What s in a Cell? From Ch. 4

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1 What s in a Cell? From Ch. 4

2 Plant cell walls Amit1b.files.wordpress.com genomebiology.com

3 Figure 4.1 Arrangements of cocci. Plane of division Diplococci Streptococci Tetrad Sarcinae Staphylococci.

4 Figure 4.2 Bacilli. Single bacillus Diplobacilli Streptobacilli Coccobacillus

5 Figure 4.3 A double-stranded helix formed by Bacillus subtilis.

6 Figure 4.4 Spiral bacteria. Vibrio Spirillum Spirochete

7 Figure 4.5 Star-shaped and rectangular prokaryotes. Star-shaped bacteria Rectangular bacteria

8 Figure 4.7 Arrangements of bacterial flagella. Peritrichous Monotrichous and polar Lophotrichous and polar Amphitrichous and polar

9 Figure 4.8 The structure of a prokaryotic flagellum. Gramnegative Grampositive Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Cytoplasm

10 Figure 4.13a Bacterial cell walls. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Side-chain amino acid Cross-bridge amino acid Tetrapeptide side chain Peptide cross-bridge NAM Peptide bond Carbohydrate backbone Structure of peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria.

11 Figure 4.13b Bacterial cell walls. Wall teichoic acid Peptidoglycan Cell wall Plasma membrane Lipoteichoic acid Gram-positive cell wall Protein O polysaccharide Core polysaccharide Lipid A

12 Figure 4.13c Bacterial cell walls. Lipopolysaccharide Core polysaccharide O polysaccharide Lipid A O polysaccharide Core polysaccharide Lipid A Parts of the LPS Porin protein Lipoprotein Cell wall Outer membrane Peptidoglycan Plasma membrane Periplasm Phospholipid Protein Gram-negative cell wall

13 Figure 4.13 Bacterial cell walls. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Side-chain amino acid Cross-bridge amino acid Tetrapeptide side chain Peptide cross-bridge NAM Peptide bond Structure of peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria Wall teichoic acid Cell wall Plasma membrane Carbohydrate backbone Peptidoglycan Lipoteichoic acid Gram-positive cell wall Gram-negative cell wall Lipopolysaccharide Cell wall O polysaccharide Lipid A Outer membrane Peptidoglycan Plasma membrane Protein Co r e p ol y s a c ch a r i d e Periplasm O polysaccharide Core polysaccharide Lipid A Pa rts of the L P S Porin protein Lipoprotein Phospholipid Protein

14 Figure 4.14 Plasma membrane. Outside Inside

15 Figure 4.16 The principle of simple diffusion.

16 Figure 4.18 The principle of osmosis. Glass tube Rubber stopper Rubber band Sucrose molecule Cellophane sack Solute Water molecule Plasma membrane At beginning of osmotic pressure experiment At equilibrium Water Isotonic solution. No net movement of water occurs. Hypotonic solution. Water moves into the cell. If the cell wall is strong, it contains the swelling. If the cell wall is weak or damaged, the cell bursts (osmotic lysis).

17 E. coli in pure water: What is likely to move into or out of the cell? What can the cell do about it?

18 Figure 4.20 Magnetosomes.

19 Figure 4.21 Formation of endospores by sporulation. Cytoplasm Spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated DNA and a small portion of cytoplasm. Sporulation, the process of endospore formation Endospore Two membranes An endospore of Bacillus subtilis Endospore is freed from cell. Spore coat forms.

20 Ancient endospores

21 Ancient endospores

22 Clostridium botulinum is a strict anaerobe; that is, it is killed by the molecular oxygen (O2) present in air. People can die of botulism from eating foods in which C. botulinum is growing. How does this bacterium survive on plants picked for human consumption? Why are home-canned foods most often the source of botulism? (Tortora, 11 th ed., p. 110)

23 Figure 4.27 Mitochondria. Matrix Cristae Inner membrane Outer membrane

24 Figure 4.28 Chloroplasts.

25

26 Applications of Microbiology 4.1 Mixotricha, a protozoan that lives in the termite gut.

27 Applications of Microbiology 4.2 Arrangements of bacteria on the surfaces of two protozoans. Protozoan flagella Spirochetes Bracket Filament composed of overlapping flagella Rod-shaped bacteria in grooves Protozoan surface Protozoan surface

28 Termite gut symbionts: 7SDdIqyU

29 Termite gut symbionts kennethnoll.uconn.edu

30 Termite gut symbionts kennethnoll.uconn.edu

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