Biochemistry.notebook. October 18, Oct 4 10:25 AM. Nov 23 8:14 AM. Aim: What are the molecules that make up living organisms?

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1 Aim: What are the molecules that make up living organisms? Do Now: Locate Oxygen, carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and water on the Periodic Table : Study for test Thursday Read pp Copy & answer p. 54 #1 3 10/4/11 LE1 LE8 Matter Review Atom the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means All matter is made of atoms Atomic Structure A nucleus composed of Protons & Neutrons surrounded by "cloud of electrons" Element a substance made of atoms with the same # of protons Chemical Bonds form between groups of atoms because most atoms become stable when they have eight electrons in their outer shell Nov 23 8:14 AM Oct 4 11:29 AM TP: To learn the carbon based molecules of life Do Now: What are 4 of the esential elements necessary for life Acid Base Review sheet Read pp Vocabulary: carbohydrate, lipid, protein, amino acid, nucleic acid,nucleotide, DNA, RNA, ATP, glucose, monosaccharide, chitin, cellulose, polysaccharide (sugar) Oct 4 9:59 AM Oct 7 9:37 AM Oct 4 10:25 AM Oct 16 9:07 AM 1

2 What are the chemicals of life Made of? Biomolecules large, complex molecules that are built from a few smaller, repeating units arranged in an extremely precise way Carbon Compounds element contained in most biomolecules, able to form covalent bonds w/ as many as 4 other elements carbon can bond w/ itself to form chains or rings 4 Major Macro or Biomolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 10/18/12 LE 1 LE 4 TP: Students will explore the elements required for biomolecule Do Now: 1. Define a biomolecule Rd pp Copy & Answer # 1 5 Oct 16 7:58 AM Oct 17 8:02 AM LE 1 10/18/12 Oct 17 10:49 AM Oct 17 8:28 AM Biomolecules 4 General Categories Carbohydrates are made of simple sugars simple sugars contain Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Ex Glucose Fructose Sucrose Lactose Purpose Energy supply Structural support (Chitin & cellulose Cell Recognition 10/17/12 LE1 LE4 All Living Organisms Require Organic Molecules Sugars are the building blocks of Carbohydrates Examples: Glucose (monosaccharide) Fructose (monosaccaride) Sucrose (disaccharide) table sugar A. Carbohydrates 1. Structure formed from carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen C atoms bond to each other to form chains or rings a nutrient from plants/ producers two simple sugars (monosaccharide glucose) can link to form a di or poly saccharide (sucrose) 2. Function major source of energy for organisms provide structural support ex: Chitin (insect exoskeleton) & cellulose (plants) Glucose Molecule Oct 17 8:09 AM Nov 10 12:23 AM 2

3 Oct 18 6:26 PM Oct 18 6:26 PM Oct 18 10:32 AM Oct 18 10:32 AM TP: To explore lipids as a necessary molecules for life 10/18/12 LE1 LE4 Do Now: 1.What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? 2. What are 2 purposes of carbohydrates? Water as a polar molecule making more Hydrogen bonds with another water molecule Study for Biochem quiz + Quarterly test next Tuesday 10/23 Oct 18 8:46 AM Oct 18 8:16 AM 3

4 Lipids Includes Fats, phospholipids, steroids and waxes Structure: chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and hydrogen atoms this structure makes fats/oils repel water main distinction between fats and oils is whether they re solid or liquid at room temperature this is based on differences in the structures of the fatty acids they contain Building Blocks: Fatty Acids Oil & Water don't Mix (Unless you Use Soap) The tail of a fatty acid is a long hydrocarbon chain, making it hydrophobic. The head of the molecule is a carboxyl group which is hydrophilic. Fatty acids are the main component of soap, where their tails are soluble in oily dirt and their heads are soluble in water to emulsify and wash away the oily dirt. However, when the head end is attached to glycerol to form a fat,\ that whole molecule is hydrophobic. Hydrophillic= water loving (mixes with water) Hydrophobic= water hating (doesn't mix with water) An emulsifying agent is a substance which is soluble in both oil and water, enabling the two to mix Purpose: Energy stores Water barriers Cushioning Oct 17 8:13 AM Oct 18 9:43 AM Phospholipids Phospholipids are made from glycerol, two fatty acids, and (in place of the third fatty acid) a pphosphate group with some other molecule attached to its other end. The hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acids are still hydrophobic, but the phosphate group end of the molecule is hydrophilic because of the oxygens with all of their pairs of unshared electrons. This means that phospholipids are soluble in both water and oil. Oct 18 10:21 AM Oct 18 10:23 AM Aim: What are lipids? 11/12/09 Do Now : Copy these notes 1. Structure chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms> Lipids repel water 2. Function storing energy> fat molecules are converted from carbs & back to carbs if needed when food not available controlling water movement> makes up the cell membrane, "Phospholipid bilayer" 1 layer made of water, 1 made of long carbon chains, repels water lipid bilayer gives the membranes its fluid characteristics Phospholipid Bilayer ex: Feathers of birds coated with oils help "waterproof" them Polar molecules cannot pass through this membrane without external aid The presence of the double bond prevents tight packing and makes the bilayer difficult to freeze. Nov 10 12:51 AM Nov 10 1:08 AM 4

5 Carbohydrates Biomolecules 10/7/2011 LE3 LE8 Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Oct 16 8:03 AM Oct 7 10:11 AM LE3 10/7/11 LE3 10/7/11 Nov 10 12:40 AM Oct 7 10:23 AM Aim: What are the molecules of life (cont.): Proteins & Nucleic Acids 11/16/09 TP: What are the building blocks of Organic molecules 10/11/11 LE# LE8 Do Now: DO Now:Copy chart below What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? What is the role of lipids in our bodies? Use pp P. 63 # 6, 7; p Vocabulary: protein, enzyme, catalyze, substrate, activation energy, reactant, product Complex Organic Molecules and their Building Blocks Building Block Simple Sugars Macromolecule/ Complex Molecule Examples Carbohydrates Amino Acids Proteins Meat Carb= starches, breads, pasta, fruit Fatty Acids Lipids & oils Vitamin A Nucleotides Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA, ATP : Recopy this chart into your vocab section Vocab: combustion, oxidation, macromolecule Nov 12 8:39 AM Oct 11 9:40 AM 5

6 TP: What are the building blocks of Organic molecules DO Now: Copy Chart Below Grades are available online! Complex Organic Molecules and their Building Blocks Building Block Simple Sugars Macromolecule/ Complex Molecule Examples Carbohydrates Amino Acids Proteins Meat Carb= starches, breads, pasta, fruit Fatty Acids Lipids & oils Vitamin A Nucleotides Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA, ATP Proteins They rule your lives! Definition: chains of amino acids that twist & fold into certain shapes that determine what the proteins do Example: Some proteins provide structure & support (Muscle Tissue) Some proteins carry out important chemical reactions in the body (they break down food in your digestive system) Structure large molecule made of amino acids (aa) there are 20 essential aa's recognized by its amino group ( NH2) & carboxyl group ( COOH) Must have nitrogen to make amino acids aa's link together by peptide bonds to get aa's your body must take in proteins Enzymes are Proteins Oct 11 9:40 AM Nov 12 8:29 AM Protein Function Function involved in virtually all cell functions each protein within the body has a specific function. structural support bodily movement (Muscles) defense against germs (Antibodies) Chemical reactions (Enzyme) Structure constructed from a set of 20 amino acids have distinct three dimensional shapes. Nov 29 7:04 AM Oct 18 11:54 AM L LE3 LE1 11/23/10 Class Notes Nov 24 9:58 AM Nov 23 8:45 AM 6

7 Oct 7 10:23 AM Nov 12 9:23 AM TP: To understand how enzyme structure and function Do Now: What are the building blocks of proteins? Graphing Lab due Next Friday Quarterly Test next Tuesday + BioChem Nov 16 10:20 AM Oct 18 6:54 PM Enzymes are proteins with special functions How do Enzymes Work? The "Lock and Key" 1. Active site on the enzyme attaches to a substrate molecule (such as a disaccharide) forming an enzyme substrate complex. 2. While attached, the enzyme causes a weakening of chemical bonds in the substrate molecule, 3. Results in a breakdown of the substrate into two smaller product molecules (such as two monosaccharides) 4. Enzyme is unchanged during the reaction and is free to catalyze the breakdown of another substrate molecule 5. If the active site on the enzyme is blocked by a poison molecule, reaction cannot occur. Nov 29 6:51 AM Nov 29 6:53 AM 7

8 Enzymes 1. Speed up by 1000x's the rate of chemical reaction in the body 2. Are not used up in the reaction 3. Follow the lock and key system enzymes are shaped specifically to act on their target molecules 4. Catalyze reactions: can split apart or join molecules together, 5. Can be denatured/ shape changed by temperature or ph changes Aim: What are nucleic acids? Do Now: What are the building blocks of : proteins carbohydrates lipids 1.Take Home Notebook Test. Must be signed by parent or 20 points off 2. Have Trip Permission Slip signed Nov 29 7:09 AM Nov 30 10:32 AM Aim: What are nucleic acids? 10/13/2011 LE 3 Do Now: What are the building blocks of : proteins carbohydrates lipids There will be a notebook quiz the last 20 minutes of class! Nov 30 10:32 AM Oct 13 9:35 AM Oct 13 9:37 AM Oct 13 9:38 AM 8

9 3 Major Nucleic Acids LE3 12/3/10 DNA deoxyribo(se) nucleic acid molecule of heredity nucleotide combinations make genes! found in the Nucleus of cells RNA ribo(se) nucleic acid molecule of heredity 3 different types in cells ATP adenosine tri phosphate currency of energy for the cells Oct 13 9:32 AM Dec 3 10:05 AM Nucleic Acids Definition: Made of smaller units called nucleotides Nucleotide: Contains 3 parts a sugar, a base & a phosphate group Nucleic Acids: your body has only 2: DNA & RNA DNA sugar is deoxy ribose Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA sugar is ribose Ribonucleic acid 4 Nucleotide bases of DNA : A,T,C,G Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) 4 RNA Nucleotide Bases: A,U, C, G Adenine (A) Uracil (U) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Functions of Nucleic Acids & Nucleotides Function Heredity Energy Transfer Description DNA stores & transmits genetic info. between organisms DNA molecule contains the genetic code/ instructions for producing all the proteins in an organism ATP is the main molecule that cells use to transfer energy ATP = Adenosine triphosphate Consists of a single nucleotide connected to two additional phosphate groups There are other energy transferring molecules that also contain nucleotides Nov 12 8:46 AM Nov 16 9:00 AM carbohydrates DNA enzymes fats lipids monosaccharides nucleic acids nucleotides phospholipids polysaccharides proteins RNA Review of Biomolecules Nov 10 12:10 AM Nov 16 9:14 AM 9

10 Nov 24 8:24 AM 10

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