What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP

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1 ATP Chapter 8

2 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP

3 Flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat

4 Energy is stored in organic compounds Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Heterotrophs eat these Digest these to get Raw materials for synthesis Fuels for energy Through a series of step-by-step rxns

5 respiration Glucose is the model catabolism of glucose to produce ATP glucose + oxygen energy + water + carbon dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ATP + 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + heat COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step fuel (carbohydrates) O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + heat RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps ATP glucose enzymes O 2 ATP CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP (+ heat)

6 respiration The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic 2 main exergonic pathways: Fermentation Cellular respiration glucose + oxygen energy + water + carbon dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ATP + 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + heat

7 Fermentation A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen Cellular Respiration The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway Consumes oxygen and organic molecules such as glucose Yields ATP

8 Catabolic pathways yield energy Due to the transfer of electrons Redox reactions Transfer electrons from one reactant to another by oxidation and reduction Oxidation a substance loses electrons, is oxidized Reduction a substance gains electrons, is reduced

9 Becomes oxidized (loses electron) Becomes reduced (gains electron)

10 Reducing agent: Gives away its electrons Becomes oxidized Oxidizing agent: Takes electrons Becomes reduced

11 Digest large molecules into smaller ones break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another as electrons move they carry energy with them that energy is stored in another bond, released as heat or harvested to make ATP loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced e - e - oxidation redox e - reduction

12 Moving electrons in living systems electrons cannot move alone in cells electrons move as part of H atom move H = move electrons loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced H oxidation oxidation e p H reduction C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP H e - reduction

13 During cellular respiration: Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced becomes oxidized C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy becomes reduced

14 Oxidation adding O removing H loss of electrons releases energy exergonic Reduction removing O adding H gain of electrons stores energy endergonic oxidation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP reduction

15 like $$ in the bank Electron carriers move electrons by shuttling H atoms around NAD + NADH (reduced) FAD +2 FADH 2 (reduced) reducing power! NAD + nicotinamide Vitamin B3 niacin O P O H N + O C NH 2 + H reduction oxidation NADH O P O H H N + O C NH phosphates O O O O P O O adenine O O O O P O O ribose sugar carries electrons as a reduced molecule

16 4 metabolic stages Anaerobic respiration 1. Glycolysis respiration without O 2 in cytosol Aerobic respiration respiration using O 2 in mitochondria 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport chain C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ATP + 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 (+ heat)

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18 Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis

19 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP

20 If electron transfer is not stepwise: A large release of energy occurs Electron transport chain: Passes electrons in a series of steps Uses energy from the electron transfer to form ATP

21

22 Breaking down glucose glyco lysis (splitting sugar) glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C In the cytosol? Why does that make evolutionary sense? ancient pathway which harvests energy where energy transfer first evolved transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration but it s inefficient generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose occurs in cytosol That s not enough ATP for me!

23 Prokaryotes first cells had no organelles Anaerobic atmosphere life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O 2 ) in atmosphere energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O 2 Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all modern life ALL cells still utilize glycolysis

24 10 reactions convert glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C) produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH consumes: 2 ATP net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH glucose C-C-C-C-C-C fructose-1,6bp P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P enzyme DHAP P-C-C-C DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate G3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate enzyme enzyme enzyme 2P i enzyme G3P C-C-C-P enzyme enzyme enzyme 2H 2P i 2 2 pyruvate C-C-C ATP ADP NAD + ADP ATP

25 ENERGY INVESTMENT endergonic invest some ATP -2 ATP ENERGY PAYOFF G3P C-C-C-P 4 ATP exergonic harvest a little ATP & a little NADH like $$ in the bank NET YIELD net yield 2 ATP 2 NADH

26 2 ATP 2 ADP glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C 4 ADP 4 ATP 2 NAD + 2 But glucose has Net gain = 2 ATP + 2 NADH some energy investment (-2 ATP) small energy return (4 ATP + 2 NADH) 1 6C sugar 2 3C sugars so much more to give! All that work! And that s all I get?

27 Not a lot of energy for 1 billon years + this is how life on Earth survived no O 2 = slow growth, slow reproduction only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 glucose pyruvate 6C 2x 3C Hard way to make a living!

28 2 types: Alcohol fermentation Pyruvate is converted to ethanol, with CO 2 being released Ex: yeast in brewing, wine making, and baking Lactic acid fermentation Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid Ex: fungi and bacteria make cheese and yogurt; muscle soreness

29 Bacteria, yeast pyruvate ethanol + CO 2 3C NADH NAD + beer, wine, bread 2C Animals, some fungi pyruvate lactic acid 3C 3C NADH NAD + cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O 2 ) 1C back to glycolysis back to glycolysis

30 pyruvate ethanol + CO 2 3C NADH NAD + Dead end process at ~12% ethanol, kills yeast can t reverse the reaction 2C 1C back to glycolysis recycle NADH Count the carbons! Bacteria Yeast

31 pyruvate lactic acid 3C NADH NAD + 3C O 2 back to glycolysis recycle NADH Reversible process once O 2 is available, lactate is converted back to pyruvate by the liver Count the carbons! animals some fungi

32 Pyruvate O 2 O 2 fermentation anaerobic respiration mitochondria Krebs cycle aerobic respiration

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35 Glycolysis glucose pyruvate 6C Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O 2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO 2 2x 3C pyruvate CO 2 3C 1C

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37 Double membrane energy harvesting organelle smooth outer membrane highly folded inner membrane cristae intermembrane space fluid-filled space between membranes matrix inner fluid-filled space DNA, ribosomes enzymes free in matrix & membrane-bound outer intermembrane space inner membrane membrane cristae matrix What cells would have a lot of mitochondria? mitochondrial DNA

38 Oooooh! Form fits function! Dividing mitochondria Who else divides like that? Membrane-bound proteins Enzymes & permeases bacteria! What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes? Endosymbiosis! Advantage of highly folded inner membrane? More surface area for membranebound enzymes & permeases

39 Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix [ 2x pyruvate acetyl CoA + CO 2 3C 2C 1C NAD 3 step oxidation process releases 2 CO 2 (count the carbons!) reduces 2 NAD 2 NADH (moves e - ) produces 2 acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle ] Where does the CO 2 go? Exhale!

40 NAD + reduction Pyruvate C-C-C CO 2 Coenzyme A oxidation Acetyl CoA C-C Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO 2 2 x [ ]

41 8 steps mitochondrial matrix The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate The next 7 steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making it a cycle

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43 Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces: 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 2 ATP 4 CO 2

44 Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers NADH ADP + P i ATP H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + FADH 2 go to Electron Transport Chain! What s so important about electron carriers?

45 If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation? value of NADH & FADH 2 electron carriers & H carriers reduced molecules move electrons reduced molecules move H + ions to be used in the Electron Transport Chain like $$ in the bank

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