4.5. Cellular Respiration in Detail. Teacher Notes and Answers. section. Instant Replay 1. 4ATP, 2NADH, and 2pyruvate should be circled.

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1 section 4.5 ellular Respiration in Detail Teacher Notes and Answers SETION 5 Instant Replay. 4ATP,, and pyruvate should be circled.. They are energy-carrying molecules that transfer energy to the electron transport chain. 3. chloroplast, mitochondrion The Big Picture. and pyruvate. and FADH 3. carbon dioxide (O ), as a waste product; water (H O), as a waste product; up to 38 ATP 4. They are built up on one side of the membrane, so they flow through ATP synthase to make ATP.

2 section 4.5 ellular Respiration in Detail Key oncept ellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages. 4B, 9B Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. In Section 4.4 you read a summary of cellular respiration. Now, we will look at the process more closely, starting with glycolysis. The process of glycolysis happens in all cells, including yours. It does not require oxygen. If oxygen is available, the products of glycolysis are used in cellular respiration. Glycolysis alone produces a small amount of ATP. But other products of glycolysis are used later in cellular respiration to make lots of ATP. These other products are, which carries energy, and pyruvate. is an energy-carrying molecule similar to NADPH in photosynthesis. In cellular respiration, carries energy to an electron transport chain. Pyruvate (py-roo-vayt) is the three-carbon molecule that is broken down in the mitochondria during cellular respiration. glucose ATP ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glycolysis breaks glucose into three-carbon molecules called pyruvate. and ATP are also produced. pyruvate Notice that two ATP are used in the process of glycolysis. Four ATP are made. The net gain is 4 ATP made ATP used = ATP molecules. In summary, for each molecule of glucose that is broken down, the products of glycolysis are: ATP pyruvate The ATP is energy for the cell. The and pyruvate are needed for cellular respiration. On the chemical formula above, circle the three products of glycolysis: ATP,, and pyruvate. Interactive Reader 69

3 The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration. ellular respiration makes many more ATP molecules than does glycolysis. The process begins with pyruvate entering the mitochondria. Pyruvate then gets broken down. Next, the process continues with the Krebs cycle. There are many steps in the Krebs cycle, highlighted below. The krebs ycle matrix The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrion matrix. Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is broken down. -oa O oenzyme A (oa) oa oenzyme A bonds to the two-carbon molecule. This intermediate molecule enters the Krebs cycle. citric acid 3 FADH itric acid is formed. The main function of the Krebs cycle is to produce energy-carrying molecules, such as. Another energy-carrying molecule that the Krebs cycle produces is called FADH. These molecules transfer energy to the electron transport chain, the next main part of cellular respiration. For each pyruvate, the products of the Krebs cycle are: 3 O ATP 4 FADH arbon dioxide (O ) is given off as a waste product. The ATP is energy for the cell. and FADH are energy-carrying molecules that are used in the next part of cellular respiration. What are and FADH used for in the cell? O FAD 4 itric acid is broken down and is made. 6 5 ADP O ATP The five-carbon molecule is broken down. and ATP are made. The four-carbon molecule is rearranged. and FADH are formed. 70 Holt McDougal Biology

4 The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration. The electron transport chain in cellular respiration is similar to the electron transport chain in photosynthesis. Some of the similarities include: Both are made of proteins that are in a membrane. In cellular respiration, the electron transport chain takes place in and across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. Both move energy along the electron transport chain. In cellular respiration, energized electrons are provided by and FADH. Both use that energy to pump hydrogen ions ( ) across a membrane, so that there are more ions on one side of the membrane than the other. In both processes, the ions then flow back through ATP synthase in the membrane to produce ATP. inner membrane the electron transport chain inner membrane of mitochodrion matrix FADH proteins in the inner membrane e - Electrons are removed from and FADH. Hydrogen ions are transported across the membrane. FAD e - e - e - e - O e - H O 4 +P ADP The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 3 Water is formed when oxygen picks up electronss and hydrogen ions. ATP synthase ATP ADP is changed into ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase. Interactive Reader 7

5 At the end of cellular respiration, oxygen picks up electrons that have gone through the chain, forming water. In summary, the products of the whole process of cellular respiration including glycolysis are: carbon dioxide (O ), as a waste product water (H O), as a waste product up to 38 ATP omparing ellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Again, think about how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are almost opposites of each other. Photosynthesis stores energy from sunlight as chemical energy. ellular respiration releases chemical energy to make ATP, the energy molecule that cells can use. Look at the table below, and think about other similarities and differences between the processes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ELLULAR RESPIRATION photosynthesis cellular respiration Organelle for process chloroplast mitochondrion Reactants O and H O sugars ( 6 H O 6 ) and O Electron transport chain proteins within thylakoid membrane proteins within inner mitochondrial membrane ycle of chemical reactions alvin cycle in stroma of chloroplasts builds sugar molecules Products sugars ( 6 H O 6 ) and O O and H O In the chart above, circle the organelle in which each process takes place. 4.5 The Big Picture Krebs cycle in matrix of mitochondria breaks down carbon-based molecules. What products of glycolysis are used in cellular respiration?. What products of the Krebs cycle are used in the electron transport chain? 3. What are the products of the whole process of cellular respiration, including glycolysis? 4. How does the concentration gradient of ions help to make ATP? 7 Holt McDougal Biology

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