The Cell. The basic unit of life
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1 The Cell The basic unit of life
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4 Cell Theory: states the following 1) all living things are cellular 3 things 2) cells are the smallest functioning unit in all living things and 3) cells come from preexisting cells
5 Cell Theory: states the following 3 things Think Pair - Share Is it called a theory because we are still not sure? Has this been Proven? Will it become a law when it is proven?
6 This knowledge came out of the following work: Hans Janssen- 1590, 1 st compound microscope Robert Hooke -1665, First to use the word cell, could only see cell wall of cork. Anton van Leeuwenhoek- 1680, First to observe living cells (teeth scrapings). He called them animalcules. Matthias Schleiden-1838, First to observe that plants are made of cells Theodor Schwann-1839, First to put concept that all living things are cellular Rudolph Virchow-1855, Discovered that cells come from other cells, discredited spontaneous generation (Redi too!)
7 What s the fuss? People thought that life spontaneously generated if the substances of life were present. Not a miraculous process!
8 2 main types of cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Break Down the Words Karyo = NUCLEUS What could the pre-fixes mean?? Talk to a partner and see if you can guess Pro = Before Eu = True
9 2 main types of cells Prokaryotes No Nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles Smaller in overall size Eukaryotes Contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles Larger in overall size Cell wall (when present) contains pepidoglycon, complex Circular DNA EX:Bacteria Cell wall when present contains cellulose, simpler Helical, linear, double stranded DNA Ex: Human cells, plant cells
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11 The prokaryote Fimbriae Cillia Location of DNA/RNA
12 Cellular movement 3 ways cells move (if they can) Cilia- hair-like projections Flagella- whip-like projections Pseudopod-false foot, like the blob!
13 The 2 energy organelles
14 Comparing plant and animal cells Plant Animal Cell Wall Present Absent Plastids Present Absent Shape Generally more rectangular due to ridgid cell wall Generally more spherical due to lack of cell wall Vacuoles One large Many small Centrioles Absent Present Division Build Cell Plate Lack cell plate
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17 The Cell Membrane Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. (bilayer) The cell membrane has two major functions. 1. Forms a boundary between inside and outside of the cell 2. controls passage of materials Present in all cells
18 Phospholipid is a specialized lipid (fat) that has one of it s fatty acid tails removed so a phosphate can be added. This causes a normal lipid that is ALWAYS hydrophobic, to become partially hydrophilic. Terms that describe this are; hydrophilic/polar, hydrophobic/non-polar Why do we want to have modified lipids (fats) in the cell membrane?
19 Properties of the membrane
20 The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane. With a partner, define the two words and discuss how this might relate to the cell membrane: FLUID bendable, movable, not solid MOSAIC made up of many pieces
21 The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane.
22 There are other molecules embedded in the membrane this makes the surface bumpy cell membrane carbohydrate chain protein cholesterol protein protein channel
23 5 specialized proteins Adhesion Communication (cell to cell) Receptor Recognition Passive Transport Active Transport Pull out your fold, I will call randomly to share what each of the protein do!
24 The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot.
25 Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane. Receptors bind with ligands and change shape. A ligand is a specific molecule that binds with a receptor to make something happen.
26 There are two types of receptors. 1) intracellular receptor Ligand moves through the cell membrane to reach receptor on inside of cell. Example: hormones 2)membrane receptor Ligand on outside of cell binds with a receptor within the cell membrane. Ex: Neurotransmitters, growth factors
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28 Basic movement across cell membrane: Materials move across the membrane in a variety of ways: Passively: (no energy required) moved based on concentration gradient. Actively: moving items against a concentration gradient, energy is required Facilitated diffusion: No energy, just using helpers (like proteins) to move things in or out of a cell that are large. The two most common passive movement processes are diffusion (solutions) and osmosis (water) Solutions are substances (solutes) dissolved in a solvent (water) to form a solution.
29 Example Think Pair - Share Solutions are solutes dissolved in a solvent to form a liquid. Think about Kool-Aid: What are the solutes? What s the solvent? What s the end solution?
30 Diffusion No solute likes to be crowded. Therefore, they will move from area that is very saturated (crowded) to one that is not so saturated (uncrowded). This process of widely spreading out is called diffusion. Who has been in a room where someone sprays perfume? Does it stay in just one area? NO!! The perfume is moving from high concentration to low concentration Diffusion takes no energy, so it is passive. Osmosis is the passive movement of water.
31 Let s Practice: Which way would the solute move?
32 Think about it How do you think these processes could speed up or slow down?
33 Terms to describe solutions Hypo=less than Tonic =solution Iso = equal Hyper=more than Osmotic = Water Try these: more solution (higher concentration of solute) less solution (lower concentration of solute) Equal amounts of solute So if there is more solute then what does that say about the amount of water? Now try these: More solute = less water =? Less solute = more water =?
34 Which way would the water move? In osmosis water will move from high WATER concentration to low WATER concentration.
35 REMEMBER, YOU ARE COMPARING 2 ENVIRONMENTS! INSIDE (intracellular) AND OUTSIDE THE CELL (extra-cellular)
36 Effects of water movement: If a cell loses to much water it will shrink and die! That s called crenate or plasmolyze. If a cell gains to much water it will burst and die! This is called cytolysis. (lysis for short) Both are bad! Cells try to maintain homeostasis when it comes to water and solutes and solutions. Homeostasis means a stable internal environment. (Biological balance)
37 Think of 2 other ways that cells can maintain homeostasis.
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39 Active Transport But what happens if we want solutes to go from an area of low concentration to high concentration? Must use ENERGY! It s like putting the smell back in the can! (Active transportgoing from low concentration to highly concentrated)
40 Movement by vesicle What is a vesicle? Endocytosis: Moving things into the cell using a vesicle Exocytosis: Moving things out of the cell using a vesicle Pinocytosis: Bringing in of or removing liquids Phagocytosis: Bringing in or removing of solids or large particles. These are not exclusive! You can combine them to describe the type of movement!!
41 Exocytosis in paramecium
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