1. Which of the following functions or capabilities must be performed by a transmembranal/intrinsic protein in the plasma membrane?

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1 (3.45 points each) Multiple Choice. Read each question thoroughly before answering. From the choices available, choose the answer that is the most correct. Place all answers on the accompanying answer sheet. 1. Which of the following functions or capabilities must be performed by a transmembranal/intrinsic protein in the plasma membrane? a. facilitate the passage of molecules across the plasma membrane. b. serve as anchor points for the cytoskeleton. c. identify the cell to nearby cells and cells of the immune system. d. participate as enzymes in chemical reactions. 2. Organelles are a. organized into organ systems of the body. b. composed of at least two different tissue types. c. located within eukaryotic cells. d. a group of organs with a common set of functions. e. a group of cells with similar structure and function. 3. Movement of a molecule or ion though the plasma membrane against its concentration gradient requires a. the countercurrent movement of water by osmosis. b. stimulation of a sensor and selection of the right effector by the control center. c. the use of cellular energy from the breakdown of ATP. d. the use of 25% NaCl solution. e. a membrane protein capable of facilitated diffusion. 4. A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood Ca +2 level to maintain normal blood Ca +2 concentration. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when a. blood Ca +2 levels increase above the normal homeostatic range. b. blood Ca +2 levels decrease below the normal homeostatic range. c. blood Ca +2 levels vary within the normal homeostatic range. d. bone is broken down liberating additional Ca +2 into the blood. 5. The type of cell connection that serves as a barrier to the passage of substances or cells through the interstitial space between epithelial cells is a a. hemidesmosome. b. desmosome. c. gap junction. d. intercalated disc. e. tight junction. 6. Liquids that contain suspended substances like proteins are called a. lysosomes. b. lipid cores. c. solutions. d. colloids. 7. What type of cartilage is responsible for the shape of the external ear? a. hyaline b. fibrocartilage c. elastic d. dense irregular elastic e. dense regular collagenous 8. According to the most current model explaining the structure and function of the plasma membrane, a. cholesterol molecules form the core of the membrane. b. proteins are located amid the phospholipid bilayer. c. phospholipids and cholesterol create channels that facilitate the passage of ions. d. the membrane is a hard outer barrier that gives the cell its shape. e. protein molecules form the core of the membrane.

2 9. A tissue lines the tubules of an organ that filters blood. This is a location where absorption is essential and abrasion is nonexistent. This tissue is a. a stratified layer of epithelial cells. b. a collagenous connective tissue. c. a simple layer of epithelial cells. d. ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. e. hyaline cartilage. 10. Active transport carrier proteins in the cell membrane are classified as proteins. a. integral b. secondary c. peripheral d. extrinsic e. primary 11. is the study of structural and functional changes caused by disease. a. Neurophysiology b. Cytology c. Gross anatomy d. Histology e. Pathology 12. In the process of osmosis, net movement of water across a membrane is always from a. an area of lower water concentration to an area of higher water concentration. b. inside the cell to the region outside the cell. c. outside the cell to inside the cell. d. a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. e. None of these choices are correct. 13. The function of neuroglia is to a. support, protect, and nourish neurons. b. transmit action potentials. c. connect epithelium to connective tissue. 14. In general, the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is impermeable to a. lipid soluble molecules. b. water soluble molecules. c. small, neutral molecules like O 2 d. lipid-like molecules including steroids e. None of these choices is correct. 15. Phospholipid tails that make up the core or the membrane are a. polar phosphate molecules. b. non-polar lipids. c. polar lipids. d. fatty proteins. 16. are located in the body to provide information to the control centers about the status of body variables. a. Hormones b. Receptors c. Set points d. Ears e. Effectors 17. Epithelium and hyaline cartilage are both avascular. They a. are very complex. b. contain so much proteoglycan. c. are not penetrated by blood vessels. d. are dead tissues. 18. The microscopic examination of a tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines? a. histology b. systemic anatomy c. gross anatomy d. radiology e. regional anatomy 19. Connective tissue like that of tendons where the protein fibers are arranged for strength when pulled in one direction is a. dense irregular collagenous tissue. b. reticular tissue. c. dense regular collagenous tissue d. dense elastic tissue. e. areolar tissue.

3 20. The nucleus consists of a. one or more nucleoli. b. double membraned nuclear envelope. c. nucleoplasm. d. DNA and histones e. b, c, and d only f. a, b, c, and d 21. Human body parameters like blood glucose concentration, body temperature, and blood pressure are controlled by mechanisms that keep them from varying drastically. The control of body parameters to maintain stability is called a. metabolism. b. biochemistry. c. active transport. d. homeostasis. e. action potential. 22. Channel proteins a. are binding sites for other molecules present in the interstitial fluid. b. initiate the G protein complex mechanism. c. are a location through which ions or molecules can enter or leave the cell. d. allow cells to recognize one another. e. provide a spiritual contact between dead and living cells. 23. Ligand-gated ion channels a. open to allow copies of DNA to exit the cell s nucleus. b. require voltage changes across the membrane before the ion can pass through the channel. c. require the binding of a substance to receptors in pits on the surface of the cell before the substance will be engulfed. d. require the binding of a ligand before the nuclear pores will allow copies of DNA to exit the cell s nucleus. e. require the binding of a ligand to the receptor site of the channel before the ion can pass through the channel. 24. The three main types of protein fibers found in connective tissue matrices are a. hyaluronic acid, collagen, and reticular fibers. b. proteoglycan, elastin, and reticular fibers. c. collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers. d. proteoglycan, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. e. chondronectin, osteonectin, fibronectin 25. A symport transport protein will transport across the cell membrane. a. two ions or molecules in opposite directions b. two ions or molecules in the same direction c. two of the same ions or molecules in the same direction d. one specific ion or molecule 26. The orientation of phospholipids within the plasma membrane is the result of a. strong bonding between their phosphate heads and integral proteins. b. the repulsion between the phosphate heads of the phospholipids and the watery solutions of the extracellular fluids and cytosol. c. the repulsive forces between the lipid tails of the phospholipids and the watery solutions of the interstitial fluids and cytosol. d. chemical bonding between the phospholipids and proteins of the cytoskeleton. 27. Organize the following structural levels of the human body from simplest to most complex. (1) cell (2) tissue (3) chemical (4) organ system (5) organ a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 b. 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 c. 3, 1, 2, 5, 4 d. 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 e. 3, 1, 2, 4, In the example given in lecture, the cell bodies of multipolar neurons that control muscle contraction are located in the a. red bone marrow. b. non-polar plasma membrane cores. c. spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord. d. spinal cord.

4 29. If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of a. connective tissue. b. keratinized epithelium. c. stratified squamous epithelium. d. simple columnar epithelium. e. simple squamous epithelium. 30. Inflammation is a general immune response that is stimulated and maintained by a. medical injections at a wound site. b. substances released by damaged cells. c. fibroblast migration into a wound. 31. Epithelium constantly regenerates itself via cell division (mitosis) in its basal layer. Epithelium is classified as a. labile. b. stable. c. permanent. d. nervous tissue. e. primary union. 32. The collection of carbohydrates, glycolipids, and glycoproteins of the plasma membrane is called the a. fluid mosaic. b. extracellular membrane. c. intercellular fluid. d. phospholipid. e. glycocalyx. This figure depicts a facilitator in the plasma membrane 33. Note that this facilitator only interacts with a single substance. The property that describes the ability of a facilitator to facilitate the movement of only one type of molecule across the membrane is known as a. competition. b. saturation. c. specificity. d. active transport. e. none of these choices 34. If another molecule (not shown in the figure) of similar size, shape, and properties to the one shown here arrived in the extracellular fluid outside the cell, this new molecule would a. also be moved across the membrane. b. compete with the molecule shown for the facilitation site. c. build up in the extracellular fluid. d. both a and b are correct e. none of these choices is correct 35. What is responsible for the increase in the rate of molecule movement shown on the graph between points 1 and 2? a. increase in the number of facilitators b. increase in the number of molecules in the extracellular fluid c. opening of ligand gated channels d. saturation of the facilitator with molecules

5 36. Given the graph and figure, how can the cell regulate the rate of passage of molecules across its membrane? a. change the shape of the molecule being facilitated b. control the number of facilitators present in the membrane c. introduce competing molecules d. none of these choices 37. Which of the following statements concerning the process of tissue repair is false? a. In regeneration, destroyed cells are replaced by the same type of cells. b. In replacement, a new type of tissue develops that eventually results in scar production. c. Labile cells cannot be replaced by the process of regeneration. d. Stable cells do not actively replicate after growth but retain the ability to regenerate. e. Permanent cells have a limited ability to replicate. 38. Connective tissue is classified into groups primarily based on a. IUPAC nomenclature. b. shape of the cells found in it. c. number of cell layers d. its location in the body. e. structure and composition of the extracellular matrix. 39. Which of the following cell connections provides strong, flexible attachment between lateral surfaces of epithelial cells? a. tight junctions b. desmosomes c. gap junctions d. hemidesmosomes 40. Epithelial glands like the salivary glands that secrete their products into a tube or tubule are a. endocrine glands. b. reticular glands. c. exocrine glands. d. neuroglial glands. 41. Epithelium modified for efficient absorption of nutrients across the free surface, like the epithelium lining the intestine, possesses a. gap junctions. b. microvilli. c. cilia. d. goblet cells. 42. Which of the following muscle tissues possesses striations but is classified as involuntary? a. skeletal b. cardiac. c. smooth 43. This connective tissue is different from others in that it possesses little extracellular matrix. Instead it consists of cells with very little cytoplasm and large vacuoles for the storage of fat. This connective tissue is a. reticular tissue. b. blood. c. pseudostratified columnar. d. hyaline cartilage. e. adipose. 44. A cell's ability to replenish ATP is reduced by a metabolic poison. Which organelle is being affected? a. nucleus b. centriole c. microtubule d. mitochondrion e. ribosomes 45. Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected? a. simple diffusion b. osmosis c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion e. filtration 46. Which of the following cell connections attaches the basal surface of simple epithelium to the basement membrane? a. tight junctions b. desmosomes c. gap junctions d. hemidesmosomes

6 Match the following terms to their definitions. None of the choices are used more than once, others may not be needed 47. Hydrophilic 48. Cytosol 49. Lysosome 50. Membrane receptor protein 51. Osmosis 52. Mitochondrion 53. Attachment proteins 54. Gap junction 55. Proteoglycan Definitions: a. A protein/polysaccharide molecule present in the ground substance of connective tissue matrices. b. The donation of electrons occurring in ionic bonds. c. Participate in chemical reactions at the cell s surface. d. The fluid portion of the cytoplasm which contains cytoplasmic inclusions. e. A junction between epithelial cells that binds cells together and does not allow the passage of substances or bacteria in the interstitial space. f. Water soluble molecules. g. Based on the name, this connective tissue cell functions to build the extracellular matrix. h. A component of the cell s glycocalyx, its attached carbohydrate chain helps identify the cell to the immune system. i. A junction between cells comprised of integral proteins that allows substances to pass easily from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another cell. j. The diffusion of water across a membrane. k. An organelle where aerobic ATP production occurs. l. A non-polar molecule will possess this characteristic. m. Presents a receptor site on the outside of the cell s membrane; initiates cellular activity when part of a G protein complex. n. A flexible junction between two epithelial cells that allows the passage of substances in the interstitial space. o. Facilitate or actively transport specific molecules across the plasma membrane. p. Also known as integrins, these bind the plasma membrane of a cell to other cells or to extracellular molecules. q. An enzyme containing organelle, it will fuse with phagocytic vesicles to begin digestion of their contents. r. Consists of membranes and cisternae. This organelle plays a role in the synthesis of lipids and detoxification. (10 points each) Written Answer. Prepare a written answer to the following questions. Use the answer sheet and separate sheets of paper as necessary. Place your name on all separate sheets. ANSWERS NEED TO BE IN COMPLETE SENTENCES AND WRITTEN TO ANSWER THE QUESTION. 56. What is protein conformation? What cellular functions result from the ability of membrane proteins to undergo temporary, reversible conformational shift? 57. Lipoproteins are important transport molecules in human blood. Use your knowledge of the organelles of the cell to describe the process of making the protein, making of the lipid, combing the two, and secreting into the extracellular fluid. 58. Heavy smoking destroys the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium lining the trachea and bronchial passageways. Speculate what might happen if this tissue is replaced by nonciliated epithelium during the course of tissue repair. 59. Ehlers Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of inherited connective tissue disorders. The disorder is the result of the production of faulty or poorly-functioning collagen in body parts such as the skin, muscles (tendons), and ligaments. Suggest possible effects of faulty collagen in the loose connective tissue of the skin and in the dense connective tissue of the tendons and ligaments. 60. Why is human labor and delivery an example of a positive feedback mechanism? Explain how it fits the definition. 61. How does the plasma membrane achieve selective permeability? Now remove the transmembranal proteins from the membrane, how does this change the membrane s permeability?