Ferritin-Conjugated Antibodies Used for Labeling of Organelles Involved

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Ferritin-Conjugated Antibodies Used for Labeling of Organelles Involved"

Transcription

1 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 71, No. 5, pp , May 1974 Ferritin-Conjugated Antibodies Used for Labeling of Organelles Involved in the Cellular Synthesis and Transport of Procollagen (ferritin-antibody conjugates/golgi vacuoles/protein secretion) BJORN R. OLSEN AND DARWIN J. PROCKOP Department of Biochemistry, The Rutgers Medical School, College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, N.J Communicated by G. E. Palade, February 7, 1974 ABSTRACT An improved procedure s4as used to conjugate ferritin to antibodies specific for the NH2- terminal extensions on the precursor form of collagen known as procollagen. The ferritin-antibody conjugates were then used to determine the localization of procollagen in fibroblasts isolated from chick-embryo tendons. Procollagen was found in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, indicating that the protein passes into this compartment early in its biosynthesis. Specific labeling of large Golgi vacuoles was also observed, suggesting that this compartment is also involved in the secretory process. When cells were incubated with colchicine so that the secretion of procollagen was delayed, there was an increase of large, smooth-surfaced vacuoles in the cells and these vacuoles were labeled with the ferritin-antibody conjugate. Largely on the basis of classical studies on exocrine cells of the pancreas (1-3), it is generally accepted that proteins synthesized for "export" into the extracellular space pass into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, and that from there they are transported through Golgi vesicles to large Golgi vacuoles before secretion via secretory vesicles or granules. Some experimental evidence, largely morphological (4-9), has suggested that this general scheme also applies to the synthesis and secretion of the precursor form of collagen known as procollagen. However, it has been difficult to obtain definitive proof for this hypothesis. For example, autoradiographic studies with different types of cells synthesizing procollagen have raised the possibility that some or all of the protein passes into the cytoplasm and is secreted through the plasma membrane (10-12). Alternatively, it has been suggested that procollagen may pass directly from the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum into the extracellular space (5). We have recently prepared and purified specific antibodies (13) to the NH2-terminal extensions on the procollagen synthesized and secreted by chick-embryo fibroblasts. We here report on the use of these antibodies, together with an improved procedure for preparation of ferritin-antibody conjugates, to demonstrate the localization of procollagen in fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation and Purification of Antibodies to Procollagen. Procollagen was prepared from matrix-free fibroblasts (14) and was used to immunize a rabbit (13). Specific antibodies to the NH2-terminal extensions were then purified with an immunoadsorbent gel containing the isolated, disulfide-linked NH2-terminal extensions of procollagen. The gel was mixed with an equal amount of Sephadex G-25 (Pharmacia; fine 2033 grade) and poured into a column (0.9 X 5 cm) that was equilibrated at 40 with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7.3. Three ml of antisera absorbed with 3 ml of fetal-calf serum were passed through the column. The column was washed with several volumes of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer and the antibody was eluted with 3 M KSCN. The eluted antibody was desalted on a Sephadex G-25 column equilibrated at 40 with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7.3. Conjugation of the Purified Antibodies with Ferritin. Ferritin was activated with glutaraldehyde (15) by mixing 4.3 mg of the activated ferritin with 0.8 mg of the specific antibody and 0.3 mg of nonimmune IgG that had been previously labeled with ["25I]iodine (16). The mixture, in a final volume of 14.8 ml of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7.3, was concentrated at 40 to 2.5 ml with an Amicon PM-30 filter. The concentrate was allowed to stand at 4 for 100 hr, and the conjugate was isolated by gel filtration on an 6% agarose column (Bio-Gel A-5m; mesh) (1.5 X 80 cm) that was equilibrated and eluted with 0.1 M Tris * HCl buffer, ph 7.5. Preparation of Fibroblasts for Electron Microscopy. Fibroblasts were isolated from tendons of 17-day-old chick embryos by digestion with collagenase and trypsin, and the cells were incubated for 3 hr at 370 in modified Krebs medium containing 10% fetal-calf serum (14). The cells were. fixed for E o wu m ir o 0.2 IDI 1000,_.n CY FRACTION NUMBER FIG. 1. Gel filtration of ferritin conjugated to antibodies specific for the NH2-terminal extensions on procollagen. Activated ferritin was reacted with antibodies to procollagen and gel filtration was carried out as described in text. The fraction size was 1.3 ml, and the void volume was about 50 ml. Symbols: Elution of ferritin as assayed by absorbance at 410 nm (O O); elution of IgG (@--*) as assayed by 125I in carrier IgG added to the specific antibody (see text). 2 a.

2 2034 Cell Biology: Olsen and Prockop Stt t v.ii 49 4 r 491z< < ; g X = > I r x. j-g, ;Xs _,b

3 Synthesis and Transport of Procollagen 2035 FIG. 2. Electron micrograph from control experiments in which cell fragments fixed for 3 hr with 1% formaldehyde were incubated with ferritin conjugated to nonimmune IgG. Washing of the cell fragments with phosphate buffer removed essentially all of the ferritin conjugates so that there was essentially no ferritin over the Golgi complex (G) or endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Magnification X 62,500. FIG. 3. Electron micrograph of cell fragments that were fixed for 3 hr with 1% formaldehyde and then incubated with ferritin conjugated to antibodies to procollagen. Heavy labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum is seen. Magnification X50,000. FIG. 4. Electron micrograph of cell fragments that were fixed for 15 hr with 1% formaldehyde and then incubated with ferritin conjugated to antibodies to procollagen. Because of the longer fixation time, the cell morphology was relatively well preserved, but the fragments were apparently less penetrable by the ferritin-conjugate. However, the specific labeling of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is still apparent. Inset: Labeling of perinuclear space (arrow) as well as endoplasmic reticulum (asterisk) in the same cell fragments. Magnification X62, hr or 15 hr at 40 with 1% formaldehyde in 60 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7.3, containing 0.14 M sucrose. After centrifugation at 600 X g for 6 min, the cells were resuspended in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer and stored at 40 for hr. The fixed-cells were then homogenized with from 50 to 100 strokes in a Teflon and glass homogenizer (15). The cell fragments were sedimented by centrifugation at 20,000 X g for 10 min and the pellet was incubated with ferritin-conjugated antibodies to procollagen for hr at 4. Fragments from 50 to 100 million cells were incubated with 100,l of 0.1 M Tris- HCl, ph 7.4, containing the ferritin-labeled specific antibodies (1 mg of ferritin and 0.3 mg of antibody per ml). The cell fragments were washed twice with 5 ml of 0.1 M sodium phosphate bufferj ph 7.3; fixed at 40 for 1 hr with 3% glutaraldehyde in 60 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7.3, containing 0.14 M sucrose; post-fixed at 4 for 1 hr with 1% osmium tetroxide in 60 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7.3, containing 0.16 M sucrose; block-stained with 0.5% magnesium uranyl acetate for 30 min at room temperature; dehydrated in ethanol; and embedded in Araldite (Taab). Ultra-thin sections were examined in a JEM-1OOB electron microscope. RESULTS Properties of the Ferritin-Conjugated Antibodies. The ferritinconjugate of the purified antibodies was largely free of higher polymers of antibody, and gel filtration of the conjugate (Fig. 1) made it possible to select fractions (fractions 56-75) that were free both of unconjugated IgG and of polymeric ferritin. A large fraction of the ferritin was linked to the specific antibodies, since the molar ratio of ferritin to '25I-labeled IgG in the peak fractions (fractions in Fig. 1) was about 0.7. The amount of free ferritin was relatively small and it was readily removed from the cell fragments by washing with phosphate buffer (see below). Distribution of Ferritin-Conjugated Antibodies to Procollagen in Fibroblasts. A series of conditions was examined to establish an optimal method for preparing cell fragments. Fibroblasts were incubated with ['4C]proline for 3 hr so that the intracellular procollagen contained [14C]hydroxyproline (14). The medium was removed by centrifugation (14), and the cells were fixed in 1% formaldehyde for 1, 3, or 15 hr; Assays for nondialyzable ['4C]hydroxyproline indicated that about 80% of the initial [14C]procollagen was recovered in the cell fragments regardless of the fixation time. However, if the fixation was carried out for only 1 hr, there was a heavy background of the ferritin-conjugated antibody around the cell fragments as well as within them. This observation was probably explained by diffusion of the procollagen out of cell compartments because of insufficient crosslinking of the proteins in the fragments. If the fixation with 1% formaldehyde was extended to 3 or 15 hr, this background staining was almost completely eliminated. To test the effect of the fixation on antigenicity of procollagen, the cells were fixed with 1% formaldehyde for various times and the cells were ruptured by N2 cavitation (18) to make the procollagen available for reaction with antibody. Assay of the fragments by hemagglutination inhibition with erythrocytes coated with isolated disulfide-linked NH2-terminal extension from procollagen (13) indicated that fixation with 1% formaldehyde for up to 15 hr had no detectable effect on the antigenicity of the procollagen. Further control experiments were carried out with ferritin conjugated to nonimmune IgG from rabbits. When the cell fragments were incubated with nonimmune conjugate and not washed, some ferritin was seen in all cellular organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria, cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi vacuoles. The results indicated, therefore, that the conjugate penetrated into these compartments. However, essentially all of this nonimmune conjugate was removed from the fragments by washing with phosphate buffer as described above (Fig. 2). In contrast, the ferritin conjugated to purified antibodies to procollagen specifically labeled the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum (Figs. 3 and 4) and some of the large Golgi vacuoles (Fig. 5). No significant labeling was seen in the cytoplasmic matrix except for a few sites at which there was discontinuity of the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Also, no specific labeling was seen over the ribosomes free in the cytoplasm or over ribosomes attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (Fgis. 3 and 4). The distribution of label in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum was relatively uniform and was similar to that previously seen in similar cell fragments with ferritin-conjugates of antibodies to prolyl hydroxylase (15). Of special interest was the finding that ferritin-conjugates were present in the perinuclear space (Fig. 4, inset). Some large Golgi vacuoles were clearly labeled with the ferritin-conjugate (Fig. 5) but it was difficult to demonstrate specific labeling of the small vesicles within the Golgi complex. Incubating the cells with 1 AM colchicine for 3 hr greatly increased the number and size of the Golgi vacuoles (Figs. 6 and 7). The large vacuoles in the cells treated with colchicine were extensively labeled with the ferritinconjugated antiprocollagen (Fig. 6). DISCUSSION The purified antibodies used here are specific for the NH2- terminal extensions on procollagen containing interchain disulfide bonds or on individual pro-a chains in which the extensions contain intrachain disulfide bonds (13). The antibody does not react with pro-a chains if these are completely reduced and alkylated. The latter observation suggests that

4 2036 Cell Biology: Olsen and Prockop Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. -USA ?1 - EUj wfa k.-..- (1974)

5 Synthesis and Transport of Procollagen 2037 FIG. 5. Electron micrograph of cell frag nts prepareas4,described in the legend of Fig. 4. Some labeling of large Golgi vacuoles (arrows) is apparent. Magnification X62,500. FIG. 6 Electron micrograph from an experiment in which cells were incubated with 1,uM1I colchicine for 3 hr at 370, fixed with 1% formaldehyde for 3 hr, and then incubated with ferritin-antibody conjugates as in Figs. 4 and 5. The treatment with colchicine has produced distended, smooth-surfaced vacuoles (see Fig. 7) which are heavily labeled with ferritin (arrows). Magnification X62,500. FIG. 7. Electron micrograph of tendon fibroblasts incubated with 1 1AM colchicine at 370 for 3 hr. The cells were fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde for 1 hr and post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide as described in text. The section was stained with 1% uranyl acetate in 70% methanol. Note the presence of large, smooth-surfaced vacuoles (V) similar to those seen in the cell fragments (see Fig. 6). Magnification X25,000. the antibody would not react with nascent forms of the polypeptides in which the intrachain disulfide bonds had not yet been synthesized, but they would react with single pro-a chains containing intrachain disulfide bonds before such chains are linked together with interchain bonds. The antibody also might react with NHrterminal extensions released from procollagen by proteolytic degradation of the protein if such proteolysis released the extensions in a largely intact form. However, previous studies with the cells used here indicate that this does not present a problem in interpreting the present data. In particular, pulse-label and chase experiments with the cells have shown that there is little if any intracellular degradation of the procollagen which would lead to release of peptides containing intact antigenic determinants (14, 20). Therefore, most of the antigen in the cells reacting with the ferritin-antibody conjugates must consist of either procollagen or of pro-a chains in which the NHrterminal extensions are intact and contain intrachain disulfide bonds. The results demonstrated specific labeling of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and no significant labeling of the cytoplasmic matrix or any other cellular compartment. These observations conclusively establish that the newly synthesized polypeptide chains of procollagen pass into the cisternae during or after their assembly on ribosomes. Ferritin-antibody conjugates also labeled the perinuclear space, indicating that some procollagen passes into this compartment early in its biosynthesis. The presence of procollagen in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum agrees with the recent demonstration (15) that prolyl hydroxylase, the enzyme that synthesizes the hydrox-yproline in collagen by the hydroxylation of peptide-bound proline, is also found in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. Labeling with ferritin-antibody conjugates was also seen over the large Golgi vacuoles, suggesting that these cellular organelles participate in the secretory process. Specific labeling was not seen over the small vesicles in the Golgi complex, an observation that might be explained by incomplete penetration of these vesicles whose diameter (about 500 A) is not much larger than the anticipated size of the ferritin-antibody conjugates ( A). It is also possible, however, that these vesicles, which are smaller than the largest dimension of the triple helix of procollagen (about 3000 A), do not participate in the secretion of this protein in these cells. The data presented here did not conclusively establish that all the procollagen in the cells was secreted through the Golgi vacuoles since it was not possible to carry out kinetic studies on the transfer of protein from one compartment to another. However, the observations suggesting that secretion involved the large Golgi vacuoles were further supported by the experiments with colchicine. Previous studies demonstrated that treatment of the cells with colchicine delaved the secretion of procollagen without affecting its rate of synthesis and therefore led to an intracellular accumulation of the protein (14, 21, 22). The results presented here showed that this intracellular accumulation was accompanied by a distension of the Golgi vacuoles and by an increase in the amount of procollagen in such vacuoles. This work was supported in part by N.I.H. Grant AM-16,516 from the U.S. Public Health Service. We gratefully acknowledge the expert technical assistance of Mrs. Nancy Doerr. 1. Palade, G. E., Siekevitz, P. & Caro, L. G. (1961) in Ciba Foundation Symposium on the Exocrine Pancreas, eds. de Reuck, A. V. S. & Cameron, M. P. (J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London), pp Jamieson, J. D. & Palade, G. E. (1967) J. Cell Biol. 34, Jamieson, J. D. & Palade, G. E. (1971) J. Cell Biol. 50, Revel, J. P. & Hay, E. D. (1963) Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 61, Ross, R. & Renditt, E. P. (1965) J. Cell Biol. 27, Trelstad, R. L. (1971) J. Cell Biol. 48, Weinstock, M. (1972) Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 129, Coulombre, A. J. & Coulombre, J. L. (1972) Develop. Biol. 28, Hay, E. D. & Dodson, J. W. (1973) J. Cell Biol. 57, Salpeter, M. M. (1968) J. AMorphol. 124, Cooper, G. W. & Prockop, D. J. (1968) J. Cell Biol. 38, Reith, E. J. (1968) J. Ultrastruct. Res. 21, Dehm, P., Olsen, B. R. & Prockop, D. J. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem., in press. 14. Dehm, P. & Prockop, D. J. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 264, Olsen, B. R., Berg, R. A., Kishida, Y. & Prockop, D. J. (1973) Science 182, Marchalonis, J. J. (1969) Biochem. J. 113, Kraehenbuhl, J. P. & Jamieson, J. D. (1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, Hunter, M. J. & Commerford, S. L. (1961) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 47, Schofield, J. D. & Prockop, D. J. (1973) Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 97, Schofield, J. D., Uitto, J. & Prockop, D. J. (1974) Biochemistry, in press. 21. Ehrlich, H. P. & Bornstein, P. (1972) Nature New Biol. 238, Diegelmann, R. F. & Peterkofsky, B. (1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69,

THE SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PROLYL HYDROXYLASE DETERMINED IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICALLY

THE SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PROLYL HYDROXYLASE DETERMINED IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICALLY J. Cell Sci. i6, 639-650 (1974) 639 Printed in Great Britain THE SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PROLYL HYDROXYLASE DETERMINED IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICALLY M. S. AL-ADNANI, R. S. PATRICK AND J. O'D. MCGEE University

More information

FIXATION BY MEANS OF GLUTARALDEHYDE-HYDROGEN PEROXIDE REACTION PRODUCTS

FIXATION BY MEANS OF GLUTARALDEHYDE-HYDROGEN PEROXIDE REACTION PRODUCTS FIXATION BY MEANS OF GLUTARALDEHYDE-HYDROGEN PEROXIDE REACTION PRODUCTS CAMILLO PERACCHIA and BRANT S. MITTLER. From the Department of Anatomy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27706,

More information

psittaci by Silver-Methenamine Staining and

psittaci by Silver-Methenamine Staining and JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, July 1972, p. 267-271 Copyright 1972 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 111, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Location of Polysaccharide on Chlamydia psittaci by Silver-Methenamine

More information

ENHANCEMENT OF THE GRANULATION OF ADRFNERGIC STORAGE VESICLES IN DRUG-FREE SOLUTION

ENHANCEMENT OF THE GRANULATION OF ADRFNERGIC STORAGE VESICLES IN DRUG-FREE SOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF THE GRANULATION OF ADRFNERGIC STORAGE VESICLES IN DRUG-FREE SOLUTION TAKASHI IWAYAMA and J. B. FURNESS. From the Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Dr.

More information

FIRST MIDTERM EXAMINATION

FIRST MIDTERM EXAMINATION FIRST MIDTERM EXAMINATION 1. True or false: because enzymes are produced by living organisms and because they allow chemical reactions to occur that would not otherwise occur, enzymes represent an exception

More information

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of folded membranes that form channels through the cytoplasm and sacs called cisternae.

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of folded membranes that form channels through the cytoplasm and sacs called cisternae. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of folded membranes that form channels through the cytoplasm and sacs called cisternae. Cisternae serve as channels for the transport of

More information

^CALCIUM LOCALIZATION IN ISLETS OF LANGERHANS, A STUDY BY ELECTRON- MICROSCOPIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY

^CALCIUM LOCALIZATION IN ISLETS OF LANGERHANS, A STUDY BY ELECTRON- MICROSCOPIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY J. Cell Set. ai, 415-422 (1976) 415 Printed in Great Britain ^CALCIUM LOCALIZATION IN ISLETS OF LANGERHANS, A STUDY BY ELECTRON- MICROSCOPIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY S. L. HOWELL AND MARGARET TYHURST School of

More information

Problem-solving Test: The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis

Problem-solving Test: The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis Q 2009 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 58 62, 2009 Problem-based Learning Problem-solving Test: The Mechanism

More information

Ultrastructural Study of Human Natural Killer CNK) Cell*)

Ultrastructural Study of Human Natural Killer CNK) Cell*) Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1, March, 1982 HJIM 31-6 31 Ultrastructural Study of Human Natural Killer CNK) Cell*) Yoshinori KAWAGUCHI, Eishi KITTAKA, Yoshito TANAKA, Takeo TANAKA

More information

Thursday, October 16 th

Thursday, October 16 th Thursday, October 16 th Good morning. Those of you needing to take the Enzymes and Energy Quiz will start very soon. Students who took the quiz Wednesday: Please QUIETLY work on the chapter 6 reading guide.

More information

PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen

PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/142604

More information

Developmental Changes in Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity and Protein in Chick Embryo

Developmental Changes in Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity and Protein in Chick Embryo Eur. J. Biochem. 66, 65-62 (976) Developmental Changes in Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity and Protein in Chick Embryo Leena TUDERMAN Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu (Received March 3,

More information

Ultrastructure of Connective Tissue Cells of Giant African Snails Achatina fulica (Bowdich)

Ultrastructure of Connective Tissue Cells of Giant African Snails Achatina fulica (Bowdich) Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 36 : 285-290 (2002) Ultrastructure of Connective Tissue Cells of Giant African Snails Achatina fulica (Bowdich) Viyada Seehabutr ABSTRACT The connective tissue sheath of cerebral

More information

MITOSIS IN DEVELOPING CARDIAC MUSCLE. FRANCIS J. MANASEK. From the Department of Anatomy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

MITOSIS IN DEVELOPING CARDIAC MUSCLE. FRANCIS J. MANASEK. From the Department of Anatomy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Published Online: 1 April, 1968 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.37.1.191 Downloaded from jcb.rupress.org on June 30, 2018 MITOSIS IN DEVELOPING CARDIAC MUSCLE FRANCIS J. MANASEK. From the Department

More information

The Microscopic World of Cells. The Microscopic World of Cells. The Microscopic World of Cells 9/21/2012

The Microscopic World of Cells. The Microscopic World of Cells. The Microscopic World of Cells 9/21/2012 Organisms are either: Single-celled, such as most prokaryotes and protists or Multicelled, such as plants, animals, and most fungi How do we study cells? Light microscopes can be used to explore the structures

More information

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON EQUINE ENCEPHALOSIS VIRUS

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON EQUINE ENCEPHALOSIS VIRUS Onderstepoort]. vet. Res. 40 (2), 53-58 (1973) ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON EQUINE ENCEPHALOSIS VIRUS G. LECATSAS, B. J. ERASMUS and H. J. ELS, Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort ABSTRACT

More information

The Cell Organelles. Eukaryotic cell. The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment. Plasma membrane: a cell s boundary

The Cell Organelles. Eukaryotic cell. The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment. Plasma membrane: a cell s boundary Eukaryotic cell The Cell Organelles Enclosed by plasma membrane Subdivided into membrane bound compartments - organelles One of the organelles is membrane bound nucleus Cytoplasm contains supporting matrix

More information

Initially, the patients did not receive extra vitamin E except for a very

Initially, the patients did not receive extra vitamin E except for a very EFFECT OF VITAMIN E ON MEMBRANES OF THE INTESTINAL CELL BY I. MOLENAAR, F. A. HOMMES, W. G. BRAAMS, AND H. A. POLMAN CENTER FOR MEDICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRICS, UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN,

More information

Cell Structure. Present in animal cell. Present in plant cell. Organelle. Function. strength, resist pressure created when water enters

Cell Structure. Present in animal cell. Present in plant cell. Organelle. Function. strength, resist pressure created when water enters Cell Structure Though eukaryotic cells contain many organelles, it is important to know which are in plant cells, which are in animal cells and what their functions are. Organelle Present in plant cell

More information

Explain the reason for this difference in resolving power.

Explain the reason for this difference in resolving power. 1. (a) An electron microscope has a much greater resolving power than an optical microscope. (i) Explain the meaning of the term resolving power. Explain the reason for this difference in resolving power.

More information

Silver-Impregnation of the Golgi Complex in Epididymal Epithelial Cells of Mice

Silver-Impregnation of the Golgi Complex in Epididymal Epithelial Cells of Mice CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 8, 339-346 (1984) C by Japan Society for Cell Biology Silver-Impregnation of the Golgi Complex in Epididymal Epithelial Cells of Mice Ikuo Yamaoka, Sumie Katsuta and Yoshimi

More information

Protein and membrane trafficking

Protein and membrane trafficking Protein and membrane trafficking Lodish et al, 2000 The secretory pathway cisternal progression Lodish et al, 2000 Cells can be specialized for the secretion of specific proteins Lodish et al, 2000 The

More information

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum What s ER? How is ER? Why is ER? definition description functions Nissl s bodies neurons Berg s bodies hepatocytes Organelle structure histocytochemical evidences Ergastoplasm pancreatic

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY OF SKIN AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES

BIOCHEMISTRY OF SKIN AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES BIOCHEMISTRY OF SKIN AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI 1 2 SKIN Epidermis - horny layer (keratin-filled dead cells) - granular layer - spinous

More information

Molecular Cell Biology Problem Drill 16: Intracellular Compartment and Protein Sorting

Molecular Cell Biology Problem Drill 16: Intracellular Compartment and Protein Sorting Molecular Cell Biology Problem Drill 16: Intracellular Compartment and Protein Sorting Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. Which of the following statements about the nucleus is correct? Question #01 A. The

More information

A Tour of the Cell. reference: Chapter 6. Reference: Chapter 2

A Tour of the Cell. reference: Chapter 6. Reference: Chapter 2 A Tour of the Cell reference: Chapter 6 Reference: Chapter 2 Monkey Fibroblast Cells stained with fluorescent dyes to show the nucleus (blue) and cytoskeleton (yellow and red fibers), image courtesy of

More information

AP Biology

AP Biology Tour of the Cell (1) 2007-2008 Types of cells Prokaryote bacteria cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryote animal cells Eukaryote plant cells Cell Size Why organelles? Specialized structures - specialized

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Purification and biochemical properties of SDS-stable low molecular weight alkaline serine protease from Citrullus Colocynthis Muhammad Bashir Khan, 1,3 Hidayatullah khan, 2 Muhammad

More information

Cell morphology. Cell organelles structure and function. Chapter 1: UNIT 1. Dr. Charushila Rukadikar

Cell morphology. Cell organelles structure and function. Chapter 1: UNIT 1. Dr. Charushila Rukadikar UNIT 1 Cell morphology Cell organelles structure and function Chapter 1: Dr. Charushila Rukadikar Assistant Professor Department Of Physiology ZMCH, Dahod Physiology The science that is concerned with

More information

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. PROTEIN SORTING. Lecture 10 BIOL 266/ Biology Department Concordia University. Dr. S.

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. PROTEIN SORTING. Lecture 10 BIOL 266/ Biology Department Concordia University. Dr. S. PROTEIN SORTING Lecture 10 BIOL 266/4 2014-15 Dr. S. Azam Biology Department Concordia University Introduction Membranes divide the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells into distinct compartments. The endomembrane

More information

1. This is the location where N-linked oligosaccharide is initially synthesized and attached to glycoproteins.

1. This is the location where N-linked oligosaccharide is initially synthesized and attached to glycoproteins. Biology 4410 Name Spring 2006 Exam 2 A. Multiple Choice, 2 pt each Pick the best choice from the list of choices, and write it in the space provided. Some choices may be used more than once, and other

More information

THE PREPARATION AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AVIAN ERYTHROCYTE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE ENCLOSED BY THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

THE PREPARATION AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AVIAN ERYTHROCYTE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE ENCLOSED BY THE PLASMA MEMBRANE J. Cell Sci. 34, 81-90 (1978) 8l Printed in Great Britain Company of Biologists Limited igj8 THE PREPARATION AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AVIAN ERYTHROCYTE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE ENCLOSED BY THE PLASMA MEMBRANE JAMES

More information

Nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides

Nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides DNA and RNA Serve as the blueprints for proteins and thus control the life of a cell RNA and DNA are made up of very similar nucleotides.

More information

endomembrane system internal membranes origins transport of proteins chapter 15 endomembrane system

endomembrane system internal membranes origins transport of proteins chapter 15 endomembrane system endo system chapter 15 internal s endo system functions as a coordinated unit divide cytoplasm into distinct compartments controls exocytosis and endocytosis movement of molecules which cannot pass through

More information

EFFECT OF HORMONES ON PANCREATIC MACROMOLECULAR TRANSPORT

EFFECT OF HORMONES ON PANCREATIC MACROMOLECULAR TRANSPORT GASTROENTEROLOGY 68: 1536-1542, 1975 Copyright 1975 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 68, No.6 Printed in U.S.A. EFFECT OF HORMONES ON PANCREATIC MACROMOLECULAR TRANSPORT MANJIT SiNGH, M.D., F.R.C.P.

More information

Practice Exam 2 MCBII

Practice Exam 2 MCBII 1. Which feature is true for signal sequences and for stop transfer transmembrane domains (4 pts)? A. They are both 20 hydrophobic amino acids long. B. They are both found at the N-terminus of the protein.

More information

1. to understand how proteins find their destination in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2. to know how proteins are bio-recycled

1. to understand how proteins find their destination in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2. to know how proteins are bio-recycled Protein Targeting Objectives 1. to understand how proteins find their destination in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2. to know how proteins are bio-recycled As a protein is being synthesized, decisions

More information

Cells. Variation and Function of Cells

Cells. Variation and Function of Cells Cells Variation and Function of Cells Cell Theory states that: 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from

More information

Zool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 4 Part I 2/3/15

Zool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 4 Part I 2/3/15 Name: Key Trask Zool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 4 Part I 2/3/15 Answer each of the following questions in the space provided, explaining your answers when asked to do so; circle the correct answer or answers

More information

About This Chapter. Hormones The classification of hormones Control of hormone release Hormone interactions Endocrine pathologies Hormone evolution

About This Chapter. Hormones The classification of hormones Control of hormone release Hormone interactions Endocrine pathologies Hormone evolution About This Chapter Hormones The classification of hormones Control of hormone release Hormone interactions Endocrine pathologies Hormone evolution Hormones: Function Control Rates of enzymatic reactions

More information

AN ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE STARCH-CONTAINING PLASTIDS IN THE FERN TODEA BARBARA

AN ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE STARCH-CONTAINING PLASTIDS IN THE FERN TODEA BARBARA J. Cell Sci. 4, 211-221 (1969) 211 Printed in Great Britain AN ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE STARCH-CONTAINING PLASTIDS IN THE FERN TODEA BARBARA H. M. SMITH* AND D. S. SMITHf Department of Biology,

More information

Ultrastructure of Mycoplasmatales Virus laidlawii x

Ultrastructure of Mycoplasmatales Virus laidlawii x J. gen. Virol. (1972), I6, 215-22I Printed in Great Britain 2I 5 Ultrastructure of Mycoplasmatales Virus laidlawii x By JUDY BRUCE, R. N. GOURLAY, AND D. J. GARWES R. HULL* Agricultural Research Council,

More information

Cell Physiology

Cell Physiology Cell Physiology 21-10-2018 1 The two major parts of a typical cell are the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, and the cytoplasm is separated from

More information

1. endoplasmic reticulum This is the location where N-linked oligosaccharide is initially synthesized and attached to glycoproteins.

1. endoplasmic reticulum This is the location where N-linked oligosaccharide is initially synthesized and attached to glycoproteins. Biology 4410 Name Spring 2006 Exam 2 A. Multiple Choice, 2 pt each Pick the best choice from the list of choices, and write it in the space provided. Some choices may be used more than once, and other

More information

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting

Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting Intracellular Compartments A eukaryotic cell is elaborately subdivided into functionally distinct, membrane-enclosed compartments. Each compartment, or organelle,

More information

Protein sorting (endoplasmic reticulum) Dr. Diala Abu-Hsasan School of Medicine

Protein sorting (endoplasmic reticulum) Dr. Diala Abu-Hsasan School of Medicine Protein sorting (endoplasmic reticulum) Dr. Diala Abu-Hsasan School of Medicine dr.abuhassand@gmail.com An overview of cellular components Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) It is a network of membrane-enclosed

More information

Structure & Function of Cells

Structure & Function of Cells Anatomy & Physiology 101-805 Unit 4 Structure & Function of Cells Paul Anderson 2011 Anatomy of a Generalised Cell Attached or bound ribosomes Cilia Cytosol Centriole Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum

More information

Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw.

Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. CORK Early scientists who observed cells made detailed

More information

The Fine Structure of the Epithelial Cells of the Mouse Prostate* II. Ventral Lobe Epithelium

The Fine Structure of the Epithelial Cells of the Mouse Prostate* II. Ventral Lobe Epithelium Published Online: 1 June, 1960 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.7.3.511 Downloaded from jcb.rupress.org on September 28, 2018 The Fine Structure of the Epithelial Cells of the Mouse Prostate* II.

More information

Cell Overview. Hanan Jafar BDS.MSc.PhD

Cell Overview. Hanan Jafar BDS.MSc.PhD Cell Overview Hanan Jafar BDS.MSc.PhD THE CELL is made of: 1- Nucleus 2- Cell Membrane 3- Cytoplasm THE CELL Formed of: 1. Nuclear envelope 2. Chromatin 3. Nucleolus 4. Nucleoplasm (nuclear matrix) NUCLEUS

More information

A. Major parts 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm a. Contain organelles (see below) 3. Plasma membrane (To be discussed in Cellular Transport Lecture)

A. Major parts 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm a. Contain organelles (see below) 3. Plasma membrane (To be discussed in Cellular Transport Lecture) Lecture 5: Cellular Biology I. Cell Theory Concepts: 1. Cells are the functional and structural units of living organisms 2. The activity of an organism is dependent on both the individual and collective

More information

T H E J O U R N A L O F C E L L B I O L O G Y

T H E J O U R N A L O F C E L L B I O L O G Y Supplemental material Beck et al., http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.201011027/dc1 T H E J O U R N A L O F C E L L B I O L O G Y Figure S1. Membrane binding of His-tagged proteins to Ni-liposomes.

More information

4/12/17. Cells. Cell Structure. Ch. 2 Cell Structure and Func.on. Range of Cell Sizes BIOL 100

4/12/17. Cells. Cell Structure. Ch. 2 Cell Structure and Func.on. Range of Cell Sizes BIOL 100 Ch. 2 Cell Structure and Func.on BIOL 100 Cells Fundamental units of life Cell theory All living things are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the most basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing

More information

The Immunoassay Guide to Successful Mass Spectrometry. Orr Sharpe Robinson Lab SUMS User Meeting October 29, 2013

The Immunoassay Guide to Successful Mass Spectrometry. Orr Sharpe Robinson Lab SUMS User Meeting October 29, 2013 The Immunoassay Guide to Successful Mass Spectrometry Orr Sharpe Robinson Lab SUMS User Meeting October 29, 2013 What is it? Hey! Look at that! Something is reacting in here! I just wish I knew what it

More information

1 (a) State the maximum magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope.

1 (a) State the maximum magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope. 1 (a) State the maximum magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope. Select your answers from the list below. 10x 40x 100x light microscope... x transmission

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL. Sample preparation for light microscopy

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL. Sample preparation for light microscopy SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Sample preparation for light microscopy To characterize the granulocytes and melanomacrophage centers, cross sections were prepared for light microscopy, as described in Material

More information

TRANSFER OF PREMELANOSOMES INTO THE KERATINIZING CELLS OF ALBINO HAIR FOLLICLE

TRANSFER OF PREMELANOSOMES INTO THE KERATINIZING CELLS OF ALBINO HAIR FOLLICLE TRANSFER OF PREMELANOSOMES INTO THE KERATINIZING CELLS OF ALBINO HAIR FOLLICLE PAUL F. PARAKKAL. From the Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 INTRODUCTION

More information

MCB130 Midterm. GSI s Name:

MCB130 Midterm. GSI s Name: 1. Peroxisomes are small, membrane-enclosed organelles that function in the degradation of fatty acids and in the degradation of H 2 O 2. Peroxisomes are not part of the secretory pathway and peroxisomal

More information

SBI3U7 Cell Structure & Organelles. 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells

SBI3U7 Cell Structure & Organelles. 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells SBI3U7 Cell Structure & Organelles 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells No nucleus Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound organelles Has a nucleus Eukaryotic Cells Membrane bound organelles Unicellular

More information

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS*

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS* Onderstepoort J. vet. Res. (1968), 35 (1), 139-150 Printed in the Repub. of S. Afr. by The Government Printer, Pretoria ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS* G. LECATSAS, Veterinary

More information

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions (part 1)

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions (part 1) 14 Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions (part 1) Introduction Many cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix which is consist of insoluble secreted macromolecules. Cells of bacteria,

More information

Summary of Endomembrane-system

Summary of Endomembrane-system Summary of Endomembrane-system 1. Endomembrane System: The structural and functional relationship organelles including ER,Golgi complex, lysosome, endosomes, secretory vesicles. 2. Membrane-bound structures

More information

Don t Freak Out. Test on cell organelle on Friday!

Don t Freak Out. Test on cell organelle on Friday! Cell Structure 1 Don t Freak Out Test on cell organelle on Friday! This test should be a buffer test and help raise your overall test score. All information will come from this week! 2 Cells Provide Compartments

More information

Europium Labeling Kit

Europium Labeling Kit Europium Labeling Kit Catalog Number KA2096 100ug *1 Version: 03 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Intended Use... 3 Background... 3 Principle of the Assay...

More information

Intracellular vesicular traffic. B. Balen

Intracellular vesicular traffic. B. Balen Intracellular vesicular traffic B. Balen Three types of transport in eukaryotic cells Figure 12-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008) Endoplasmic reticulum in all eucaryotic cells Endoplasmic

More information

A Tour of the Cell. reference: Chapter 6. Reference: Chapter 2

A Tour of the Cell. reference: Chapter 6. Reference: Chapter 2 A Tour of the Cell reference: Chapter 6 Reference: Chapter 2 Monkey Fibroblast Cells stained with fluorescent dyes to show the nucleus (blue) and cytoskeleton (yellow and red fibers), image courtesy of

More information

Ultrastructural Comparison of a Virus from a Rhesus-Monkey Mammary Carcinoma with Four Oncogenic RNA Viruses

Ultrastructural Comparison of a Virus from a Rhesus-Monkey Mammary Carcinoma with Four Oncogenic RNA Viruses Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 68, No. 7, pp. 1603-1607, July 1971 Ultrastructural Comparison of a Virus from a Rhesus-Monkey Mammary Carcinoma with Four Oncogenic RNA Viruses (primate cancer/murine mammary

More information

Cell Structure and Function. Biology 12 Unit 1 Cell Structure and Function Inquiry into Life pages and 68-69

Cell Structure and Function. Biology 12 Unit 1 Cell Structure and Function Inquiry into Life pages and 68-69 Cell Structure and Function Biology 12 Unit 1 Cell Structure and Function Inquiry into Life pages 45 59 and 68-69 Assignments for this Unit Pick up the notes/worksheet for this unit and the project There

More information

Endomembrane system, *Chloroplasts, *Mitochondria. *Learn these from text/connect1. Fertilization of a human cell

Endomembrane system, *Chloroplasts, *Mitochondria. *Learn these from text/connect1. Fertilization of a human cell Key Concepts: - Cells are the Basic Unit of Life Cell Theory, Surface to Volume - 2 Cell Types Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic - Cell Membrane Membrane Structure - Cell Organelles Endomembrane system, *Chloroplasts,

More information

Levels of Protein Structure:

Levels of Protein Structure: Levels of Protein Structure: PRIMARY STRUCTURE (1 ) - Defined, non-random sequence of amino acids along the peptide backbone o Described in two ways: Amino acid composition Amino acid sequence M-L-D-G-C-G

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum

More information

ATTACHMENT OF RIBOSOMES TO MEMBRANES DURING POLYSOME FORMATION IN MOUSE SARCOMA 180 CELLS

ATTACHMENT OF RIBOSOMES TO MEMBRANES DURING POLYSOME FORMATION IN MOUSE SARCOMA 180 CELLS Published Online: 1 June, 1971 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.49.3.683 Downloaded from jcb.rupress.org on November 2, 2018 ATTACHMENT OF RIBOSOMES TO MEMBRANES DURING POLYSOME FORMATION IN MOUSE

More information

Key words: Collagen synthesis - N-Terminal peptide of type III procollagen - Tumor marker - Liver cancer - Liver cirrhosis

Key words: Collagen synthesis - N-Terminal peptide of type III procollagen - Tumor marker - Liver cancer - Liver cirrhosis [Gann, 75, 130-135; February, 1984] HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF N-TERMINAL PEPTIDE OF TYPE III PROCOLLAGEN IN THE SERA OF PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS CANCERS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LIVER CANCER Terumasa HATAHARA,

More information

ON THE PRESENCE OF A CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELL TYPE WITHIN THE BOVINE CERVICAL MUCOSA 1

ON THE PRESENCE OF A CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELL TYPE WITHIN THE BOVINE CERVICAL MUCOSA 1 ON THE PRESENCE OF A CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELL TYPE WITHIN THE BOVINE CERVICAL MUCOSA 1 R. I. Wordinger, 2 J. B. Ramsey, I. F. Dickey and I. R. Hill, Jr. Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina

More information

Electron Microscopy of Small Cells: Mycoplasma hominis

Electron Microscopy of Small Cells: Mycoplasma hominis JOURNAL of BAcTRiowOY, Dc. 1969, p. 1402-1408 Copyright 0 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 100, No. 3 Printed In U.S.A. NOTES Electron Microscopy of Small Cells: Mycoplasma hominis JACK MANILOFF

More information

(a) TEM of a plasma. Fimbriae. Nucleoid. Ribosomes. Plasma membrane. Cell wall Capsule. Bacterial chromosome

(a) TEM of a plasma. Fimbriae. Nucleoid. Ribosomes. Plasma membrane. Cell wall Capsule. Bacterial chromosome 0 m m 0. m cm mm 00 µm 0 µm 00 nm 0 nm Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Frog egg Most plant and animal cells Most bacteria Smallest bacteria Viruses Proteins Unaided eye Light

More information

Yara Saddam. Amr Alkhatib. Ihsan

Yara Saddam. Amr Alkhatib. Ihsan 1 Yara Saddam Amr Alkhatib Ihsan NOTE: Yellow highlighting=correction/addition to the previous version of the sheet. Histology (micro anatomy) :- the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs.

More information

and Its Inhibitor Human-Polymorphonuclear-Leucocyte Neutral Protease Studies with Fluorescein-Labelled Polymeric Collagen Fibrils as a Substrate

and Its Inhibitor Human-Polymorphonuclear-Leucocyte Neutral Protease Studies with Fluorescein-Labelled Polymeric Collagen Fibrils as a Substrate Eur. J. Biochem. 67, 165169 (1976) HumanPolymorphonuclearLeucocyte Neutral Protease and Its Inhibitor Studies with FluoresceinLabelled Polymeric Collagen Fibrils as a Substrate Frank S. STEVEN, David W.

More information

Biology 12 Cell Structure and Function. Typical Animal Cell

Biology 12 Cell Structure and Function. Typical Animal Cell Biology 12 Cell Structure and Function Typical Animal Cell Vacuoles: storage of materials and water Golgi body: a series of stacked disk shaped sacs. Repackaging centre stores, modifies, and packages proteins

More information

Eukaryotic cell. Premedical IV Biology

Eukaryotic cell. Premedical IV Biology Eukaryotic cell Premedical IV Biology The size range of organisms Light microscopes visible light is passed through the specimen and glass lenses the resolution is limited by the wavelength of the visible

More information

Human height. Length of some nerve and muscle cells. Chicken egg. Frog egg. Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion

Human height. Length of some nerve and muscle cells. Chicken egg. Frog egg. Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Unaided eye 1 mm Frog egg 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion

More information

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (chloramphenicol/puromycin reaction/electron microscopy/synchronous cultures)

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (chloramphenicol/puromycin reaction/electron microscopy/synchronous cultures) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 1554-1558, May 1973 Attachment of Chloroplast Polysomes to Thylakoid Membranes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (chloramphenicol/puromycin reaction/electron microscopy/synchronous

More information

10 The Golgi Apparatus: The First 100 Years

10 The Golgi Apparatus: The First 100 Years 2 Structure With no cell compartment or organelle has morphology served such a pivotal role in its discovery and investigation as with the apparatus of Golgi. The original description of the apparato reticulo

More information

Chapter 2 Cell. Zhou Li Prof. Dept. of Histology and Embryology

Chapter 2 Cell. Zhou Li Prof. Dept. of Histology and Embryology Chapter 2 Cell Zhou Li Prof. Dept. of Histology and Embryology The inner life of the cell Ⅰ. Plasma membrane (Plasmalemma) 1.1 The structure Unit membrane: inner layer 3-layered structure outer layer mediat

More information

ARANEUS SERICATUS CHANGES IN FINE STRUCTURE DURING SILK PROTEIN PRODUCTION IN THE AMPULLATE GLAND OF THE SPIDER. ALLEN L. BELL and DAVID B.

ARANEUS SERICATUS CHANGES IN FINE STRUCTURE DURING SILK PROTEIN PRODUCTION IN THE AMPULLATE GLAND OF THE SPIDER. ALLEN L. BELL and DAVID B. Published Online: 1 July, 1969 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.42.1.284 Downloaded from jcb.rupress.org on September 18, 2018 CHANGES IN FINE STRUCTURE DURING SILK PROTEIN PRODUCTION IN THE AMPULLATE

More information

Structures in Cells. Cytoplasm. Lecture 5, EH1008: Biology for Public Health, Biomolecules

Structures in Cells. Cytoplasm. Lecture 5, EH1008: Biology for Public Health, Biomolecules Structures in Cells Lecture 5, EH1008: Biology for Public Health, Biomolecules Limian.zheng@ucc.ie 1 Cytoplasm Nucleus Centrioles Cytoskeleton Cilia Microvilli 2 Cytoplasm Cellular material outside nucleus

More information

Cell Cell

Cell Cell Go to cellsalive.com. Select Interactive Cell Models: Plant and Animal. Fill in the information on Plant and Animal Organelles, then Click on Start the Animation Select Plant or Animal Cell below the box.

More information

BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al)

BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 15: Being a Eukaryote: From DNA to Protein, A Tour of the Eukaryotic Cell. Christiaan van Woudenberg Being A Eukaryote Basic eukaryotes

More information

10/13/11. Cell Theory. Cell Structure

10/13/11. Cell Theory. Cell Structure Cell Structure Grade 12 Biology Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing

More information

Renáta Schipp Gergely Berta Department of Medical Biology

Renáta Schipp Gergely Berta Department of Medical Biology The cell III. Renáta Schipp Gergely Berta Department of Medical Biology Size and Biology Biology is a visually rich subject many of the biological events and structures are smaller than the unaided human

More information

ey-globulin, labeled in its protein moiety with H3-leucine, was confined to the

ey-globulin, labeled in its protein moiety with H3-leucine, was confined to the THE SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF y-globulin BY LYMPH NODE CELLS, III. THE SLOW ACQUISITION OF THE CARBOHYDRATE MOIETY OF 7-GLOBULIN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SECRETION BY ROBERT M. SWENSON* AND MILTON KERN

More information

1. (a) (i) Ability to distinguish points (close together); 1 (ii) Electrons have a shorter wavelength; 1

1. (a) (i) Ability to distinguish points (close together); 1 (ii) Electrons have a shorter wavelength; 1 1. (a) (i) Ability to distinguish points (close together); 1 Electrons have a shorter wavelength; 1 (b) (i) Golgi / nucleus / mitochondrion / endoplasmic reticulum / chromosome / larger ribosomes; R Membrane

More information

General Features. Originates mostly from mesoderm. Composed of cells, fibres and extracellular matrix. Highly vascular. Variable regenerative power.

General Features. Originates mostly from mesoderm. Composed of cells, fibres and extracellular matrix. Highly vascular. Variable regenerative power. Connective Tissue General Features Originates mostly from mesoderm. Composed of cells, fibres and extracellular matrix. Highly vascular. Variable regenerative power. Functions of Connective Tissue Support:

More information

Acid phosphatase activity in the neutral red granules of mouse exocrine pancreas cells

Acid phosphatase activity in the neutral red granules of mouse exocrine pancreas cells 343 Acid phosphatase activity in the neutral red granules of mouse exocrine pancreas cells By JENNIFER M. BYRNE (From the Cytological Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford) With

More information

the structure of their ducts has been

the structure of their ducts has been Tza JOURNAL 0? INVEa'riGATrVN DEBMATOLOOT Copyright t 1966 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 46, No. I Printed in U.S.A. AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE ADULT HUMAN APOCRINE DUCT* KEN HASHIMOTO,

More information

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Studying Cells 2. Intracellular Structures 3. The Cytoskeleton 4. Extracellular Structures

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Studying Cells 2. Intracellular Structures 3. The Cytoskeleton 4. Extracellular Structures Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell 1. Studying Cells 2. Intracellular Structures 3. The Cytoskeleton 4. Extracellular Structures 1. Studying Cells Concepts of Microscopy MAGNIFICATION factor by which the image

More information

1. Studying Cells. Concepts of Microscopy 11/7/2016. Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell

1. Studying Cells. Concepts of Microscopy 11/7/2016. Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Electron microscope Light microscope Unaided eye 11/7/2016 Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell 1. Studying Cells 2. Intracellular Structures 3. The Cytoskeleton 4. Extracellular Structures 1. Studying Cells

More information

AP Biology Cells: Chapters 4 & 5

AP Biology Cells: Chapters 4 & 5 AP Biology Cells: Chapters 4 & 5 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The was the first unifying principle of biology. a. spontaneous generation

More information

The Cytoplasm Li Shulei Department of Histology & Embryology

The Cytoplasm Li Shulei Department of Histology & Embryology The Cytoplasm Li Shulei lishulei@tom.com Department of Histology & Embryology Cell components Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Organelles Cytoplasmic deposits Cytoskeleton Cytosol ( Matrix ) Nucleus Plasma membrane

More information

Starch grains - excess sugars

Starch grains - excess sugars (a) Membrane system - site of light reactions (photosynthesis) - chlorpophyll pigments - enzymes - electron carriers - flattened, fluid-filled sacs (called thylakoids which are stacked to form grana) -

More information