January 31, Chemistry of Life. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins. Biologically Important Macromolecules. Nucleic Acids

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1 Chemistry of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biologically Important Macromolecules Nucleic Acids

2 Polymers Polymers are large molecules of repeating sub units (building blocks) Individual Building Blocks......can be assembled into polymers: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids are all POLYMERS Polymers con't 1 H 2 O 1 H 2 O Joining 2 subunits requires the removal of water and is called: DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Breaking that bond requires the addition of water and is called: HYDROLYSIS (hydra = water, lysis = burst / break)

3 Purpose: Carbohydrates Fuel / Energy for the body's metabolism Carb Intro Video Elements: C, H, and O - individual sugars (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) can be joined together Types: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides C 6 H 12 O 6 Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose (these are called isomers because they have the same chemical formula but different shape) Joined by dehydration synthesis Ex: matlose, lactose, sucrose Starch (for energy storage): Animals: Glycogen Plants: Amylose Cellulose: Makes up plant cell walls & is not digestable Ex. blood sugar Dehydration Synthesis Polymers of carbs, proteins, or lipids can be made by joining several subunits together OH + H = H O H

4 Work on Carbohydrate Questions (worksheet) Review Carbohydrate Questions (worksheet) What is the difference between simple carbohydrates & complex carbohydrates? Why are complex carbohydrates better for you? Benedicts and Lugol Demo Glucose Song

5 1 Which of the following elements make up carbohydrates? Select all that apply. A B C D E F G H Nitrogen Carbon Oxygen Phosphorous Hydrogen Sulfur Potassium Sodium 2 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in what ratio respectively? : :

6 3 An isomer is a molecule that has the same chemical formula, but different physical arrangement. Which of the following is an isomer of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )? A B C D Glycogen Fructose Cellulose Amylose 4 Both plants and animals store carbs for future energy needs. Plants usually store these carbohydrates as and animals store these carbohydrates as. A B C D cellulose, amylose cellulose, glycogen glycogen, amylose amylose, glycogen

7 5 How many hydrogen atoms are there in a molecule of sucrose? Identify three different types of carbohydrates are found in an orange. For each, describe it's purpose / function in the orange.

8 Review Orange Homework Proteins - Made from building blocks called amino acids: (sample of 5 amino acids) They have the same elements as carbohydrates with the addition of NITROGEN

9 Proteins Protein Video - Human proteins are made from 20 different amino acids - Depending on the order & number of amino acids, the protein takes on a different shape. - The shape of a protein determines it's function - Changing the protein's environment (temperature, ph, UV exposure) can cause it to denature or coagulate (change shape) - Proteins can versatile and can be structural or be used for enzymes, hormones, transport, movement, identification, and even energy! Important Proteins Hemoglobin Membrane Proteins Catalase Photosynthesis Proteins

10 Protein of the Month explore/motm.do? sortby=date#motm Work on Polymer Worksheet & Protein Crossword

11 Review Polymer Worksheet & Protein Crossword Lipids Lipid Video Purpose: Energy Storage, Hormones, Protection, Transport - Lipids are composed primarily of C, H, and O

12 Fats / Triglycerides - Made of one glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains - Fatty acid chains can be either saturated or unsaturated. Saturated: More hydrogen, all single bonds Unsaturated: less hydrogen, some double bonds Sterols / Steroids - ex. cholesterol - ex. hormones like estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone Waxes ex. ear wax, wax on bird wings, pine needles Phospholipids - make up cell membranes - similar to triglycerides except one of the fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate - non-polar (doesn't mix with water) Saturated, Unsaturated, and Trans Fats Saturated: More hydrogen, all single bonds Solid at room temperature Animal fats like butter, bacon fat etc Harder to digest Unsaturated: less hydrogen, some double bonds Liquid at room temperature Ex. Plant oils (canola, olive, vegetable etc) Easier to digest

13 Lipid vs. Carb Energy Demo cell membrane made of phospholpids Triglyceride Why are cell membranes made of lipids? What advantage does the cell have by using lipids instead of proteins or carbohydrates? Hints: Lipids are non-polar What is the primary component of cell cytoplasm?

14 Lipid Practice Questions: p.216 #1-5 Review Lipid Practice Questions: p.216 #1-5

15 6 Which of the following rows is matched correctly? Type of Fat Ease of Digestion Risk of contributing to heart disease A B C D Saturated Fats Easy High Saturated Fats Difficult Low Unsaturated Fats Difficult High Unsaturated Fats Easy Low 7 True of False, the following picture depicts a saturated fat. True False