Macromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1.
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1 Macromolecules The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. CARBOHYDRATES 1. LIPIDS 1. NUCLEIC ACIDS
2 Carbon Compounds All compounds can be classified in two broad categories Organic Compounds: contain the element carbon and at least one hydrogen atom. Inorganic Compounds: do not contain the element carbon.
3 Carbon Bonding A carbon atom has four valence electrons and is able to bond with most atom. This is why carbon can form many complex structures like Straight chains Branched Chains Rings
4 Carbon Bonding Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Each line between atoms in a molecular drawing represents one covalent bond.
5 Carbon Compounds Functional Groups Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate. Hydroxyl: In alcohols, sugars, and amino acidswater soluble Ex: the OH we used to make ethanol on wednesday Methyl: In fatty acid chains- insoluble in water Are these polar or non-polar?
6 Function groups important in Protein building blocks, aka Amino Acids Carboxyl: Highly polar and acts as an acid (releases H+) Amino: Acts as a weak base (accepts H+)
7 Functional Groups Phosphate: In ATP, DNA, RNA, many proteins, phospholipids- water soluble, acidic.
8 Functional Groups Sulfhydryl: In amino acid cysteine; helps stabilize protein structure (at disulfide bridges).
9 Large Carbon Molecules Many carbon compounds are built up from smaller, simpler molecules know as monomers. Monomers can bond to one another to form polymers, through a process called polymerization. A polymer is a molecule that consists of repeated, linked units.
10 Carbon Bonding Dehydration synthesis removes OH and H during synthesis of a new molecule. Hydrolysis breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H.
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12 Proteins Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins are the principle component of all cells. Proteins, for example, makeup most of your skin, muscles, and many biological catalyst.
13 Proteins Amino acids are the monomers that makeup proteins. Amino acids are compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end. More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature.
14 Proteins All amino acids are identical where they join in covalent bonds. This allows amino acids to join with any other amino acid. The portion of the amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group. R-groups can be complex or simple.
15 Enzymes: proteins that control the rate of reactions Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific substrate (the reactant being catalyzed). The active site is the folded region on the enzyme that fits together with the substrate.
16 Carbohydrates Composed of the elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants (and some animals) use carbohydrates for structural (support) purposes.
17 Carbohydrates Breaking down sugars provides immediate energy for the cell. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6 Living things store extra complex carbohydrates (sugar) in the form of glycogen
18 Carbohydrates Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules. Examples: Glucose- main source of energy Galactose- found in milk Fructose- found in fruit
19 Carbohydrates Disaccharides consist of two sugars linked together. Examples: Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = galactose + glucose Maltose = glucose + glucose
20 Carbohydrates Polysaccharides are large macromolecules formed from many monosaccharides. Animals store extra polysaccharides in the form of glycogen and it is held in the liver or muscles and is ready to be used for quick energy.
21 Carbohydrates Plants store extra polysaccharides in the form of starch or as cellulose. Starch is similar to glycogen Cellulose gives strength and rigidity to plant cells, makes up 50% of wood.
22 Lipids Lipids, also called fats, are biomolecules that are usually not soluble in water. Lipids can be used to store energy and are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
23 Lipids Common categories of lipids are: fatty acids, waxes, and steroids. Lipids form when a glycerol molecule combines with several molecules called fatty acids.
24 Lipids If each Carbon atom has bonded with the maximum number of Hydrogen atoms, the lipid is said to be saturated. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. For example: butter and fats in red meat.
25 Lipids If there is at least on Carbon-Carbon double bond in a fatty acid, the lipid is said to be unsaturated. Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than on double bond is said to be polyunsaturated.
26 Lipids Unsaturated fats, like olive oil, are liquid at room temperature. Some examples are: vegetable oils, corn, sunflower, and soy.
27 Lipids The hydrophilic head is water loving while the hydrophobic tail is water hating. Phospholipids are components of cell membranes
28 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are giant molecules, polymers which contain the elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen. Nucleic acids are polymers. Polymers are made of monomers. The monomers that make up nucleic acids are called nucleotides.
29 Nucleic Acids When several nucleotides join by covalent bonds, a polynucleotide is formed. A polynucleotide is also called a nucleic acid Nucleic Acids store and transmit genetic material, or genetic information.
30 Nucleic Acids The two kinds of nucleic acids are: A. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
31 Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are made of three parts A. Nitrogen containing base B. Phosphate group C. 5 carbon sugar
32 The Energy Currency Nucleotide Life processes require a constant supply of energy. This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure. One of these compounds is the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
33 O P E N E R : F I N I S H N O T E S AP Biology What biomolecules do we find in cell membranes? 9/27/12 A G E N D A : 1. F I N I S H D I S C U S S I N G B I O M O L E C U L E S 2. B I O M O L E C U L E S O N C E L L M E M B R A N E S 3. D I F F U S I O N T H R O U G H M E M B R A N E D E M O 4. N A M E G A M E???!!! H O M E W O R K : N A D A!!!
34 Lipids The hydrophilic head is water loving while the hydrophobic tail is water hating. Phospholipids are components of cell membranes
35 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are giant molecules, polymers which contain the elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen. Nucleic acids are polymers. Polymers are made of monomers. The monomers that make up nucleic acids are called nucleotides.
36 Nucleic Acids When several nucleotides join by covalent bonds, a polynucleotide is formed. A polynucleotide is also called a nucleic acid Nucleic Acids store and transmit genetic material, or genetic information.
37 Nucleic Acids The two kinds of nucleic acids are: A. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
38 Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are made of three parts A. Nitrogen containing base B. Phosphate group C. 5 carbon sugar
39 The Energy Currency Nucleotide Life processes require a constant supply of energy. This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure. One of these compounds is the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
40 Lipids The hydrophilic head is water loving while the hydrophobic tail is water hating. Phospholipids are components of cell membranes
41 Lipid Bilayer Cell Membrane
42 Biomolecules on Cell Membrane
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