BL 424 Chapter 15: Cell Signaling; Signal Transduction
|
|
- Megan Cora Dalton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BL 424 Chapter 15: Cell Signaling; Signal Transduction All cells receive and respond to signals from their environments. The behavior of each individual cell in multicellular plants and animals must be carefully regulated to meet the needs of the organism. This is accomplished by a variety of signaling molecules that are secreted or expressed on the surface of one cell and bind to receptors expressed on other cells, thereby integrating and coordinating the functions of cells. The binding of most signaling molecules to their (cell surface) receptors initiates a series of intracellular reactions that regulate all aspects of cell behavior: metabolism, movement, proliferation, differentiation. The study of these processes remains a major area of research, in large part because breakdown of signaling paths results in cancer. Student Learning Outcomes: Transmembrane proteins outside the cell communicate signals to the inside 1*. to explain the various signaling molecules and their cell surface receptors: how cells receive information from outside. 2*. to explain the several general ways signals to receptors are transmitted through the cell to regulate processes (second messenger pathways) 3. to describe examples of signal transduction in development and differentiation, 4. to describe the involvement of the cytoskeleton in signal transduction. Important Figures: 1*, 3*, 4*, 5, 6, 11, 12*, 13*, 14, 15*, 16*, 19, 20, 21*, 22, 25, 26*, 27, 28,* 29, 30, 31, 32, 34*, 35, 41, 42, 43*, 44, 45, 46*; Table: 1* Signaling molecules and their receptors. Signaling can involve direct cell-cell contact (cell-matrix) including integrins and cadherins A common mode of cell-cell signaling involves secreted molecules that bind to receptors on target cells. Signaling is categorized according to distance signals are transmitted: (Fig. 15.1) Endocrine distant - many hormones (e.g., estrogen) Paracrine local many neurotransmitters Autocrine self ex. T lymphocytes respond to antigen by synthesizing growth factors to stimulate proliferation **a. Steroid hormones and nuclear receptor superfamily. Hormones are hydrophobic (Fig. 15.2); diffuse across plasma membrane to bind intracellular receptors. Nuclear receptor family are transcription factors that bind specific DNA targets and activate transcription when hormone is bound to them (Figs. 15.3, 4). Ex. estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormone, glucocorticoid Retinoic acid, vitamin D receptors GR bound to Hsp90 is inactive; Glucocorticoid makes GR active (binds coactivator HAT, transcription) TR normally repressing complex; T makes it active (binds coactivator HAT)
2 b. Nitric oxide (and carbon monoxide) Paracrine signaling in nervous system, immune, circulatory Ex. dilation of blood vessels (Fig. 15.5) Nitric oxide synthase: arg + O 2 -> citrulline + NO NO diffuses across membranes, affects enzymes Ex. guanylyl cyclase makes cyclic GMP (2 nd messenger) **c. Neurotransmitters are small hydrophilic molecules that carry signals between neurons, or between neurons and other target cells at synapses. (Fig. 15.6) Ex. acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate Many bind to cell-surface ligand-gated ion channels (Figs , 25) Others bind cell-surface receptors, and are coupled to G proteins to indirectly regulate an ion channel. Some neurotransmitters are also hormones: Ex. epinephrine (adrenaline) signals glycogen breakdown in muscles **d. Peptide hormones and growth factors These molecules have diverse sizes (5-230 aa) and roles: Ex. insulin, endorphin, nerve growth factor (NGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Table 1). Signal does not enter cell, but binds cell-surface Transmembrane receptor Neuropeptides are secreted by some neurons; Some act as hormones on distant cells (enkephalins, endorphins). Growth factors are polypeptides and regulate cell growth: NGF affects nerve cells. EGF (53-aa) stimulates cell proliferation (fig. 15.7). e. Eicosanoids are lipids that function in paracrine or autocrine signaling: ex. prostaglandin, leukotriene (Fig.15. 8) They are synthesized from arachidonic acid (which is derived from phospholipids). Aspirin (NSAID) reduces inflammation & pain by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins (reduces platelet aggregation, blood clotting) f. Plant hormones are small molecules that regulate plant growth: (Fig. 15.9) auxin, gibberrellin, ethylene Some activate protein kinases Auxin also stimulates ubiquitination And degradation of a repressor of ARF (auxin response factor)
3 **15.2 Functions of cell-surface receptors Most ligands bind receptors on surface of target cell; Signal is transmitted inside. Some receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that directly control activity (Ch. 13) Other receptors regulate activity of intracellular proteins, Which transmits signal to intracellular target (often transcription factors). a. G-protein coupled receptors are the largest family: (1000); transmembrane proteins (7 times) (Fig. 11) Includes receptors for many hormones, eicosanoids, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, also smell, taste, sight. Hormone causes receptor to transmit signals to intracellular targets via intermediary action of heterotrimeric G proteins (Fig. 13). Hormone binding to extracellular part of receptor causes shape change in cytoplasmic part, which then binds G protein. The α subunit binds GTP, is activated and dissociates from βγ. α subunit binds to enzyme or ion channel protein to transmit signal. (βγ can also transmit signals) Ex. epinephrine receptor regulates target enzyme of adenylyl cyclase (Fig. 12): ATP -> camp ex. Acetylcholine regulates ion channels via receptor which is ligand-gated ion channel. Acetylcholine and different receptor can regulate Heart muscle via G proteins Mammals have 20 a, 5 β and 12 γ, so different combinations for different receptors and can inhibit or stimulate when activated b. Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTK) Receptors are directly linked to intracellular enzyme activity; includes receptors for most growth factors (Fig. 14). ex. insulin, EGF, NGF receptors Receptors have N-terminal extracellular portion, C-terminal tyr kinase; Binding of hormone causes receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation (Fig *), Other proteins bind the Phospho-peptide of RTK; these proteins localize and get phoshorylated, and then are stimulated and transmit signal. They bind via SH2 domain (Src homology 2, RSV oncogene) or PTB domain (phospho-tyrosine binding) (Fig ).
4 c. Cytokine receptors often act associated non-covalent with cytoplasmic nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases. (Fig ) Ex. interleukins, erythropoietin, Some polypeptide hormones (growth hormones) Receptors have N-terminal extracell ligand-binding domain, C-terminal cytosolic (no enzyme activity). Ligand binding stimulates cross-phosphorylation of associated protein tyr kinases: Janus kinase (JAK) family Src kinase family (has SH2 domains) d. Receptors linked to other enzymatic activities: Protein-tyrosine phosphatases removes phosphates often terminates signaling, some are cell surface CD45 on B and T cells dephosphorylates a phospho-tyr residue that was inhibiting a Src kinase and therefore stimulates. Protein-serine/threonine kinases TGF-β receptor for transforming growth factor β Binding of polypeptide growth factor -> receptors dimerize, phosphorylate self and bind, PO4 Smads, which stimulate gene expression Guanylyl cyclases Receptor directly linked to cgmp activity Protease-associated Apoptosis TNF (Ch. 16) Tumor necrosis factor signals proteolysis **15.3 Pathways of intracellular signal transduction. Binding of signal to cell surface receptor stimulates intracellular targets, including enzymes or transcription; directly or indirectly via proteins coupled to receptors. Hormone outside the cell is the first signal; intracellular second messengers are small molecules and enzymes. Enzymes amplify and propagate ligand signal; often consist of cascades of reactions that affect gene expression or cell metabolism. A*. camp pathway and protein phosphorylation Many hormones and odorants use cyclic AMP (camp) as second message in animal cells. Ex. Epinephrine signals glycogen breakdown to glucose in muscle cells. (Fig ) G-protein coupled receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase to make camp from ATP. Phosphodiesterase degrades camp to AMP to remove signal.
5 Most actions of camp are mediated by protein kinase A (PKA) (Fig. 19, 20); Binding of camp dissociates regulatory subunit. Active PKA adds phosphate to ser/thr of enzymes; PO 4 of phosphorylase kinase makes it active; PO 4 of glycogen synthase makes it inactive. PO 4 Of transcription factor CREB (camp response element binding factor) (Fig. 22) stimulates transcription. Phosphatases (protein phosphatase 1) stop signal; Odorant hormones stimulate via camp to open a Na+ channel. b. cyclic GMP (cgmp) is also a second messenger. cgmp is formed by guanylyl cyclases; is degraded by phosphodiesterase ex. visual reception in vertebrate eye: light activates via G protein transducin (Fig ) which stimulates cgmp phosphodieseterase; decreased cgmp stimulates nerve. C*. Phospholipids and Ca++ are common second messengers. Phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) (Fig ) Is found in inner leaflet of plasma membrane. Hormones and growth factors stimulate hydrolysis Of PIP2 by Phospholipase C (PLC) to form: Diacylglycerol (DAG) in the membrane Iinositol triphosphate (IP3) in cytosol. These compounds activate two signaling paths. DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) and signals cell growth. IP3 binds IP3 receptor on ER, and mobilizes Ca++ from intracellular stores (ER lumen). Increased Ca++ activates targets, often mediated by Calmodulin binding Ca++, and then binding to Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases which add Phosphates to other enzymes (Fig ) Ex. myosin light chain kinase (Ch. 13). In electrically excitable cells of nerve and muscle, Ca++ is increased by opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels in plasma membrane, and ryanodine receptors in the ER and sarcoplasmic reticulum (Fig ). Increased Ca++ triggers release of neurotransmitter, muscle contraction.
6 PI3-kinase/AKT and mtor path PIP2 also gets phosphorylated to second messenger PIP3: By enzyme PI3-kinase (Fig ). Binds protein ser/tr kinase AKT (Fig ) which then gets phosphorylated by two protein kinases. Active AKT phosphorylates target proteins for cell survival (Ch. 16). One target is mtor, central regulator of cell growth. D*. Ras, Raf and MAP kinase pathway is conserved chain of protein kinases which convey downstram signals. (Fig *). MAP kinases (Mitogen-activated protein kinases) are ser/thr kinases that respond to growth factors (figs ,39). In animal cells, best-characterized pathway is growth factor receptors and small GTP binding protein Ras, which initates kinase cascade via Raf kinases (ser/thr) to MEK (thr, tyr) to the MAP kinase (ERK, extracell signal regulated kinase) Activated ERK adds PO 4 to cytosolic and nuclear proteins, including transcription factor Elk-1 (fig ). Binding of growth factor to RTK, and its phosphorylation recruited GRB2 and SOS (GEF) to give Ras GTP (Fig ). Ras is normal protein, required for cell function (proto-oncogene). Ras protein was first found as mutated version: oncogene carried by virus (Rat sarcoma virus); mutated Ras binds GTP and is always active. Normally, monomer Ras is activated by GTP binding. Ras and relatives are ½ size of the G protein Gα, Ran (nuclear transport), Rab (vesicle fusion), Rho (cytoskeleton). e. JAK/STAT pathway and TGFβ/Smad. (Fig. 40, 41) STAT proteins are transcription proteins containing SH2 domains. They are activated directly by JAK protein-tyr kinases associated with cytokine and growth factor receptors. STAT (signal transducers & activators of transcription). NFKβ family of transcription factors (Fig. 42). Are important in immune system. Signal outside -> inhibitory IKβ gets PO 4 by IKβ kinase -> NFKβ goes to nucleus to stimulate transcription.
7 f. Hedgehog, Wnt and Notch signaling. These signals, discovered in Drosophila, Are critical for development, patterning organism. Transmembrane receptor, secreted signals (Figs , 44, 45) Hedgehog and Wnt pathways act to prevent degradation of transcription factors that are held in complexes in cytoplasm. Notch is receptor in membrane upon receiving signal from neighboring cell, cytoplasmic fragment is cleaved and goes to nucleus Signal transduction and the cytoskeleton a. Integrins and signal transduction. Binding of integrins to extracellular matrix stimulates nonreceptor protein-tyr kinases FAK (Focal Adhesion kinase) and Src -> Activation of Phospholipase C (PLC), PI3-kinase and Ras/Raf/ERK paths (Figs ) b. Regulation of actin cytoskeleton (Figs ) Occurs through growth factors that induce alterations Mediated by members of Rho subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins (Rho, Rac, Cdc42). Myosin light chain kinase 15.5 Signaling networks Include feedback for NFKβ (Φιγσ ) Cross-talk ERK path & G-coupled receptors & B-arrestin (Fig ) Assemble networks different ways positive or negative (fig ) Questions for review: Questions, all but #9. Diagram a plasma membrane with the two major signaling paths. Consider effects of mutations of the receptors, enzymes Prepare list of major types of signals, of enzymes and what they do.
Cell Signaling part 2
15 Cell Signaling part 2 Functions of Cell Surface Receptors Other cell surface receptors are directly linked to intracellular enzymes. The largest family of these is the receptor protein tyrosine kinases,
More informationPrinciples of Genetics and Molecular Biology
Cell signaling Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan, DDS, PhD School of Medicine Dr.abuhassand@gmail.com Principles of Genetics and Molecular Biology www.cs.montana.edu Modes of cell signaling Direct interaction of a
More informationCell Signaling (part 1)
15 Cell Signaling (part 1) Introduction Bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes respond to environmental signals and to signaling molecules secreted by other cells for mating and other communication. In multicellular
More informationMolecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression
Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which statement about cell signaling is correct? Question #1 (A) Cell signaling involves receiving
More informationCell signaling. How do cells receive and respond to signals from their surroundings?
Cell signaling How do cells receive and respond to signals from their surroundings? Prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes are largely independent and autonomous. In multicellular organisms there is a
More informationG-Protein Signaling. Introduction to intracellular signaling. Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D
G-Protein Signaling Introduction to intracellular signaling Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D Cell signaling Cells communicate via extracellular signaling molecules (Hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters
More informationReceptor mediated Signal Transduction
Receptor mediated Signal Transduction G-protein-linked receptors adenylyl cyclase camp PKA Organization of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases From G.M. Cooper, The Cell. A molecular approach, 2004, third
More informationChapter 20. Cell - Cell Signaling: Hormones and Receptors. Three general types of extracellular signaling. endocrine signaling. paracrine signaling
Chapter 20 Cell - Cell Signaling: Hormones and Receptors Three general types of extracellular signaling endocrine signaling paracrine signaling autocrine signaling Endocrine Signaling - signaling molecules
More informationChapter 11. Cell Communication
Chapter 11 Cell Communication Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely essential for multicellular organisms Concept 11.1: External signals are converted into responses
More informationChapter 15: Signal transduction
Chapter 15: Signal transduction Know the terminology: Enzyme-linked receptor, G-protein linked receptor, nuclear hormone receptor, G-protein, adaptor protein, scaffolding protein, SH2 domain, MAPK, Ras,
More informationPlasma membranes. Plasmodesmata between plant cells. Gap junctions between animal cells Cell junctions. Cell-cell recognition
Cell Communication Cell Signaling Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Communicate by chemical messengers Animal and plant cells have cell junctions that directly connect
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationEnzyme-coupled Receptors. Cell-surface receptors 1. Ion-channel-coupled receptors 2. G-protein-coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-coupled receptors
Enzyme-coupled Receptors Cell-surface receptors 1. Ion-channel-coupled receptors 2. G-protein-coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-coupled receptors Cell-surface receptors allow a flow of ions across the plasma
More informationPropagation of the Signal
OpenStax-CNX module: m44452 1 Propagation of the Signal OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationLipids and Membranes
Lipids and Membranes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Membrane transport D. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
More information2013 W. H. Freeman and Company. 12 Signal Transduction
2013 W. H. Freeman and Company 12 Signal Transduction CHAPTER 12 Signal Transduction Key topics: General features of signal transduction Structure and function of G protein coupled receptors Structure
More informationBCOR 011 Lecture 19 Oct 12, 2005 I. Cell Communication Signal Transduction Chapter 11
BCOR 011 Lecture 19 Oct 12, 2005 I. Cell Communication Signal Transduction Chapter 11 External signal is received and converted to another form to elicit a response 1 Lecture Outline 1. Types of intercellular
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Signaling
Chapter 9 Cellular Signaling Cellular Messaging Page 215 Cells can signal to each other and interpret the signals they receive from other cells and the environment Signals are most often chemicals The
More informationSignal Transduction Pathways. Part 2
Signal Transduction Pathways Part 2 GPCRs G-protein coupled receptors > 700 GPCRs in humans Mediate responses to senses taste, smell, sight ~ 1000 GPCRs mediate sense of smell in mouse Half of all known
More informationBIOLOGY. Cell Communication CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson. Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 11 Cell Communication Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Cellular Messaging Cells can signal to
More informationReceptors and Drug Action. Dr. Subasini Pharmacology Department Ishik University, Erbil
Receptors and Drug Action Dr. Subasini Pharmacology Department Ishik University, Erbil Receptors and Drug Action Receptor Receptor is defined as a macromolecule or binding site located on the surface or
More informationCell Communication. Local and Long Distance Signaling
Cell Communication Cell to cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Some universal mechanisms of cellular regulation providing more evidence for the evolutionary relatedness of all life
More informationLecture: CHAPTER 13 Signal Transduction Pathways
Lecture: 10 17 2016 CHAPTER 13 Signal Transduction Pathways Chapter 13 Outline Signal transduction cascades have many components in common: 1. Release of a primary message as a response to a physiological
More informationThe Tissue Engineer s Toolkit
The Tissue Engineer s Toolkit Stimuli Detection and Response Ken Webb, Ph. D. Assistant Professor Dept. of Bioengineering Clemson University Environmental Stimulus-Cellular Response Environmental Stimuli
More informationCell Communication. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationPhysiology Unit 1 CELL SIGNALING: CHEMICAL MESSENGERS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS
Physiology Unit 1 CELL SIGNALING: CHEMICAL MESSENGERS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS In Physiology Today Cell Communication Homeostatic mechanisms maintain a normal balance of the body s internal environment
More informationSignal Transduction: Information Metabolism. Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Signal Transduction: Information Metabolism Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Introduction Information Metabolism How cells receive, process and respond
More informationLecture 9: Cell Communication I
02.05.10 Lecture 9: Cell Communication I Multicellular organisms need to coordinate cellular functions in different tissues Cell-to-cell communication is also used by single celled organisms to signal
More informationMechanisms of Hormone Action
Mechanisms of Hormone Action General principles: 1. Signals act over different ranges. 2. Signals have different chemical natures. 3. The same signal can induce a different response in different cells.
More informationThe elements of G protein-coupled receptor systems
The elements of G protein-coupled receptor systems Prostaglandines Sphingosine 1-phosphate a receptor that contains 7 membrane-spanning domains a coupled trimeric G protein which functions as a switch
More informationReceptors Functions and Signal Transduction- L4- L5
Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction- L4- L5 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD University of Jordan 1 PKC Phosphorylates many substrates, can activate kinase pathway, gene regulation PLC- signaling pathway
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Key Concepts in Chapter 11. Cellular Messaging. Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms
Chapter 11 Cell Communication Dr. Wendy Sera Houston Community College Biology 1406 Key Concepts in Chapter 11 1. External signals are converted to responses within the cell. 2. Reception: A signaling
More informationPrinciples of cell signaling Lecture 4
Principles of cell signaling Lecture 4 Johan Lennartsson Molecular Cell Biology (1BG320), 2014 Johan.Lennartsson@licr.uu.se 1 Receptor tyrosine kinase-induced signal transduction Erk MAP kinase pathway
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationThanks to: Signal Transduction. BCB 570 "Signal Transduction" 4/8/08. Drena Dobbs, ISU 1. An Aging Biologist s. One Biologist s Perspective
BCB 570 "" Thanks to: One Biologist s Perspective Drena Dobbs BCB & GDCB Iowa State University Howard Booth Biology Eastern Michigan University for Slides modified from his lecture Cell-Cell Communication
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationSignal Transduction Cascades
Signal Transduction Cascades Contents of this page: Kinases & phosphatases Protein Kinase A (camp-dependent protein kinase) G-protein signal cascade Structure of G-proteins Small GTP-binding proteins,
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationChapter 11. Cell Communication. Signal Transduction Pathways
Chapter 11 Cell Communication Signal Transduction Pathways Signal-Transduction Pathway Signal on a cell s surface is converted into a specific cellular response Local signaling (short distance) - Paracrine
More informationReceptors Families. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia
Receptors Families Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Receptor Families 1. Ligand-gated ion channels 2. G protein coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-linked
More informationCell Communication and Cell Signaling
Cell Communication and Cell Signaling Why is cell signaling important? Why is cell signaling important? Allows cells to communicate and coordinate functions/activities of the organism Usually involves
More informationCell Cell Communication
IBS 8102 Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Cell Cell Communication January 29, 2008 Communicate What? Why do cells communicate? To govern or modify each other for the benefit of the organism differentiate
More informationRegulation of cell function by intracellular signaling
Regulation of cell function by intracellular signaling Objectives: Regulation principle Allosteric and covalent mechanisms, Popular second messengers, Protein kinases, Kinase cascade and interaction. regulation
More informationCell Communication. Cell Communication. Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule
Cell Communication Cell Communication Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the ligand binds (may be on the plasma membrane or within
More informationCell Cell Communication
IBS 8102 Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Cell Cell Communication January 29, 2008 Communicate What? Why do cells communicate? To govern or modify each other for the benefit of the organism differentiate
More informationCell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Chapter 9. Communication between cells requires:
Chapter 9 Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds -may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell 2 There are four
More informationCell responses to environment-- Signals
Cell responses to environment-- Signals Signal transduction can coordinate: Development Formation of tissues Timing of cell division Direction of cell enlargement Size and shape of organs Responses to
More informationCellular Signaling Pathways. Signaling Overview
Cellular Signaling Pathways Signaling Overview Signaling steps Synthesis and release of signaling molecules (ligands) by the signaling cell. Transport of the signal to the target cell Detection of the
More informationSarah Jaar Marah Al-Darawsheh
22 Sarah Jaar Marah Al-Darawsheh Faisal Mohammad Receptors can be membrane proteins (for water-soluble hormones/ligands) or intracellular (found in the cytosol or nucleus and bind to DNA, for lipid-soluble
More informationBIOLOGY. Cell Communication CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson. Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 11 Cell Communication Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Cellular Messaging Cells can signal to
More informationBio 111 Study Guide Chapter 11 Cell Communication
Bio 111 Study Guide Chapter 11 Cell Communication BEFORE CLASS: Reading: Read the introduction on p. 210, and for Concept 11.1, read from the first full paragraph on p. 212. Read all of Concept 11.2. Pay
More informationIntroduction! Introduction! Introduction! Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 2
Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 2 Questions of the Day: How does the hormone insulin trigger the uptake of glucose in the cells that it targets. Introduction! Signal transduction
More informationCellular Communication
Cellular Communication But before we get into that What have we learned about so far? Energy and Matter Why do living things need energy? Grow Reproduce Maintain homeostasis Cellular signaling Cells communicate
More informationLecture Outline. Hormones & Chemical Signaling. Communication Basics: Overview. Communication Basics: Methods. Four methods of cell communication
Lecture Outline Hormones & Chemical Signaling Communication Basics Communication Overview Communication Methods Signal pathways Regulation (modulation) of signal pathways Homeostasis... again Endocrine
More informationGeneral Principles of Endocrine Physiology
General Principles of Endocrine Physiology By Dr. Isabel S.S. Hwang Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Hong Kong The major human endocrine glands Endocrine glands and hormones
More informationMCB*4010 Midterm Exam / Winter 2008
MCB*4010 Midterm Exam / Winter 2008 Name: ID: Instructions: Answer all 4 questions. The number of marks for each question indicates how many points you need to provide. Write your answers in point form,
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationBy the name of Allah
By the name of Allah Receptors function and signal transduction ( Hormones and receptors Types) We were talking about receptors of the neurotransmitters; we have 2 types of receptors: 1- Ionotropic receptors
More informationBIOLOGY. Cell Communication. Outline. Evolution of Signaling. Overview: Cellular Messaging. Local and Long-Distance Signaling
11 CAMBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Cell Communication Lecture resentation by Dr Burns NVC Biol 120 Outline I. Cell Signaling II. Forms of cell signaling III. Quick
More information1. Activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) phosphorylates themselves
Enzyme-coupled receptors Transmembrane proteins Ligand-binding domain on the outer surface Cytoplasmic domain acts as an enzyme itself or forms a complex with enzyme 1. Activated receptor tyrosine kinases
More informationCell Biology Lecture 9 Notes Basic Principles of cell signaling and GPCR system
Cell Biology Lecture 9 Notes Basic Principles of cell signaling and GPCR system Basic Elements of cell signaling: Signal or signaling molecule (ligand, first messenger) o Small molecules (epinephrine,
More informationChapter 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers
Chapter 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers = How hormones and other signals work Intercellular Communication = Intercellular Signal Transmission Chemical communication Electrical communication Intercellular
More informationOrganization of lectures: Cell Signaling I: Sex, Drugs and Violence. Cell signaling is central to modern medicine. Forms of Cell Signaling
Cell Signaling I: Sex, Drugs and Violence Joe W. Ramos jramos@crch.hawaii.edu www.crch.org/profiles/jramos Organization of lectures: General Principles of signaling cascades Hormone Signaling Signaling
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Overview: The Cellular Internet
Chapter 11 Cell Communication Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Biologists have discovered some universal mechanisms of cellular regulation
More informationGPCR. General Principles of Cell Signaling G-protein-Coupled Receptors Enzyme-Coupled Receptors Other Signaling Pathways. G-protein-Coupled Receptors
G-protein-Coupled Receptors General Principles of Cell Signaling G-protein-Coupled Receptors Enzyme-Coupled Receptors Other Signaling Pathways GPCR G-protein-coupled receptors Figure 15-30 Molecular Biology
More informationMembrane associated receptor transfers the information. Second messengers relay information
Membrane associated receptor transfers the information Most signals are polar and large Few of the signals are nonpolar Receptors are intrinsic membrane proteins Extracellular and intracellular domains
More informationSignaling. Dr. Sujata Persad Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health research
Signaling Dr. Sujata Persad 3-020 Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health research E-mail:sujata.persad@ualberta.ca 1 Growth Factor Receptors and Other Signaling Pathways What we will cover today: How
More informationChem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction
Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction 111130 Here we look at the movement of a signal from the outside of a cell to its inside, where it elicits changes within the cell. These changes are usually mediated
More informationComputational Biology I LSM5191
Computational Biology I LSM5191 Aylwin Ng, D.Phil Lecture 6 Notes: Control Systems in Gene Expression Pulling it all together: coordinated control of transcriptional regulatory molecules Simple Control:
More informationLecture 15. Signal Transduction Pathways - Introduction
Lecture 15 Signal Transduction Pathways - Introduction So far.. Regulation of mrna synthesis Regulation of rrna synthesis Regulation of trna & 5S rrna synthesis Regulation of gene expression by signals
More informationAyman Mesleh & Leen Alnemrawi. Bayan Abusheikha. Faisal
24 Ayman Mesleh & Leen Alnemrawi Bayan Abusheikha Faisal We were talking last time about receptors for lipid soluble hormones.the general mechanism of receptors for lipid soluble hormones: 1. Receptors
More informationResp & Cell Comm Review
Resp & Cell Comm Review Two main catabolic processes: fermentation: partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. cellular respiration: uses oxygen to complete the breakdown of many organic molecules.
More informationEffects of Second Messengers
Effects of Second Messengers Inositol trisphosphate Diacylglycerol Opens Calcium Channels Binding to IP 3 -gated Channel Cooperative binding Activates Protein Kinase C is required Phosphorylation of many
More informationThe plasma membrane plays a key role in most cell signaling
CONCEPT 5.6 The plasma membrane plays a key role in most cell signaling In a multicellular organism, whether a human being or an oak tree, it is cell-to-cell communication that allows the trillions of
More informationGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FIGURE 17.1
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FIGURE 17.1 1. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete chemical signals, called hormones, into the blood. In addition, other organs and cells
More information10/15/2011. Chapter 11 Cell Communication. Outline. Overview: Cellular Messaging. Evolution. Evolution of Signaling
Chapter 11 Cell Communication Outline I. Cell Signaling II. Forms of cell signaling III. Quick review of cell membrane IV. Cell Surface s I. G- Coupled s II. osine Kinase s III. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
More informationHormones and Signal Transduction. Dr. Kevin Ahern
Dr. Kevin Ahern Signaling Outline Signaling Outline Background Signaling Outline Background Membranes Signaling Outline Background Membranes Hormones & Receptors Signaling Outline Background Membranes
More informationChapter 17. Lecture and Animation Outline
Chapter 17 Lecture and Animation Outline To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have
More informationBiochemie 4. Cell communication - GPCR
Biochemie 4 Cell communication - GPCR 1 Lecture outline General principles - local and long-distance signaling - classes of receptors - molecular switches and second messengers Receptor tyrosine kinases
More informationRevision. camp pathway
االله الرحمن الرحيم بسم Revision camp pathway camp pathway Revision camp pathway Adenylate cyclase Adenylate Cyclase enzyme Adenylate cyclase catalyses the formation of camp from ATP. Stimulation or inhibition
More informationSignal Transduction: G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Signal Transduction: G-Protein Coupled Receptors Federle, M. (2017). Lectures 4-5: Signal Transduction parts 1&2: nuclear receptors and GPCRs. Lecture presented at PHAR 423 Lecture in UIC College of Pharmacy,
More informationCell Signaling and Communication - 1
Cell Signaling and Communication - 1 Just as we communicate with other humans in a number of different ways, cells communicate with other cells and with their external environment with a set of cell signal
More informationClose to site of release (at synapse); binds to receptors in
Chapter 18: The Endocrine System Chemical Messengers 1. Neural 2. Endocrine 3. Neuroendocrine 4. Paracrine 5. Autocrine Endocrine System --Endocrine and nervous systems work together --Endocrine vs. Nervous
More informationCell Biology (BIOL 4374 and BCHS 4313) Third Exam 4/24/01
Cell Biology (BIOL 4374 and BCHS 4313) Third Exam 4/24/01 Name SS# This exam is worth a total of 100 points. The number of points each question is worth is shown in parentheses. For multiple choice questions,
More informationANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 6 - CELL COMMUNICATION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: CELL-TO-CELL CONNECTIONS AND SIGNALING Gap and Tight Junctions: Adjacent cells communicate and hold on to each other via junctions. Two important kinds: Gap Junctions are
More informationRelay molecules in a signal transduction pathway
Cell Signaling Figure 11.6-3 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane CYTOPLASM 1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response Receptor Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Activation of cellular response
More informationKEY CONCEPT QUESTIONS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Signal Transduction - Part 2 Key Concepts - Receptor tyrosine kinases control cell metabolism and proliferation Growth factor signaling through Ras Mutated cell signaling genes in cancer cells are called
More informationCell communication. S Cellbiosystems Olli-Pekka Koistinen
Cell communication S-114.2500 Cellbiosystems Olli-Pekka Koistinen 28.11.2007 Cell communication Cellbiosystems? What does it mean? Large groups of cells interacting with each other? Complex cell communication
More informationSignaling Through Immune System Receptors (Ch. 7)
Signaling Through Immune System Receptors (Ch. 7) 1. General principles of signal transduction and propagation. 2. Antigen receptor signaling and lymphocyte activation. 3. Other receptors and signaling
More informationBiosignals, Chapter 8, rearranged, Part I
Biosignals, Chapter 8, rearranged, Part I Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: A Ligand-Binding Ion Channel Classes of Receptor Proteins in Eukaryotes, Heterotrimeric G Proteins Signaling View the Heterotrimeric
More informationCellular Messengers. Intracellular Communication
Cellular Messengers Intracellular Communication Most common cellular communication is done through extracellular chemical messengers: Ligands Specific in function 1. Paracrines Local messengers (neighboring
More informationEvaluation only. Created with Aspose.PowerPoint. Copyright 2004 Aspose Pty Ltd.
Da: Cell Signalling Biology - Michael J. Berridge - www.cellsignallingbiology.org - 2009 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.PowerPoint. Copyright 2004 Aspose Pty Ltd. Nella comunicazione chimica il recettore
More informationLECTURE PRESENTATIONS
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 11 Cell Communication Lectures
More informationSignal-Transduction Cascades - 2. The Phosphoinositide Cascade
Signal-Transduction Cascades - 2 The Phosphoinositide Cascade Calcium ion as a second messenger Tyrosine kinase and receptor dimerization scribd.com Faisal Khatib JU The Phosphoinositide Cascade Used by
More informationCh. 6: Communication, Integration & Homeostasis
Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM Ch. 6: Communication, Integration & Homeostasis Goals Describe cell to cell communication Electrical or Chemical only Explain signal transduction Review homeostasis
More informationG-Protein-Coupled Receptors
Cellular Signalling Cells must be ready to respond to essential signals in their environment. These are often chemicals in the extracellular fluid (ECF) from distant locations in a multicellular organism
More informationCell Communication CHAPTER 11
Cell Communication CHAPTER 11 What you should know: The 3 stages of cell communication: reception, transduction, and response. How a receptor protein recognizes signal molecules and starts transduction.
More information- Biosignaling: Signal transduction. References: chapter 8 of Lippincots chapter 1 3 of Lehningers
Basic concepts of Metabolism Metabolism and metabolic pathway Metabolic Map Catabolism Anabolism - Regulation of Metabolism Signals from within the cell (Intracellular) Communication between cells. - Biosignaling:
More informationSignal-Transduction Pathways
Signal-Transduction Pathways Pal Bauer 2014/2015 Copyright 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company No men is an island entire of itself; every man Is a piece of the continent, a part of the main John Donne Introduction
More information