Measures of Membrane Fluidity: Melting Temperature
|
|
- Iris Montgomery
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Measures of Membrane Fluidity: Melting Temperature T m (melting temperature) is a phase transition, a change from a more rigid solid-like state to a fluid-like state The fluidity - ease with which lipids move in the plane of the bilayer - of cell membranes has to be precisely regulated because many biological processes (e.g. membrane transport and some enzyme activities) cease when the bilayer fluidity is reduced too much. The fluidity of cell membranes depends on their chemical composition and also on temperature. As the temperature is raised, a synthetic bilayer made of one type of phospholipid undergoes a phase transition from a solid-like state to a more fluid-like state at a characteristic melting point temperature (abbreviated as Tm). At low temperatures the lipids within the bilayer are wellordered, packed into a crystal-like arrangement in which the lipids are not very mobile and there are many stabilizing interactions. As the temperature is raised, these interactions are weakened, and the lipids are in a less ordered, liquid-like state. Lipids with longer fatty acid chains have more interactions between the hydrophobic fatty acid tails (predominantly van der Waals interactions), stabilizing the crystal-like state and therefore increasing the melting temperature and making the membrane less fluid. 1
2 Membrane Composition Influences Membrane Fluidity: Fatty Acid Structure unsaturated fatty acid chains saturated fatty acid chains lower T m higher T m O OH O OH 17 carbons cis double bond olive oil candle wax oleic acid stearic acid The degree of saturation of the fatty acid chains also affects the melting temperature and membrane fluidity. Fatty acids that are saturated, containing no double bonds, are straight and can pack more tightly than those that have double bonds. The kinks in the unsaturated chains simply make it more difficult to pack them in an orderly manner. As a consequence, the melting temperature of bilayers containing lipids with saturated fatty acids is higher than the melting temperature of bilayers containing lipids with unsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, the fluidity of bilayers containing lipids rich in unsaturated fatty acids is greater than the fluidity of bilayers containing lipids rich in saturated fatty acids. An example of this difference in fluidity and melting temperature is oleic and stearic acid. These two fatty acids have the same number of carbons (17), but they differ dramatically in their fluidity and melting temperature. At room temperature oleic acid is fluid-like (olive oil) and stearic acid is solid-like (candle wax); the melting temperature of oleic acid is lower than that of stearic acid because oleic acid is unsaturated and cannot pack in as orderly a manner as saturated stearic acid. 2
3 Membrane Composition Influences Membrane Fluidity: Cholesterol Content HO H H H H H Cholesterol is a major component of eukaryotic cells. The ratio of cholesterol to lipid molecules in a membrane can be as high as 1:1. Cholesterol is a member of a class of natural products called steroids, characterized by a 4 ring structure. Although all steroids are based on the same scaffold, they can affect different biological processes, ranging from the development of secondary sex characteristics (testosterone and estrogen) to inflammation (corticosteroids). Like phospholipids, cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule; it has a polar head that contains a hydroxyl group. The rest of cholesterol is hydrophobic, consisting of a rigid 4 ring steroid structure and a hydrocarbon tail. The 4 ring structure makes most of the cholesterol molecule very rigid because bonds between atoms in a ring are not free to rotate as a result of the geometric constraints of being in a ring. 3
4 Cholesterol Influences Membrane Fluidity Cholesterol interacts with phospholipids by orienting its polar hydroxyl head group close to the polar lipid head group. The rigid rings of cholesterol interact with and partly immobilize the fatty acid chains closest to the polar phospholipid head group. As a consequence, lipid molecules adjacent to cholesterol are less free to adopt different conformations than those in a cholesterol-free membrane region. By decreasing the mobility of a few methylene groups (CH2) in the fatty acids tails, cholesterol makes lipid bilayers less deformable and lessens their permeability to small water-soluble molecules. Therefore, cholesterol makes membranes less fluid. Although cholesterol makes bilayers less fluid, at the high concentrations of cholesterol found in eukaryotic cells, it also prevents fatty acid hydrocarbon chains from coming together and crystallizing. Therefore, cholesterol prevents fatty acid chains from ordering into a crystallike state. Cholesterol inhibits phase transitions in lipids. At low temperatures it increases membrane fluidity by preventing fatty acid hydrocarbon chains from coming together and crystallizing. Under these conditions cholesterol inhibits the transition from liquid to solid (decreases the membrane freezing point). At high temperatures cholesterol decreases membrane fluidity by immobilizing a few methylene groups in the fatty acid tails of the lipids. Therefore, under these conditions cholesterol increases the melting point. Therefore, cholesterol acts like antifreeze - the temperature of your car engine is modulated by water circulating with antifreeze/coolant which lowers the freezing point of the antifreeze/coolant so it does not freeze in the winter. The antifreeze/coolant also raises the boiling point in the summer so that your engine does not overheat. The influence of cholesterol on membrane properties is critical for the normal functioning of eukaryotic cells. 4
5 Summary of Main Points HIV needs host cells to replicate because its genome does not encode all of the proteins required for living systems HIV recognizes host cells by interacting with specific protein receptors found on the surface of those cell types Cell membranes are bilayers composed of amphipathic phospholipids containing charged head groups and hydrophobic tails The hydrophobic effect drives the packing of lipids into structures which minimize exposed hydrophobic groups Membranes are fluid because phospholipids and proteins can move in the plane of the bilayer; fatty acid structure and cholesterol content influence fluidity 5
6 October 19,
7 Membrane Proteins and Membrane Transport 1. Membrane proteins a. Association of proteins with membranes b. Transmembrane helices 2. Lipid Rafts 3. Membrane transport a. Membrane permeability b. Transport proteins c. Ion distribution inside and outside cells d. Electrochemical gradient e. Active transport f. Ion channels 4. Membrane potential Lecture Readings Alberts
8 Membrane Proteins Although the lipid bilayer serves as a permeability barrier and provides the basic structure of all cell membranes, most membrane functions are carried out by membrane proteins, which constitute 50% of the mass of most plasma membranes. Membrane proteins perform many different functions: (1) they can transport ions and metabolites across the membrane (2) anchor the membrane to other proteins that play a roll in cell shape and structure (3) they can function as receptors to detect chemical signals in the environment and relay them to the inside of the cell (4) or they can act as enzymes to catalyze reactions. 8
9 Proteins Associate with Membranes in Different Ways Proteins can associate with the lipid bilayer in various ways: (a) Transmembrane proteins - These proteins extend through the bilayer and have some mass on both sides. They have hydrophobic sequences in the bilayer, interacting with the hydrophobic tails of lipids, and hydrophilic regions exposed to the aqueous environment on either side of the membrane. (b) Membrane associated - These are proteins located in the cytosol associated with the inner leaflet by an amphipathic alpha-helix (one side of the helix projects hydrophobic residues and the other side projects hydrophilic ones). (c) Lipid-linked - Some proteins lie entirely outside the bilayer, interacting with it using only a covalently attached lipid group. (d) Protein attached - Other proteins are associated only indirectly with the membrane, held there by interactions with one or more membrane proteins. 9
10 Many Membrane Proteins Cross the Bilayer Using One or More α-helices Many proteins that have mass on either side of bilayer cross it using alpha-helices. Helical structures are are well-suited for folding in the bilayer. Those that are transmembrane have hydrophobic side chains which can interact with lipid tails. Within membranes, hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone is maximized because water is absent from the bilayer. As a consequence, there is no competition with water for hydrogen bonding. ~20 amino acids are required to traverse the bilayer in an alpha-helical structure. Scientists can take advantage of knowledge of helical propensity of certain amino acids (the preference they have for or against being in an alpha-helical structure) and hydrophobicity to predict transmembrane domains in proteins. 10
11 Lipid Rafts in the Plasma Membrane protein with fatty acid modification protein with longer transmembrane region lipid bilayer enriched in cholesterol and phospholipids with long fatty acid tails As we saw in the animation, membranes are dynamic and are not uniform. Lipid rafts are a major source of inhomogeneity in the membranes of eukaryotic cells. Lipid rafts are microdomains in the lipid bilayer that are established by attractive forces between hydrocarbon chains of fatty acid tails. Lipid rafts are enriched in particular lipids (with long fatty acid tails like sphingolipids) and cholesterol. A typical lipid raft is ~70 nm in diameter. Because the lipids concentrated in rafts are longer and straighter than most membranes lipids, rafts are thicker than the rest of bilayer. This difference in membrane thickness is important because membrane proteins with long transmembrane segments and also containing certain fatty acid modifications concentrate in lipid rafts. The selective concentration of proteins with particular properties is a way proteins can be segregated within the two-dimensional membrane matrix. Such segregation is very important for trafficking - sorting proteins to their correct destination in cell - and also for the functioning of certain signal transduction pathways that communicate extracellular signals to the inside of the cell. 11
12 Animation: Lipid Rafts Animation of dynamics of lipid and protein movement in cell membranes 12
13 MOVIE 13
14 Breakout: Fun With FRAP At time t = 50, two fluorescently labeled lipid membranes are photobleached at low temperature. Both membranes are identical, except one contains cholesterol, the other does not. Which membrane contains cholesterol? BREAKOUT! A) Blue B) Red If this experiment were conducted at high temperature, would your answer change? A) Yes B) No 14
15 Breakout Answer: Fun With FRAP At time t = 50, two fluorescently labeled lipid membranes are photobleached at low temperature. Both lipid membranes are identical, Except one contains cholesterol, the other does not. Which membrane contains cholesterol? A) Blue B) Red If this experiment were conducted at high temperature, would your answer change? A) Yes B) No At low temperatures, cholesterol increases membrane fluidity by preventing membrane lipids from packing close together. At high temperatures, cholesterol decreases membrane fluidity. At low temperature cholesterol disrupts the orderly, crystalline packing of lipids into a solidlike state, increasing membrane fluidity. When fluidity is greater, lipids are more mobile, and fluorescence will recover faster following photobleaching. Therefore, the blue line with faster recovery corresponds to the membrane containing cholesterol. At high temperatures cholesterol has the opposite affect on membrane fluidity - it decreases fluidity by immobilizing the first few methylene groups in fatty acids tails through interactions with the rigid 4 ring structure. Therefore, the answer would change if the experiment was conducted at high temperature. 15
16 Diffusion of Molecules Across the Lipid Bilayer Cells need to exchange molecules with their environment in order to function normally, but the plasma membrane provides a barrier that controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell. Small hydrophobic and nonpolar molecules can freely diffuse through lipid bilayers, as can small uncharged polar molecules such as water. However, membranes are impermeable to larger polar molecules and all charged molecules. The charge on molecules prevents them from entering the hydrocarbon phase of the bilayer. Molecules that are charged must be moved across membranes using specialized transport proteins. 16
17 Ions Cross Cell Membranes Through Membrane Transport Proteins There are many different types of membrane transport proteins, each selective for a certain class of molecule - ions, amino acids, or sugars, for example. Many transport proteins are highly selective, transporting, for example, only potassium ions, but not sodium. Transport through membrane proteins can be: (1) passive, requiring no input of energy because the molecule being transported is moving down its concentration gradient (e.g. from higher concentration outside to lower concentration inside). Passive transport can be mediated by channel proteins, which create hydrophilic pores in the membrane to allow movement of ions, or by carrier proteins, which have a binding site(s )for the molecule to be transported and undergo a change in conformation to release the molecule on the other side of the membrane. (2) active - this means that the molecule being transported is moving against its concentration gradient and movement therefore has to be coupled to a process that provides energy. Only carrier proteins can mediate active transport. 17
18 Ion Concentrations Inside and Outside of a Cell Na + (145 mm) K + (5 mm) Cl - (110 mm) K + (140 mm) Na + (5-15 mm) organic anions inside cell Cl - (5-15 mm) Because of transport processes and the barrier imposed by the cell membrane, living cells maintain an internal ion composition that is very different from that of the external environment. These differences are crucial for the cell s function, including the activity of nerve cells. The things that are important for you to remember are that sodium is the most plentiful outside the cell and potassium is the most plentiful inside. In order to avoid the buildup of too much electrical charge, the amount of positive charge inside the cell must be balanced with an almost exactly equal amount of negative charge; the same is true for the outside environment. Outside the cell, the high concentration of sodium is balanced by chloride. Inside, the high concentration of potassium is balanced by a variety of negatively charged intracellular organic ions (anions). However, tiny excesses of negative or positive charge do build up near the plasma membrane and, as we will see, they have important consequences. 18
19 Net Driving Force for Transport is Determined by the Electrochemical Gradient For uncharged molecules, the concentration gradient drives passive transport. If the molecule is charged, both the concentration gradient and the charge difference across the membrane (called the membrane potential) influence transport. Together, these two forces are referred to as the electrochemical gradient. In a few slides we will discuss where the charge difference across the membrane comes from. In this slide, the width of the green arrow represents the magnitude of the electrochemical gradient for the same positively charged ion in three different situations. In (A) there is only a concentration gradient. The cation (positively charged ion) moves down its concentration gradient, from the outside of the cell to the inside. In (B) the concentration gradient is supplemented by a membrane potential that increases the driving force. The same concentration gradient exists as in (A), but now there is an additional driving force from the membrane potential, which is negative inside and therefore favors the movement of positively charged cations to the inside of the cell (movement of cations is favored in this case because the inside of the cell has a slight excess of negative charge). In (C) the membrane potential decreases the driving force caused by the concentration gradient. In this case, the membrane potential is opposite to (B), with a slight excess of positive charge inside the cell that will disfavor movement of cations to the inside. 19
20 Active Transport Can Move Molecules Against the Electrochemical Gradient Active transport of ions against the electrochemical gradient is crucial for maintaining the internal ion composition of cells and to import ions that are at a lower concentration outside the cell than inside. Cells carry out active transport in 3 ways: (1) Coupled transporters couple the movement of ions against the electrochemical gradient to the favorable movement of another molecule. These transporters use the free energy release during the movement of one ion down its electrochemical gradient to pump another ion against its gradient. In the case shown, the favorable movement of the red molecule down its electrochemical gradient is being used to drive the movement of the yellow molecule against its electrochemical gradient. (2) ATP-driven pumps couple movement against the electrochemical gradient to ATP hydrolysis, which is energetically favorable. In the example shown, this pump uses the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to move the yellow molecule into the cell, against its electrochemical gradient. (3) Light driven pumps, which are found mainly in bacteria and couple transport to an input of energy from light. In the example shown, this pump uses the energy derived from light to move the yellow molecule into the cell, against its electrochemical gradient. In this course you will see many more examples of making a process that is unfavorable happen by coupling it to one that is favorable, or to the expenditure of energy. 20
21 Ion Channels - K + Channel The simplest way to move ions from one side of the membrane to the other is to create a hydrophilic channel through which the molecule can pass. Ion channels perform this function by forming transmembrane pores that allow the passive movement of ions across the membrane. Ion channels can move ions across the membrane very efficiently compared to carrier proteins - more than a million ions can pass through each channel each second, a rate 1000 times faster than any carrier protein. Potassium ions move through the channel down their electrochemical gradient from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell. The structure of a potassium channel from bacteria has been well studied and consists of 4 identical subunits, each containing several alpha helices that span the lipid bilayer. Two subunits are shown on this slide. The potassium channel has the following important structural features: (1) Negatively charged amino acids are positioned at the entrance to the pore (in the cytoplasm) to attract cations (positively charged) and repel anions (negatively charged). (2) From the cytoplasmic side, the pore opens into a vestibule in the middle of the membrane which facilitates transport by allowing ions to remain hydrated (interacting with water molecules) even inside the membrane. (3) Potassium ions travel in single file through the narrow selectivity filter to the outside of the cell. Mutual repulsion between these single file ions is thought to help move the ions through the pore to the outside of the cell. The ends of the four pore helices point towards the center of the vestibule, guiding potassium ions into the selectivity filter through interactions between the positively charged potassium ions and the negatively charged dipole at the carboxy-terminus of the helix. This helix dipole arises from the polarity of hydrogen bonds, which cause the aminoterminus to be more positively charged and the carboxy-terminus to be more negatively charged. 21
22 K + Specificity The potassium channel has remarkable selectivity - it conducts potassium 10,000-fold better than sodium, yet these ions are spheres with similar diameters (0.133 nm vs nm). A single amino acid substitution in the selectivity filter of the channel can destroy this selectivity. So what is the basis for the high selectivity and high conductance of this channel? In the vestibule the ions are hydrated - they interact with water molecules. In the selectivity filter, carbonyl oxygens from the protein are positioned precisely to interact with a dehydrated potassium ion (a potassium ion that has lost its water molecules). The dehydration of the potassium ion requires energy, which is precisely balanced by the energy regained by the interaction of that ion with the carbonyl oxygens. The sodium ion is too small to interact with the oxygens; therefore, it does not enter the selectivity filter because the energetic expense of losing its interactions with water molecules is too large because these interactions are not replaced by interactions with carbonyl oxygens. 22
23 Ion Channels Fluctuate Between Closed and Open States Ion channels are not continuously open. This would be disastrous for the cell because the differences between the inside and the outside would quickly disappear if all channels were open all of the time. Ion channels generally fluctuate between open and closed states. Only in the open state is the channel in a conformation (structure) that allows the passage of ions. 23
24 Ion Channels Can Be Gated by Different Stimuli Most ion channels are gated - that is, they are regulated so that a specific stimulus causes them to switch between closed and open states. Common mechanisms of gating include: (A) changes in voltage across the membrane (e.g. in neurons) (B) binding of ligands to the outside of the channel (e.g. neurotransmitter) (C) binding of ligands to the inside of the channel (e.g. nucleotide or ions) (D) gating by mechanical stimulation (e.g. hair cells of ear). Ion channels fluctuate randomly between open and closed states; stimuli change the probability that the channel will be in one state or the other. 24
Week 5 Section. Junaid Malek, M.D.
Week 5 Section Junaid Malek, M.D. HIV: Anatomy Membrane (partiallystolen from host cell) 2 Glycoproteins (proteins modified by added sugar) 2 copies of RNA Capsid HIV Genome Encodes: Structural Proteins
More informationLife Sciences 1a. Practice Problems 4
Life Sciences 1a Practice Problems 4 1. KcsA, a channel that allows K + ions to pass through the membrane, is a protein with four identical subunits that form a channel through the center of the tetramer.
More informationLipids and Membranes
Lipids and Membranes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Biological membranes are composed of lipid bilayers
More informationMembrane Structure and Membrane Transport of Small Molecules. Assist. Prof. Pinar Tulay Faculty of Medicine
Membrane Structure and Membrane Transport of Small Molecules Assist. Prof. Pinar Tulay Faculty of Medicine Introduction Cell membranes define compartments of different compositions. Membranes are composed
More information2
1 2 What defines all living systems is the ability to generate a chemical environment inside the cell that is different from the extracellular one. The plasma membrane separates the inside of the cell
More informationMolecular Components of HIV
October 17, 2006 1 Molecular Components of HIV Protein RNA Lipid You heard in the first part of this course about the properties of two of the molecules of life - nucleic acids and proteins. In the next
More informationMembrane Structure and Function
BIOL1040 Page 1 Membrane Structure and Function Friday, 6 March 2015 2:58 PM Cellular Membranes Fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins Phospholipids - abundant Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules (has
More informationLecture Series 5 Cellular Membranes
Lecture Series 5 Cellular Membranes Cellular Membranes A. Membrane Composition and Structure B. Animal Cell Adhesion C. Passive Processes of Membrane Transport D. Active Transport E. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
More informationA. Membrane Composition and Structure. B. Animal Cell Adhesion. C. Passive Processes of Membrane Transport. D. Active Transport
Cellular Membranes A. Membrane Composition and Structure Lecture Series 5 Cellular Membranes B. Animal Cell Adhesion E. Endocytosis and Exocytosis A. Membrane Composition and Structure The Fluid Mosaic
More informationCellular Neurophysiology I Membranes and Ion Channels
Cellular Neurophysiology I Membranes and Ion Channels Reading: BCP Chapter 3 www.bioelectriclab All living cells maintain an electrical potential (voltage) across their membranes (V m ). Resting Potential
More information(multiple answers) This strain of HIV uses a different chemokine coreceptor for entry into cells.
LS1a Fall 06 Problem Set #4 100 points total all questions including the (*extra*) one should be turned in TF 1. (20 points) To further investigate HIV infection you decide to study the process of the
More informationThe Cell Membrane & Movement of Materials In & Out of Cells PACKET #11
1 February 26, The Cell Membrane & Movement of Materials In & Out of Cells PACKET #11 Introduction I 2 Biological membranes are phospholipid bilayers with associated proteins. Current data support a fluid
More informationChapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function Architecture of Membranes Subcellular fractionation techniques can partially separate and purify several important biological membranes, including the plasma and
More informationCell Membranes and Signaling
5 Cell Membranes and Signaling Concept 5.1 Biological Membranes Have a Common Structure and Are Fluid A membrane s structure and functions are determined by its constituents: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
More informationBiomembranes structure and function. B. Balen
Biomembranes structure and function B. Balen All cells are surrounded by membranes Selective barrier But also important for: 1. Compartmentalization 2. Biochemical activities 3. Transport of dissolved
More informationLecture Series 4 Cellular Membranes
Lecture Series 4 Cellular Membranes Reading Assignments Read Chapter 11 Membrane Structure Review Chapter 21 pages 709-717 717 (Animal( Cell Adhesion) Review Chapter 12 Membrane Transport Review Chapter
More informationLecture Series 4 Cellular Membranes. Reading Assignments. Selective and Semi-permeable Barriers
Lecture Series 4 Cellular Membranes Reading Assignments Read Chapter 11 Membrane Structure Review Chapter 12 Membrane Transport Review Chapter 15 regarding Endocytosis and Exocytosis Read Chapter 20 (Cell
More informationMembranes & Membrane Proteins
School on Biomolecular Simulations Membranes & Membrane Proteins Vani Vemparala The Institute of Mathematical Sciences Chennai November 13 2007 JNCASR, Bangalore Cellular Environment Plasma membrane extracellular
More informationThe Cell Membrane & Movement of Materials In & Out of Cells PACKET #11
1 The Cell Membrane & Movement of Materials In & Out of Cells PACKET #11 Introduction I 2 Biological membranes are phospholipid bilayers with associated proteins. Current data support a fluid mosaic model
More informationChapter 7: Membranes
Chapter 7: Membranes Roles of Biological Membranes The Lipid Bilayer and the Fluid Mosaic Model Transport and Transfer Across Cell Membranes Specialized contacts (junctions) between cells What are the
More informationMembranes. Chapter 5
Membranes Chapter 5 Membrane Structure The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure contends that membranes consist of: -phospholipids arranged in a bilayer -globular proteins inserted in the lipid bilayer
More informationMembrane transport. Pharmacy Dr. Szilvia Barkó
Membrane transport Pharmacy 04.10.2017 Dr. Szilvia Barkó Cell Membranes Cell Membrane Functions Protection Communication Import and and export of molecules Movement of the cell General Structure A lipid
More informationLecture 15. Membrane Proteins I
Lecture 15 Membrane Proteins I Introduction What are membrane proteins and where do they exist? Proteins consist of three main classes which are classified as globular, fibrous and membrane proteins. A
More informationMembrane Structure. Membrane Structure. Membrane Structure. Membranes
Membrane Structure Membranes Chapter 5 The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure contends that membranes consist of: -phospholipids arranged in a bilayer -globular proteins inserted in the lipid bilayer
More informationmembranes membrane functions basic structure membrane functions chapter 11-12
membranes chapter - membrane functions Ca + hormone IP H + HO compartmentalization intracellular compartments scaffold for biochemical activities organize enzymes selectively permeable membrane allows
More informationBear: Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain 3e
Bear: Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain 3e Chapter 03: The Neuronal Membrane at Rest Introduction Action potential in the nervous system Action potential vs. resting potential Slide 1 Slide 2 Cytosolic
More informationCell Membranes Valencia college
6 Cell Membranes Valencia college 6 Cell Membranes Chapter objectives: The Structure of a Biological Membrane The Plasma Membrane Involved in Cell Adhesion and Recognition Passive Processes of Membrane
More informationDraw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes
2.4 Membranes 2.4.1 - Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes Phospholipid Bilayer - This is arranged with the hydrophilic phosphate heads facing outwards, and the hydrophobic fatty
More informationLecture Series 4 Cellular Membranes
Lecture Series 4 Cellular Membranes Reading Assignments Read Chapter 11 Membrane Structure Review Chapter 12 Membrane Transport Review Chapter 15 regarding Endocytosis and Exocytosis Read Chapter 20 (Cell
More informationChapter 9 - Biological Membranes. Membranes form a semi-permeable boundary between a cell and its environment.
Chapter 9 - Biological Membranes www.gsbs.utmb.edu/ microbook/ch037.htmmycoplasma Membranes form a semi-permeable boundary between a cell and its environment. Membranes also permit subcellular organization
More informationMembranes. Chapter 5. Membrane Structure
Membranes Chapter 5 Membrane Structure Lipid Bilayer model: - double phospholipid layer - Gorter & Grendel: 1925 Fluid Mosaic model: consist of -phospholipids arranged in a bilayer -globular proteins inserted
More informationMEMBRANE STRUCTURE. Lecture 8. Biology Department Concordia University. Dr. S. Azam BIOL 266/
1 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE Lecture 8 BIOL 266/4 2014-15 Dr. S. Azam Biology Department Concordia University Plasma Membrane 2 Plasma membrane: The outer boundary of the cell that separates it from the world
More informationFall Name Student ID
Name Student ID PART 1: Matching. Match the organelle to its function (11 points) 1.Proton motive force 2. Fluid Mosiac 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation 4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 5. Electrochemical Force 6.
More informationI. Fluid Mosaic Model A. Biological membranes are lipid bilayers with associated proteins
Lecture 6: Membranes and Cell Transport Biological Membranes I. Fluid Mosaic Model A. Biological membranes are lipid bilayers with associated proteins 1. Characteristics a. Phospholipids form bilayers
More informationComprehensive and Easy Course Notes for BIOL1040 Exams and Assessment
Comprehensive and Easy Course Notes for BIOL1040 Exams and Assessment MODULE 1: PRINCIPLES OF CELL FUNCTION Membrane Structure & Function Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins Phospholipids
More informationChapters 9 and 10 Lipids and Membranes
Chapters 9 and 10 Lipids and Membranes Lipids- a class of biological molecules defined by low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar solvents. Lipids contain or are derived from fatty acids.
More informationChapter 5: Cell Membranes and Signaling
Chapter Review 1. For the diagram below, explain what information you would use to determine which side of the membrane faces the inside of the cell and which side faces the extracellular environment.
More information1. Describe the difference between covalent and ionic bonds. What are the electrons doing?
Exam 1 Review Bio 212: 1. Describe the difference between covalent and ionic bonds. What are the electrons doing? 2. Label each picture either a Carbohydrate, Protein, Nucleic Acid, or Fats(Lipid). a.
More informationChapt. 10 Cell Biology and Biochemistry. The cell: Student Learning Outcomes: Describe basic features of typical human cell
Chapt. 10 Cell Biology and Biochemistry Cell Chapt. 10 Cell Biology and Biochemistry The cell: Lipid bilayer membrane Student Learning Outcomes: Describe basic features of typical human cell Integral transport
More informationMembrane Structure and Function
Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationMembrane Structure and Function
Membrane Structure and Function Chapter 7 Objectives Define the following terms: amphipathic molecules, aquaporins, diffusion Distinguish between the following pairs or sets of terms: peripheral and integral
More informationBIOLOGY 103 Spring 2001 MIDTERM LAB SECTION
BIOLOGY 103 Spring 2001 MIDTERM NAME KEY LAB SECTION ID# (last four digits of SS#) STUDENT PLEASE READ. Do not put yourself at a disadvantage by revealing the content of this exam to your classmates. Your
More informationCh7: Membrane Structure & Function
Ch7: Membrane Structure & Function History 1915 RBC membranes studied found proteins and lipids 1935 membrane mostly phospholipids 2 layers 1950 electron microscopes supported bilayer idea (Sandwich model)
More informationmembranes cellular membranes basic structure basic structure chapter ECM CYTOPLASM
membranes chapter 11-1 1 cellular membranes 3 compartmentalization intracellular compartments 1. receiving info membrane receptors recognition and interaction with other cells. import and export of molecules
More information2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules CARBON BASED MOLECULES
CARBON BASED MOLECULES KEY CONCEPTS Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Lipids are one class of organic molecules. This group includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. Lipids are made of
More informationCell Membranes. Q: What components of the cell membrane are in a mosaic pattern?
Cell Membranes The cell / plasma membrane is. Selective in that it allows things in and some things out of the cell. Recall that phospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The term to describe this
More informationFrom Atoms to Cells: Fundamental Building Blocks. Models of atoms. A chemical connection
From Atoms to Cells: A chemical connection Fundamental Building Blocks Matter - all materials that occupy space & have mass Matter is composed of atoms Atom simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler
More informationI. Membrane Structure Figure 1: Phospholipid. Figure 1.1: Plasma Membrane. Plasma Membrane:
I. Membrane Structure Figure 1: Phospholipid Figure 1.1: Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane: 1 II. Early Plasma Membrane Models Figure 2: Davson-Danielli Sandwich Model In the 1960 s new evidence suggested
More informationCell Membrane Structure (1.3) IB Diploma Biology
Cell Membrane Structure (1.3) IB Diploma Biology Essential idea: The structure of biological membranes makes them fluid and dynamic http://www.flickr.com/photos/edsweeney/6346198056/ 1.3.1 Phospholipids
More informationChapter 8 Cells and Their Environment
Chapter Outline Chapter 8 Cells and Their Environment Section 1: Cell Membrane KEY IDEAS > How does the cell membrane help a cell maintain homeostasis? > How does the cell membrane restrict the exchange
More informationChapter 12: Membranes. Voet & Voet: Pages
Chapter 12: Membranes Voet & Voet: Pages 390-415 Slide 1 Membranes Essential components of all living cells (define boundry of cells) exclude toxic ions and compounds; accumulation of nutrients energy
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY. How Are Macromolecules Formed? Dehydration Synthesis or condensation reaction Polymers formed by combining monomers and removing water.
BIOCHEMISTRY Organic compounds Compounds that contain carbon are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as
More informationRama Abbady. Odai Bani-Monia. Diala Abu-Hassan
5 Rama Abbady Odai Bani-Monia Diala Abu-Hassan Lipid Rafts Lipid rafts are aggregates (accumulations) of sphingolipids. They re semisolid clusters (10-200 nm) of cholesterol and sphingolipids (sphingomyelin
More informationCHAPTER 8 MEMBRANE STUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER 8 MEMBRANE STUCTURE AND FUNCTION Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane is selectively permeable, (allowing some substances to cross more easily than others) PM is flexible bends and changes shape
More informationThe Cell Membrane (Ch. 7)
The Cell Membrane (Ch. 7) Phospholipids Phosphate head hydrophilic Fatty acid tails hydrophobic Arranged as a bilayer Phosphate attracted to water Fatty acid repelled by water Aaaah, one of those structure
More informationCell Transport & the Cell Membrane
Cell Transport & the Cell Membrane I. Cell Membrane A. Structure Structure of the cell membrane is referred to as the Fluid Mosaic Model. It is made up of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. The membrane
More information1. Which of the following statements about passive and primary active transport proteins is FALSE?
Biological Membranes 1. Which of the following statements about passive and primary active transport proteins is FALSE? A. They are both integral membrane proteins. B. They both show a high degree of selectivity.
More informationChapter 7: Membrane Structure & Function
Chapter 7: Membrane Structure & Function 1. Membrane Structure 2. Transport Across Membranes 1. Membrane Structure Chapter Reading pp. 125-129 What are Biological Membranes? Hydrophilic head WATER They
More informationChapter 7: Membrane Structure & Function. 1. Membrane Structure. What are Biological Membranes? 10/21/2015. Why phospholipids? 1. Membrane Structure
Chapter 7: Membrane Structure & Function 1. Membrane Structure 2. Transport Across Membranes 1. Membrane Structure Chapter Reading pp. 125-129 What are Biological Membranes? Hydrophilic head WATER They
More informationPLASMA MEMBRANE. Submitted by:- DR.Madhurima Sharma PGGCG-II,Chandigarh
PLASMA MEMBRANE Submitted by:- DR.Madhurima Sharma PGGCG-II,Chandigarh LIPID COMPONENTS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE The outer leaflet consists predominantly of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and glycolipids,
More informationBiology. Chapter 3. Molecules of Life. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr
Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 3 Molecules of Life 2015 3.1 What Are the Molecules of Life? The molecules of life contain a high proportion of carbon atoms: Complex carbohydrates
More informationBoundary Lipid bilayer Selectively Permeable Fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins Contains embedded proteins
1 Boundary Lipid bilayer Selectively Permeable Fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins Contains embedded proteins 2 Phosphate head hydrophilic Fatty acid tails hydrophobic Amphipathic Phosphate attracted to
More informationConcept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins Lipids: Non-polar substances such as fat that contain C, H, O. Phospholipids: Lipid with phosphate group, very abundant in plasma
More informationMembrane Structure and Function - 1
Membrane Structure and Function - 1 The Cell Membrane and Interactions with the Environment Cells interact with their environment in a number of ways. Each cell needs to obtain oxygen and other nutrients
More information3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes
alevelbiology.co.uk 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes SPECIFICATION The basic structure of all cell membranes, including cell-surface membranes and the membranes around the cell organelles of eukaryotes,
More informationThe Plasma Membrane - Gateway to the Cell
The Plasma Membrane - Gateway to the Cell 1 Photograph of a Cell Membrane 2 Cell Membrane The cell membrane is flexible and allows a unicellular organism to move 3 Homeostasis Balanced internal condition
More informationMEMBRANE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Chapter 8 KEY CONCEPTS Cellular s are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins Membrane structure results in selective permeability Passive transport is diffusion of a substance
More informationThe Plasma Membrane - Gateway to the Cell
The Plasma Membrane - Gateway to the Cell 1 Photograph of a Cell Membrane 2 Cell Membrane The cell membrane is flexible and allows a unicellular organism to move 3 Homeostasis Balanced internal condition
More information10/28/2013. Double bilayer of lipids with imbedded, dispersed proteins Bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
Structure of a Generalized Cell MEMBRANES Figure 3.1 Plasma Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity Glycocalyx is
More informationLecture 36: Review of membrane function
Chem*3560 Lecture 36: Review of membrane function Membrane: Lipid bilayer with embedded or associated proteins. Bilayers: 40-70% neutral phospholipid 10-20% negative phospholipid 10-30% cholesterol 10-30%
More informationChapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of
Chapter 2 pt 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life Including the lecture Materials of Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida with amendments and additions by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
More informationBIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds.
BIOLOGY 12 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES NAME: Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds. ORGANIC MOLECULES: Organic molecules
More informationCarbon s Bonding Pattern
Organic Compounds It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells German chemists in the 1800 s learned how to do this in the lab, showing
More informationSection 1 Lecture 1- Origins of Life Life probably started by Hydrothermal Vents.
Section 1 Lecture 1- Origins of Life Life probably started by Hydrothermal Vents. Photosynthesis originated around 3GA, as cells figured out how to fix CO2 and release O2. Eukaryotes originates 1.5-2.5
More informationWhat do you remember about the cell membrane?
Cell Membrane What do you remember about the cell membrane? Cell (Plasma) Membrane Separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment All cells have a cell membrane Selectively
More informationGateway to the Cell 11/1/2012. The cell membrane is flexible and allows a unicellular organism to move FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
Gateway to the Cell The cell membrane is flexible and allows a unicellular organism to move Isolates the cell, yet allows communication with its surroundings fluid mosaics = proteins (and everything else)
More informationMembrane Structure and Function. Cell Membranes and Cell Transport
Membrane Structure and Function Cell Membranes and Cell Transport 1895 1917 1925 Membrane models Membranes are made of lipids Phospholipids can form membranes Its actually 2 layers - there are proteins
More informationCh. 7 Cell Membrane BIOL 222
Ch. 7 Cell Membrane BIOL 222 Overview: Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings Selec4ve permeability Allowance of some substances to cross more easily
More informationChapter Three (Biochemistry)
Chapter Three (Biochemistry) 1 SECTION ONE: CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON BONDING All compounds can be classified in two broad categories: organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made
More informationCarbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Is it made of carbohydrates? Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. A carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms would have
More informationMembrane Structure and Function. Selectively permeable membranes are key to the cell's ability to function
Membrane Structure and Function Selectively permeable membranes are key to the cell's ability to function Amphipathic Molecules Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions Phospholipids have hydrophilic
More informationThe Cell Membrane. Lecture 3a. Overview: Membranes. What is a membrane? Structure of the cell membrane. Fluid Mosaic Model. Membranes and Transport
Lecture 3a. The Cell Membrane Membranes and Transport Overview: Membranes Structure of cell membranes Functions of cell membranes How things get in and out of cells What is a membrane? Basically, a covering
More informationMacro molecule = is all the reactions that take place in cells, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism Anabolism:
Macromolecule Macro molecule = molecule that is built up from smaller units The smaller single subunits that make up macromolecules are known as Joining two or more single units together form a M is all
More informationI. Chemical Properties of Phospholipids. Figure 1: Phospholipid Molecule. Amphiphatic:
I. Chemical Properties of Phospholipids Figure 1: Phospholipid Molecule Amphiphatic: a) The amphiphatic nature & cylindrical shape of phospholipids contributes to their ability to assume bilayers in an
More informationBiology 5A Fall 2010 Macromolecules Chapter 5
Learning Outcomes: Macromolecules List and describe the four major classes of molecules Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage and distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
More informationChapter 1 Plasma membranes
1 of 5 TEXTBOOK ANSWERS Chapter 1 Plasma membranes Recap 1.1 1 The plasma membrane: keeps internal contents of the cell confined to one area keeps out foreign molecules that damage or destroy the cell
More informationCH 7.2 & 7.4 Biology
CH 7.2 & 7.4 Biology LABEL THE MEMBRANE Phospholipids Cholesterol Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Most of the membrane A phospholipid bi-layer makes up
More informationMembranes 9/15/2016. Phospholipids. Phospholipid bilayer
Membranes Phospholipids Type of complex lipid that forms biological membranes. Have a polar hydrophilic head and two nonpolar hydrophobic tails. Amphipathic. This causes the tails to cluster together in
More informationBiological Membranes. Lipid Membranes. Bilayer Permeability. Common Features of Biological Membranes. A highly selective permeability barrier
Biological Membranes Structure Function Composition Physicochemical properties Self-assembly Molecular models Lipid Membranes Receptors, detecting the signals from outside: Light Odorant Taste Chemicals
More informationChapter 3: Exchanging Materials with the Environment. Cellular Transport Transport across the Membrane
Chapter 3: Exchanging Materials with the Environment Cellular Transport Transport across the Membrane Transport? Cells need things water, oxygen, balance of ions, nutrients (amino acids, sugars..building
More informationChapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Concept 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins 1. Phospholipids are amphipathic. Explain what this means. Name Period Amphipathic means
More information1. I can explain the structure of ATP and how it is used to store energy.
1. I can explain the structure of ATP and how it is used to store energy. ATP is the primary energy molecule for the cell. It is produced in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, which breaks down
More informationChapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function. Key Terms:
Key Terms: Selectively permeable Fluid mosaic model Amphipathic Phospholipid Bilayer Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Phosphate head Fatty acid tail Davson-Danielli Singer-Nicolson Freeze-Fracture EM Unsaturated
More informationThe main biological functions of the many varied types of lipids include: energy storage protection insulation regulation of physiological processes
Big Idea In the biological sciences, a dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) is typically defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecules. This reaction
More informationChapter 2 Transport Systems
Chapter 2 Transport Systems The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the cell and the extracellular environment. It permeability properties ensure that essential molecules such as
More informationBiomolecules. Biomolecules. Carbohydrates. Biol 219 Lec 3 Fall Polysaccharides. Function: Glucose storage Fig. 2.2
Biomolecules Biomolecules Monomers Polymers Carbohydrates monosaccharides polysaccharides fatty acids triglycerides Proteins amino acids polypeptides Nucleic Acids nucleotides DNA, RNA Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
More informationPhospholipids. Extracellular fluid. Polar hydrophilic heads. Nonpolar hydrophobic tails. Polar hydrophilic heads. Intracellular fluid (cytosol)
Module 2C Membranes and Cell Transport All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. Eukaryotic cells also contain internal membranes and membrane- bound organelles. In this module, we will examine the
More informationBIO 311C Spring Lecture 15 Friday 26 Feb. 1
BIO 311C Spring 2010 Lecture 15 Friday 26 Feb. 1 Illustration of a Polypeptide amino acids peptide bonds Review Polypeptide (chain) See textbook, Fig 5.21, p. 82 for a more clear illustration Folding and
More informationCell membrane & Transport. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Ebneshahidi
Cell membrane & Transport Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Cell Membrane To enclose organelles and other contents in cytoplasm. To protect the cell. To allow substances into and out of the cell. To have metabolic reactions
More information