QUESTION 1 Fats and oils vary in their degree of solubility in aqueous solutions. Give a reason for this observation.
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1 QUESTIN 1 Fats and oils vary in their degree of solubility in aqueous solutions. Give a reason for this observation. QUESTIN Why are fatty acids such as palmitic acid, insoluble in water, while ethanoic acid ( CH is soluble? QUESTIN Why does the body prefer to store energy as fats as opposed to carbohydrates? The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 1
2 QUESTIN 4 Explain the difference between the following terms: saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat. QUESTIN 5 Why are polyunsaturated fats more reactive than saturated fats? QUESTIN 6 A polyunsaturated fat is hydrolysed to produce glycerol and a polyunsaturated acid. Which one of the following is a possible formula of the acid? A B C D C18 H7CH H CH C18 7 C18 H7 C18 H7 CH CH The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page
3 QUESTIN 7 Write the molecular formula for each of the following compounds: A saturated fatty acid consisting of 18 carbon atoms. A polyunsaturated fatty acid containing carbon to carbon double bonds, and consisting of carbon atoms. QUESTIN 8 A common triglyceride found in vegetable oils is shown below. Is this triglyceride saturated or unsaturated? (c Circle the ester functional groups in this structure. Write reactions to show the complete hydrolysis of this triglyceride molecule. C( // C( // // C( The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page
4 QUESTIN 9 The following structural formula represents a fat. C( // C( // // C( When this fat is treated with the enzyme lipase, two products are formed. Draw the structural formulae of these two products. Which one of the products in is hydrophobic? Give a reason for your answer. The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 4
5 QUESTIN 10 The fat tripalmitin has the formula ( C 15 H1C CH5. Give the formulae of the two compounds from which this fat is made. Is this fat saturated or unsaturated? Give a reason for your answer. QUESTIN 11 The molecular formula of linoleic acid, a common fatty acid is given below. ( 4( 7 CH Is this fatty acid saturated or unsaturated? Circle the functional group(s in this molecule. (c Is this fat likely to exist as a solid or liquid at room temperature? Give a reason for your answer. The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 5
6 QUESTIN 1 Which has a higher melting point fats or oils? Give a reason for your answer. QUESTIN 1 Why do polyunsaturated fats have a lower melting temperature than monounsaturated fats? QUESTIN 14 How do the contents of butter and margarine differ? The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 6
7 QUESTIN 15 Why is margarine so easily spread? QUESTIN 16 Explain why butter is hard to spread when it s taken straight out of the refrigerator, yet many margarines are easy to spread when they are cold? QUESTIN 17 Explain why butter is easier to spread when it s been left out at room temperature as opposed to refrigerated butter. The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 7
8 QUESTIN 18 How could you make butter more spreadable? QUESTIN 19 Margarine is made from vegetable oils which have been converted to a more solid form. This process is known as hardening. What steps are involved in the hardening process? The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 8
9 QUESTIN 0 Candles can be made from fats or waxes. An edible oil can be converted into fat for a candle by a reaction with reagent A, in the presence of substance B, as shown in the equation below: oil + A B fat (i Identify: Reagent A: Substance B: (ii Certain reaction conditions are essential for this conversion to occur. State one essential reaction condition. (iii State the change in the chemical structure of the oil when it s converted into fat. (iv Describe the change in one physical property of the oil when it s converted into fat. The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 9
10 The molar enthalpy of combustion of a common wax in candles, C 5H 5(s is kj mol -1. (i Write a thermochemical equation for the complete combustion of candle wax, C 5H 5(s. (ii The molar enthalpy of combustion of candle wax, C 5H 5(s, was determined in an experiment using the apparatus shown in the diagram below: The following two quantities were measured: The mass of water in the calorimeter The initial temperature of the water = 00 g = 5.4 o C State two other quantities that would also have been measured in order to determine the molar enthalpy of combustion of the candle wax. (iii Suggest one improvement that could be made to the experimental apparatus and briefly state how this would help to increase the accuracy of the result. The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 10
11 In another experiment the following hypothesis was tested: A different value for the molar enthalpy of combustion of candle wax will be obtained if cooking oil is used instead of water to absorb the heat. (iv Identify the independent variable in this experiment. (v State two factors that should be held constant throughout this experiment. The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 11
12 QUESTIN 1 The table shows fatty acid composition of some common oils and fats. Fat or oil hydrolysed Fatty acids present (% by weight Lauric Palmitic Stearic leic Linoleic Butter Lard < Tallow < Coconut An oily sample was hydrolysed and the fatty acids analysed. Lauric Palmitic Stearic leic Linoleic il sample < Which fat or oil has been identified? Explain the solubility in water of fatty acids, in terms of their structure. The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 1
13 QUESTIN 1 QUESTIN QUESTIN QUESTIN 4 QUESTIN 5 QUESTIN 6 Answer is C QUESTIN 7 The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 1
14 QUESTIN 8 Saturated C( // C( // // C( (c The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 14
15 QUESTIN 9 H H C H H C H H C H H H / / H C ( C H H 16 QUESTIN 10 C15 H1CH and CH8 QUESTIN 11 Unsaturated Circle the CH (c The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 15
16 QUESTIN 1 QUESTIN 1 QUESTIN 14 QUESTIN 15 QUESTIN 16 Refer to Question 15 QUESTIN 17 QUESTIN 18 Add more unsaturated fats. QUESTIN 19 The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 16
17 QUESTIN 0 Candles can be made from fats or waxes. (i A = H( g B = Catalyst (ii High temperatures (iii Molecule becomes more saturated (iv Product becomes more solid and less spreadable. Melting point increases. (i (ii (iii (iv (v The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 17
18 QUESTIN 1 Tallow The School For Excellence 017 Unit & 4 Chemistry Fats & ils Worksheet 1 Page 18
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They are substances that are soluble in lipid or derived from the lipids by hydrolysis; for examples, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins.
They are substances that are soluble in lipid or derived from the lipids by hydrolysis; for examples, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds,side chian are (alkane).:
The main biological functions of the many varied types of lipids include: energy storage protection insulation regulation of physiological processes
Big Idea In the biological sciences, a dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) is typically defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecules. This reaction
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Bio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name:
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BIOCHEMISTRY Organic compounds Compounds that contain carbon are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as