. Primary structure 27. Protein 28. Quaternary structure 29. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 30. Saturated fatty acid 31. Secondary structure 32. Simple sugar 33. Starch 34. Steroid 35. Tertiary structure 36. Triglyceride 37. Wax 1
2 1. Why is carbon important to life? 2. How does the amount of carbon in living organisms differ from the amount of carbon in the Earth s crust and atmosphere? 3.1 Carbon s Place in the Living World 3. How does carbon obtain maximum stability in its valence shell? What type of bond does carbon form with other elements? 4. What is organic chemistry? 5. What is a hydrocarbon? 6. How does the hydrocarbon methane differ from the hydrocarbon propane? 7. How does carbon look in a straight chain formation? 8. What is an isomer? Draw the two forms of butane and explain why they are isomers. 9. How does carbon look in a ring formation? 10. What is a double bond? 11. Draw petroleum and explain why it has a ring formation and identify the double bonds. 12. How is glucose an exception to the concept of carbon- based molecules being hydrocarbons? 13. Draw all three representations of glucose shown on p. 44. Explain how each of these diagrams differs. 3.2 Functional Groups 14. What are functional groups? 15. Explain how ethane can change from a gas to a liquid when a functional group is changed. 16. How do functional groups change hydrocarbons in terms of polarity? 17. Draw Table 3.1 Functional Groups. 3.3 Carbohydrates 18. Name the four organic (biological molecules). 19. Explain what complex organic molecules are typically made from. 20. Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. 21. Define monomer. Define polymer. 22. Draw Table 3.2 Monomers, Polymers Carbohydrates: From Simple Sugars to Cellulose 23. Define carbohydrates. Describe their elemental composition. 24. What are simple sugars? What are simple carbohydrates? 2
3 Kinds of Simple Carbohydrates 25. What does ose at the end of a name mean? 26. Provide examples of monosaccharides and disaccharides. Complex Carbohydrates 27. What are complex carbohydrates? 28. Draw Table 3.3 Four Examples of Complex Carbohydrates. 29. Explain what starch is and the role that starches serve. Give examples of starches. 30. Explain what glycogen is and the role that glycogen serves. 31. Explain what cellulose is and the role that cellulose serves. Give examples of where you find cellulose on Earth. Why is cellulose important to humans? 32. What is chitin? What are examples of chitin in animals? 3.4 Lipids 33. What are lipids? 34. How do lipids interact with water? 35. What elements make up lipids? How do lipids differ from carbs in terms of the amount of hydrogen they have? 36. What are some examples of how lipids exist? 37. Do lipids possess the monomer to polymer structure? Is there one structural element common to all lipids? 38. What is the one characteristic shared by all lipids? Glyceride Lipids 39. Draw Figure 3.7 Formation of a Triglyceride and explain the various components of this triglyceride. 40. Draw Figure 3.8 The Triglyceride Tristearin and explain the various components of this triglyceride. 41. What is a triglyceride? What is a fatty acid? Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Triglycerides 42. Draw figure 3.9 Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids (on p. 51) and explain the difference between each of these acids (palmitic, oleic, and linoleic) in terms of shape, structure, bond formation. 43. Describe the three kinds of fatty acids: saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid. 44. How are oils created? 45. How does saturation impact whether something is solid or liquid at room temperature? 46. How does consumption of saturated fats impact your health? 47. Read and summarize From Trans Fats to Omega- 3s on page 54. 3
4 Lipids and Carbohydrates Energy Storage and Use 48. How do lipids and carbohydrates differ in terms of energy storage and use? 49. Draw Figure 3.10 Storage and Use of Carbohydrates and Lipids. Steroid Lipids 50. What are steroids? 51. What distinguishes one steroid from the next? 52. Draw Figure 3.11 Structure of Steroids (on p. 53) and explain how each of these steroids differs in terms of structure. 53. What are the two most well- known steroids? 54. What is cholesterol? 55. What are steroid hormones? What is testosterone? What is estrogen? Phospholipids 56. Describe the structure of a phospholipid. 57. Draw Figure 3.12 A Dual Natured Molecule. Explain which components of a phospholipid are polar vs. nonpolar and hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic. 58. Where are phospholipids found in/on cells? A Fourth Class of Lipids is Wax 59. What is wax? 60. What function do waxes serve for animals and plants? 3.5 Proteins 61. Why are proteins important? 62. Why are enzymes important? 63. Draw Table 3.4 Types of Proteins. Proteins Are Made From Chains of Amino Acids 64. What is the monomer of protein? 65. What is a polypeptide? 66. Define protein. 67. Draw Figure 3.15 The Structure of Amino Acids. A Group of Only 20 Amino Acids Is the Basis for All Proteins in Living Things 68. How many amino acids form the basis for all proteins in living organisms? Shape is Critical to the Functioning of All Proteins 69. Explain why the shape of proteins is important to its function. There Are Four Levels of Protein Structure 70. Draw Figure 3.18 Four levels of Structure in Proteins and define the terms primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary 4
5 structure. Proteins Can Come Undone 71. What happens if a protein unfolds? Lipoproteins and Glycoproteins 72. What are lipoproteins? What is the function of lipoproteins? 73. What are HDLs and LDLs. How do HDLs impact your health? How do LDLs impact your health? 74. What are glycoproteins? Where are glycoproteins typically found? 3.6 Nucleic Acids DNA: Information for the Construction of Proteins 75. What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)? 76. Why is DNA important? 77. What is RNA (ribonucleic acid)? 78. How does RNA interact with DNA? The Structural Unit of DNA Is the Nucleotide 79. Draw a nucleotide using Figure 3.19 Nucleotides Are the Building Blocks of DNA. 80. Define nucleotides. 81. What are the four nitrogen- containing bases that a nucleotide can have in a DNA molecule? 82. Draw Figure 3.19 Nucleotides Are the Building Blocks of DNA (on p. 60). Describe the structure of DNA. 83. What does the base guanine (g) always pair with in DNA? What does the base thymine (T) always pair with in DNA? Summary of Biological Molecules 84. Draw Table 3.5 Summary Table of Biological Molecules. 5
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