Glucocorticoids. Introduction to steroids in general: synthesis, regulation, mechanisms of action, development, physiology and related - diseases

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Glucocorticoids. Introduction to steroids in general: synthesis, regulation, mechanisms of action, development, physiology and related - diseases"

Transcription

1 Glucocorticoids 21 Introduction to steroids in general: synthesis, regulation, mechanisms of action, development, physiology and related - diseases Adrenal gland: anatomy, histology, hormones, effects, feedback. cortisol secretion, receptors, mechanism of action and effects Cortisol: effects on glucose metabolism, anti-inflamatory action, regulation, synthetic cortisol, the stress response Cortisol related pathologies: Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome HPA axis Introduction HPA axis and its story lines Page 1

2 teroid and enzymes VLDL cholesterol CC pregnenolone 17alpha 3BD hydroxylase progesterone I 21BHL 11-deoxycorti... 11BHL corticosterone 18hydrxylase 18-hydroxycorti... 18dehydrogen... mevalonic acid AcCoA pyruvate HMG-CoA reductase 17 a-hydroxypreg... DHA 3BDI 17alph desmolase a 3BDI 17 a-progesterone androstenedione 21BHL 11 - deoxycortisol ßhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11BHL testosterone (*) aromatase cortisol glucocorticoid estradiol estrogen / androgen aldosterone mineralocorticoid (*) metyperone test Adrenal and gonadal steroids have cholesterol as their common origin teroid and enzymes gonadal steroids VLDL cholesterol mevalonic acid AcCoA pyruvate HMG-CoA reductase CC pregnenolone 17 a-hydroxypreg... DHA 17alpha 17alph 3BD hydroxylase 3BDI desmolase a I 3BDI progesterone 17 a-progesterone androstenedione 21BHL 21BHL ßhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11-deoxycorti deoxycortisol 11BHL 11BHL testosterone (*) aromatase corticosterone cortisol 18hydrxylase estradiol 18-hydroxycorti... glucocorticoid estrogen / androgen 18dehydrogen... mineralocorticoid aldosterone (*) metyperone test mineralocorticoid glucocorticoid Adrenal and gonadal steroids have cholesterol as their common origin Page 2

3 teroid and enzymes glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids VLDL cholesterol mevalonic acid AcCoA pyruvate HMG-CoA reductase CC pregnenolone 17 a-hydroxypreg... DHA 17alpha 17alph 3BD hydroxylase 3BDI desmolase a I 3BDI progesterone 17 a-progesterone androstenedione 21BHL 21BHL ßhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11-deoxycorti deoxycortisol 11BHL 11BHL testosterone (*) aromatase corticosterone cortisol 18hydrxylase estradiol 18-hydroxycorti... glucocorticoid estrogen / androgen 18dehydrogen... mineralocorticoid aldosterone (*) metyperone test androgens CC cp450 ACTH, AgII and LH stimulate CC or desmolase, a rate-limiting enzyme for steroidogenesis teroid and enzymes VLDL cholesterol mevalonic acid AcCoA pyruvate HMG-CoA reductase CC pregnenolone 17 a-hydroxypreg... DHA 17alpha 17alph 3BD hydroxylase 3BDI desmolase a I 3BDI progesterone 17 a-progesterone androstenedione 21BHL 21BHL ßhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11-deoxycorti deoxycortisol 11BHL 11BHL testosterone (*) aromatase corticosterone cortisol 18hydrxylase estradiol 18-hydroxycorti... glucocorticoid estrogen / androgen 18dehydrogen... mineralocorticoid aldosterone (*) metyperone test primary (A) and secondary (B, C) regulation sites for steroid biosynthesis Page 3

4 Control of steroid biosynthesis VLDL cholesterol mevalonic acid AcCoA pyruvate HMG-CoA reductase CC pregnenolone 17 a-hydroxypreg... DHA 17alpha 17alph 3BD hydroxylase 3BDI desmolase a I 3BDI progesterone 17 a-progesterone androstenedione 21BHL 21BHL ßhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11-deoxycorti deoxycortisol 11BHL 11BHL testosterone (*) aromatase corticosterone cortisol 18hydrxylase estradiol 18-hydroxycorti... glucocorticoid estrogen / androgen 18dehydrogen... mineralocorticoid aldosterone (*) metyperone test sterified (C) and free cholesterol (FC) before, during and after stimulation Control of steroid action gene, exons, introns cis - acting, trans - acting transcription, translation splicing RNA cap polya tail Hormonal action can be regulated at the level of transcription, translation, RNA turnover, protein turnover, and post - translational modification. teroid action can be regulated at each level of its mechanism of action Page 4

5 Mechanism of steroid action NH 2 1 DNA binding region Hormone binding region COOH 563 estrogen progesterone glucocorticoid thyroid hormone androgen 1 teroid action is initiated by the binding of the steroid to its intracellular receptor 427 Vitamin D Mechanism of steroid action teroid action is initiated by the binding of the steroid to its intracellular receptor Page 5

6 Mechanism of steroid action H R HP 90 HP 90 Zn fingers are binding regions of transcription factor proteins which attach to the promotor segment of DNA H R Zn HP 90 HP 90 teroid - receptor complex bind to specific hormone receptive elements on DNA H R Zn H R H R Zn D N A TATA box RNA Pol II teroid s permissive effect R Na / K pump camp ----> PKA ----> channel / enzyme AC Protein synthesis XX1 HR mrna R teroid + R ----> R DNA additional transcription factor teroids, by their genomic effects, can control the availability of specific proteins used by hormones Page 6

7 teroid s permissive effect Action on specific mrna synthesis could cause an increase in the number of membrane receptors, which might increase the production of cyclic nucleotides, thus leading to an increase cellular response to hormones acting on the plasmalemma. Thyroid or steroid hormones could increase or decrease the amount of cyclic nucleotide - dependent protein kinases PK or amount of substrate available for phosphorylation by camp or cgmp - dependent PK. Thyroid and steroid hormones could enhance the synthesis of a protein that could act as an inhibitor of another protein (e.g.. phosphoprotein phosphatase) whose action is antagonistic to cyclic nucleotide action. teroids by their genomic effects can control the availability of specific proteins used by hormones teroid s developmental effect steroid hormones are synthesized and secreted by the ovary, testes, adrenal and placenta their effects occur through binding to intracellular receptors regulating transcription in target cells are critical for sexual differentiation of different target organs and are important regulators (e.g.. they induce developing of Wolffian system, a noncycling hypothalamus and sexual behavior in males, since dogma states default system is female) liver cells express R and AR. They regulate production of secreted proteins (HBG) and enzymes (15ßH) their synthesis / receptors alterations result in disease. teroid-dependent tumors can become independent teroids by their genomic effects can control the development of specific systems and processes Page 7

8 teroid s physiological effect glucocorticoids secreted from adrenal cortex (ZF, cortisol) regulate gluconeogenesis and participate in inflamatory and immune processes mineralocorticoids secreted from adrenal cortex (ZG, aldosterone) is part of the RA system regulating blood pressure and kidney functions gonadal steroids (testis/ovaries) participate in sexual differentiation of reproductive system, its control, and phenotypical gender differences neurosteroids produced in CN and PN (mainly but not exclusively) in myelinating glial cells, from cholesterol or steroidal precursors imported from peripheral sources. ome of them are pregnenolone, progesterone, and DHA. They can act as modulators of GABA and NMDA receptors teroids by their genomic effects can control the function of specific processes teroid s pathological effect Theoretically, genetic pathologies can be associated with each step of the biosynthetic leading to the production of a particular enzyme or protein. congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to gene deletion or to point mutation of the 21 - hydroxylase enzyme testicular feminization due to point mutations scattered throughout the androgen receptor gene, cause decrease amounts of functional androgen receptors, altered sexual differentiation and feed - back regulation Vit D - dependent rickets due to a single point mutation in the tip of one of the Zn fingers of the DNA binding domain of the Vit D receptor, thus making it unable to interact and transcriptionally regulate Vit D - responsive genes teroids by their genomic effects can control the availability of specific proteins used by hormones Page 8

9 Anatomy of the adrenal gland Chemical communication between cells. 1. A: Local. ecretors product, shown as red dots, reaches nearby target cell by diffusion through extracellular fluid (paracrine or autocrine communication). Juxtacrine: Communication by physical contact via signaling molecules in the membrane of one cell activating membrane receptor molecules in an adjacent cell. 2. B: ndocrine. ecretory product reaches distant cells by transport through the circulation. 3. C: ecretory product released from terminals of long cell processes reaches target cells distant from the nerve cell body by diffusion across the synaptic cleft. The adrenal has a cortex made of three distinctly separated regions and a medulla Histology of the adrenal gland The principal adrenal steroid hormones. ZG Aldosterone ZF Cortisol ZR Androgens ach of the three sections of the adrenal cortex, called zonas, produce different hormones Page 9

10 Histology of the adrenal gland CC Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the rate determining reactions in steroid hormone biosynthesis. Carbons 20 and 22 are sequentially oxidized (in either order) followed by oxidative cleavage of the bond between them (green arrow). All three reactions are catalyzed by a single enzyme, cytochrome P450CC. The principal adrenal steroid hormones. The first reaction in the formation of all adrenal steroids is removal of the side-chain of cholesterol Histology of the adrenal gland Biosynthesis of adrenal cortical hormones. Reactions shown in the yellow box are unique to the zona glomerulosa. Reactions shown in the blue box are seen in the zonae fasciculata. Reactions shown in the green box are seen in both the zona glomerulosa and reticularis. Reactions shown in the pink box Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in humans, while in are largely confined to the zona reticularis. animals it is cortocosterone tructural changes produced in each reaction are shown in red. ome enzymatic reactions are restricted to different cortical segments, thus producing different steroids Page 10

11 The HPA axis Hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis (HPA axis) is control predominantly by cortisol negative feedback The HPA axis Hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis (HPA axis) is control predominantly by cortisol negative feedback Page 11

12 The zona fasciculata treatment? ZF, glucocorticoids, cortisol, corticosterone stimulus for cortisol secretion is ACTH main effects of cortisol are 1) facilitate gluconeogenesis in muscle and connective tissue; 2) decreases glucose utilization by inhibiting its transport; 3) reduces utilization of aa everywhere except liver; 4) increases mobilization of FA and glycerol from adipose tissue to blood; 5) anti-inflamatory cortisol is needed to mantain vascular integrity / responsiveness and the volume of body fluids. ffect on GFR ZR, androgens, DHA. ACTH rises DHA secretion, but this steroids does not inhibits ACTH secretion from AP in females, a virilization syndrome occurs due to hypersecretion of adrenal androgens caused by a blockade, or deficiency, of the enzyme 21-ß-hydroxylase The zona fasciculata, the second cortical region, secretes the glucocorticoid steroid cortisol The zona fasciculata cortisol dexamethasone treatment? Cortisol is the natural glucocorticoid hormone in humans and dexamethasone is a synthetic analog Page 12

13 Mechanism of action of CRH Hormonal interactions that regulate ACTH secretion by pituitary corticotrope. Glucocorticoids produce their negative feedback effects by interfering with POMC gene expression and membrane depolarization. CRH = corticotrophin releasing hormone; AVP = arginine vasopressin; AC = adenylyl cyclase; PLC = phospholipase C; ATP = adenosine triphosphate; camp = cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKC = protein kinase C; DAG = diacylglycerol; IP3 = inositol trisphosphate; PKA = protein kinase A; CRB = cyclic AMP response element binding protein; R = endoplasmic reticulum; AP-1 = activator protein-1; GR = glucocorticoid receptor; POMC = proopiomelanocortin; VCC = voltage sensitive calcium channels. The main stimulus for ACTH secretion is hypothalamic CRH (corticotropic releasing hormone) Mechanism of action of ACTH The main stimulus for cortisol secretion is ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the AP Page 13

14 Mechanism of action of ACTH timulation of steroidogenesis by ACTH in zona fasciculata cells. Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone requires mobilization of cholesterol from its storage droplet and transfer to the P450scc (side chain cleavage) enzyme on the inner mitochondrial membrane. ACTH may also increase cholesterol uptake by increasing the number or affinity of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. s = stimulatory subunit of the guanine nucleotidebinding protein. AC = adenylyl cyclase, = subunits of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein. tar = steroid acute regulatory protein. The main stimulus for cortisol secretion is ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the AP Mechanism of action of cortisol The main inhibitor of the HPA axis is the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland Page 14

15 Mechanism of action of cortisol Average plasma concentrations of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA) throughout life. DHA is abundant in fetal plasma and declines precipitously after birth as the fetal zone of the adrenal involutes. DHA increases during adrenarche as the zona reticularis increases in mass. Although both the ovaries and testes contribute to circulating DHA, the difference in plasma levels between males and females reflects the greater contribution of the testes. Cortisol is secreted by the fetal adrenal cortex only in the latter part of pregnancy. Average adult levels are reached shortly after birth and remain within a constant range throughout life. Cortisol and DHA release to circulation throughout life in humans Basal release of adrenal steroid CORT ALD DHA DHA sulphate The secretion of adrenal steroids to plasma is episodic in nature Page 15

16 Basal release of adrenal steroid The secretion of adrenal steroids to plasma has a circadian rhythm The metyrapone test The metyperone test checks the functionality of the cortisol negative feedback Page 16

17 The metyrapone test The cortisol-cortisone shuttle. Two enzymes, 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HD I and HD II) catalyze the oxidation of cortisol to cortisone. HD I can also catalyze the reaction in the reverse direction converting the inactive cortisone to cortisol. Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in humans while corticosterone is the main one in most animals Insulin induced hypoglycemia The insulin - induced hypoglycemic test is used to verify the responsiveness of the HPA axis Page 17

18 ffects Metabolic effects of cortisol Principal effects of glucocorticoids on glucose production and the metabolism of body fuels. The main metabolic effect of cortisol on metabolism is gluconegenesis Page 18

19 Metabolic effects of cortisol increases gluconeogenesis by a genomic mechanism inhibits glucose transport thus decreases its utilization reduces aa use for protein formation except in the liver increases FA / glycerol mobilization from adipose depot The main metabolic effect of cortisol on metabolism is gluconegenesis Metabolic effects of cortisol glycogen phosphorilase G-6-Pase glucose F-1,6-diPase proteins transaminases amino acids glycogen glycogen synthetase G P hexokinase G P glucose insulin F P glucagon PFK epinephrine F - 1,6 -dip glucocorticoids triose fats pyruvate acetyl CoA increases gluconeogenesis by a genomic mechanism inhibits glucose transport thus decreases its utilization Krebs cycle reduces aa use for protein formation except in the liver increases FA / glycerol mobilization from adipose depot The main metabolic effect of cortisol on metabolism is gluconegenesis Page 19

20 Metabolic effects of cortisol increase synthesis of gluconeogenic enzymes within hepatocytes (anabolic) actions on skeletal muscle and adipose are catabolic (block glucose uptake, stimulate proteolysis, lipolysis, and promote FFA and glycerol mobilization) glucose produced is either stored as glycogen or released into the blood excessive secretion is antagonistic to insulin and promotes diabetes mellitus, an effect that is amplified since they reduce the affinity of certain cells for insulin, further aggravating the diabetes Gluconeogenesis The main metabolic effect of cortisol on metabolism is gluconegenesis Other effects of cortisol most if not all effects are permissive to actions of other hormones. xamples: sympathoadrenal function ADX, stress, vascular collapse CAs, enzymes and fat mobilization lethal hypothermia follows ADX permissive actions mantain body temperature through their permissive actions on liver gluconeogenesis and adipose tissue metabolism sheep fetus and the onset of parturition role of cortisol and Prl in lactogenesis milk casein drops 85% after ADX repro actions Due to its genomic mechanism of action, cortisol has a variety of effects Page 20

21 Other effects of cortisol neonatal corticosterone reduces basal level and amplitude of its diurnal rhythm in adult rat (imprinting, brain diff/dev) hippocampus granular cell layer is loss after ADX and corticosterone prevents it non-genomic mechanisms of steroid action in neuronal function and behavior CN actions at higher than physiological levels, cortisol inhibits inflammatory & allergic reactions, probably by lysosomal membrane stabilization cortisol causes lymphatic atrophy and lymphocytopenia ACTH stimulates IL-1. anti-inflamatory and immune actions Due to its genomic mechanism of action, cortisol has a variety of effects Anti-inflamatory effect Anti-inflammatory actions of cortisol. Cortisol induces the formation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor B (I-B), which binds to nuclear factor B (NF-B) and prevents it from entering the nucleus and activating target genes. The activated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) also interferes with NF-B binding to its response elements in DNA thus preventing the induction of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (ino). By blocking further production of TNF (tumor necrosis factor-) and IL-1 (interleukin-1) glucocorticoids disrupt the positive feedback cycle involving these cytokines. NO = nitric oxide. Cortisol induces formation of the nuclear factor I-kB which binds NF-kB and prevents its nuclear entry Page 21

22 Anti-inflamatory effect Negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis by inflammatory cytokines Cortisol & the tress Response tress stimulates the HPA axis in both an acute and chronic mode Page 22

23 Cortisol & the tress Response HPA axis recovery from Cushing or chronic DX suggests chronic stress effect Cortisol & the tress Response When threat-related information reaches the brain two different response are generated: 1) The brain automatically engages TH AMIGDALA, an emergency fear center. This sent emergency information to other parts of the brain mediating the stress response (pi, sweat, rapid heart beat, increased blood pressure). 2) The brain engages the THALAMU first and then the CORTX. The latter analyzes the information and decides whether or not a stress response is required. If the threat is not real or the response triggered by the amigdala is excessive, prefrontal cortex inhibits the amigdala. If the threat is real the cortex support it and the body stays on alert. HPA axis recovery from Cushing or chronic DX suggests chronic stress effect Page 23

24 Cortisol & the tress Response The amygdala provokes a series of changes in the brain s chemicals that puts the entire body in a stress mode. The amigdala does not check for accuracy of the threat. Another part of the stress signal goes to the cortex, the thinking part, to figure out what is going on. Then the information goes to the prefrontal cortex, and from here the amygdale receives a very clear message to relax. (This is what supposed to happen in a normal stress response). Cortical assessment of incoming stress signals are compared to those in memory associated with the hypocampus. All rational cortical integration is conveyed to the prefrontal cortex to provide a breaking signal to the emotional outburst from the amygdala. For a normal stress response all circuitry has to be functional HPA axis recovery from Cushing or chronic DX suggests chronic stress effect Cushing yndrome Hyperfunction and hypofunctions of primary or secondary origin Page 24

25 Cushing yndrome Hyperfunction (Cushing): obesity, fat redistribution, hypertension, proximal muscle weakness, loss of connective tissue support with abdominal striae and easy bruisibility, emotional symptoms, osteopenia, glucose intolerance Cushing yndrome is associated with hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal Cushing yndrome ACTH Cushing disease Adrenal tumor ctopic ACTH Hyperfunction (Cushing): obesity, fat redistribution, hypertension, proximal muscle weakness, loss of connective tissue support with abdominal striae and easy bruisibility, emotional symptoms, osteopenia, glucose intolerance Cushing yndrome is associated with hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal Page 25

26 Addison Disease Hypofunction (Addisson): weight loss, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, postural hypotension. If adrenal gland is absent or destroyed, in addition hyperpigmentation, hypokalemic alkalosis and virilization in women is present A patient with Addison s disease before (note thin and pigmented face and hand) and after treatment with glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Addison Disease is associated with hyposecretion of cortisol from the adrenal Addison Disease ACTH primary adrenal failure secondary adrenal failure Hypofunction (Addisson): weight loss, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, postural hypotension. If adrenal gland is absent or destroyed, in addition hyperpigmentation, hypokalemic alkalosis and virilization in women is present Addison Disease is associated with hyposecretion of cortisol from the adrenal Page 26

27 Addison Disease Page 27

74. Hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex. The glucocorticoids: biosynthesis, regulation, effects. Adrenal cortex is vital for life!

74. Hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex. The glucocorticoids: biosynthesis, regulation, effects. Adrenal cortex is vital for life! 74. Hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex. The glucocorticoids: biosynthesis, regulation, effects. Adrenal cortex is vital for life! 5 g each Zona glomerulosa : Mineralocorticoids ALDOSTERON Zona fasciculata:

More information

Adrenal Steroid Hormones (Chapter 15) I. glucocorticoids cortisol corticosterone

Adrenal Steroid Hormones (Chapter 15) I. glucocorticoids cortisol corticosterone Adrenal Steroid Hormones (Chapter 15) I. glucocorticoids cortisol corticosterone II. mineralocorticoids i id aldosterone III. androgenic steroids dehydroepiandrosterone testosterone IV. estrogenic steroids

More information

BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.45 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.45 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. !! www.clutchprep.com Chemical signals allow cells to communicate with each other Pheromones chemical signals released to the environment to communicate with other organisms Autocrine signaling self-signaling,

More information

BIOSYNTHESIS OF STEROID HORMONES

BIOSYNTHESIS OF STEROID HORMONES BIOSYNTHESIS OF STEROID HORMONES Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI sw/steroidrepro/inter/08 1 STEROID HORMONES Progestins (21 C) Glucocorticoids (21 C) Mineralocorticoids

More information

Chemical Classification of Hormones

Chemical Classification of Hormones Steroid Hormones Chemical Classification of Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers that transport signals from one cell to another There are 4 major chemical classes of hormones steroid hormones - i.e.

More information

THE ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLANDS

THE ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLANDS THE ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLANDS They are two glands, present above the kidneys. One adrenal gland is sufficient for human beings/mammals (example: we also have two kidneys but one is sufficient). The Adrenal

More information

Topic No. & Title: Topic 4 Biosynthesis and secretion of adrenal, ovarian and testicular hormones-factors influencing secretion

Topic No. & Title: Topic 4 Biosynthesis and secretion of adrenal, ovarian and testicular hormones-factors influencing secretion [Academic Script] Biosynthesis and secretion of adrenal, ovarian and testicular hormones-factors influencing secretion Subject: Zoology Course: B.Sc. 2 nd Year Paper No. & Title: Z-203B Vertebrate Endocrinology

More information

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FIGURE 17.1

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FIGURE 17.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FIGURE 17.1 1. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete chemical signals, called hormones, into the blood. In addition, other organs and cells

More information

Stress, Immunity and the HPA axis

Stress, Immunity and the HPA axis Stress, Immunity and the HPA axis The goal of these lectures is to discuss basic physiology associated with the control of stress and immunity. This lecture together with the previous one (biological rhythms)

More information

General Principles of Endocrine Physiology

General Principles of Endocrine Physiology General Principles of Endocrine Physiology By Dr. Isabel S.S. Hwang Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Hong Kong The major human endocrine glands Endocrine glands and hormones

More information

16. ADRENAL GLAND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND ADRENAL GLAND

16. ADRENAL GLAND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND ADRENAL GLAND 16. ADRENAL GLAND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND To understand the function of the adrenal gland, it is useful to understand the anatomical and histological differences of each section. The gland

More information

CPY 605 ADVANCED ENDOCRINOLOGY

CPY 605 ADVANCED ENDOCRINOLOGY CPY 605 ADVANCED ENDOCRINOLOGY THE ADRENAL CORTEX PRESENTED BY WAINDIM NYIAMBAM YVONNE HS09A187 INTRODUCTION Two adrenal glands lie on top of each kidney. Each gland between 6 and 8g in weight is composed

More information

Endocrine Notes Mrs. Laux AP Biology I. Endocrine System consists of endocrine glands (ductless), cells, tissues secrete hormones

Endocrine Notes Mrs. Laux AP Biology I. Endocrine System consists of endocrine glands (ductless), cells, tissues secrete hormones I. Endocrine System consists of endocrine glands (ductless), cells, tissues secrete hormones regulates metabolism, fluid balance, growth, reproduction A. Hormones 1. chemical signals-cell to cell communication

More information

Mineralocorticoids. Introduction

Mineralocorticoids. Introduction Mineralocorticoids Introduction concepts to remember: a) water, glucose, mineral metabolism; b) adrenal in stress and blood pressure 15 Renin - angiotensin (RAS) and kallikrein kinin (KKS) systems: synthesis,

More information

Hormones and the Endocrine System Chapter 45. Intercellular communication. Paracrine and Autocrine Signaling. Signaling by local regulators 11/26/2017

Hormones and the Endocrine System Chapter 45. Intercellular communication. Paracrine and Autocrine Signaling. Signaling by local regulators 11/26/2017 Hormones and the Endocrine System Chapter 45 Intercellular communication Endocrine signaling Local regulators Paracrine and autocrine signaling Neuron signaling Synaptic and neuroendocrine signaling Paracrine

More information

Where in the adrenal cortex is cortisol produced? How do glucocorticoids inhibit prostaglandin production?

Where in the adrenal cortex is cortisol produced? How do glucocorticoids inhibit prostaglandin production? CASE 35 A 36-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist with complaints of amenorrhea and hirsutism. She has also noticed an increase in her weight (especially in the trunk region) and easy fatigability.

More information

2402 : Anatomy/Physiology

2402 : Anatomy/Physiology Dr. Chris Doumen Lecture 4 2402 : Anatomy/Physiology Major Endocrine Organs Calci u m H o me os t asis TextBook Readings Pages 624 through 632. Make use of the figures in your textbook ; a picture is worth

More information

Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance By Scott Powers & Edward Howley

Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance By Scott Powers & Edward Howley Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance By Scott Powers & Edward Howley Ch 5 Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Responses to Exercise Summary Created by Dan Hechler Class Lecture

More information

Ch45: Endocrine System

Ch45: Endocrine System Ch45: Endocrine System Endocrine System Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a stable internal environment. Function = coordinate and control the body with hormones to maintain homeostasis Works with

More information

Ch45: Endocrine System

Ch45: Endocrine System Ch45: Endocrine System Endocrine System Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a stable internal environment. Function = with hormones to maintain homeostasis Works with nervous system Anatomy Location:

More information

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL SEMINAR: SEX HORMONES PART 1 An Overview What are steroid hormones? Steroid

More information

Art labeling Activity: Figure 16.1

Art labeling Activity: Figure 16.1 ANP 1105D Winter 2013 Assignment 6 part I: The Endocrine Sy... Assignment 6 part I: The Endocrine System, Chapter 16 Due: 11:59pm on Monday, March 4, 2013 Note: To understand how points are awarded, read

More information

Thyroid Gland. Chapter 18 Part 2. Thyroid gland. Thyroid Gland. Thyroid Gland. Parathyroid Gland. Adrenal Gland. Pancreas

Thyroid Gland. Chapter 18 Part 2. Thyroid gland. Thyroid Gland. Thyroid Gland. Parathyroid Gland. Adrenal Gland. Pancreas Thyroid Gland Chapter 18 Part 2 Synthesis and function of Thyroid hormone Calcitonin and Calcium regulation Parathyroid Gland PTH and Calcium regulation Adrenal Gland The corticosteroids Pancreas Regulation

More information

Endocrine System Notes

Endocrine System Notes Endocrine System Notes is the tendency to maintain a stable internal environment. - parts of the body that secrete hormones directly into the body. - parts of the body that make secretions which travel

More information

Adrenal Glands. Huiping Wang ( 王会平 ), PhD. Rm C541, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel:

Adrenal Glands. Huiping Wang ( 王会平 ), PhD. Rm C541, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel: Adrenal Glands Huiping Wang ( 王会平 ), PhD Department of Physiology Rm C541, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel: 88208292 Outline The Adrenal Glands The adrenal cortex The Adrenal Medulla

More information

Endocrine System. Endocrine vs. Exocrine. Bio 250 Human Anatomy & Physiology

Endocrine System. Endocrine vs. Exocrine. Bio 250 Human Anatomy & Physiology Endocrine System Bio 250 Human Anatomy & Physiology Endocrine vs. Exocrine Endocrine glands secrete their products called hormones into body fluids (the internal environment) Exocrine glands secrete their

More information

Chp. 17 FUNCTIONAL ORG. Char.of the Endocrine System

Chp. 17 FUNCTIONAL ORG. Char.of the Endocrine System Chp. 17 FUNCTIONAL ORG. Char.of the Endocrine System Glands that secrete chemical signals (hormones) into circulatory system Hormone characteristics Produced in small quantities Secreted into intercellular

More information

ADRENAL GLANDS HORMONES

ADRENAL GLANDS HORMONES ADRNAL GLANDS HORMONS Glands Cortex 80% mesoderm Mineralococorticoids Glucocorticoids (phenylethanolamine N- methyl transferase) A Sex Hormones Catecholamines Medulla 20% PNMT, N neuroectoderm N PNMT V

More information

Human Biochemistry. Hormones

Human Biochemistry. Hormones Human Biochemistry Hormones THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM = the organ system that regulates internal environment conditions by secreting hormones into

More information

The endocrine system -- a brief overview.

The endocrine system -- a brief overview. The endocrine system -- a brief overview. I. Introduction - the endocrine system is an integration system that influences the metabolic activities of cells. - acts via hormones, chemical messengers produced

More information

BIOL 2458 A&P II CHAPTER 18 SI Both the system and the endocrine system affect all body cells.

BIOL 2458 A&P II CHAPTER 18 SI Both the system and the endocrine system affect all body cells. BIOL 2458 A&P II CHAPTER 18 SI 1 1. Both the system and the endocrine system affect all body cells. 2. Affect on target cells by the system is slow. Affect on target cells by the system is fast. INTERCELLULAR

More information

Adrenal & Gonadal Hormones

Adrenal & Gonadal Hormones Adrenal & Gonadal Hormones Topics for today: Adrenal cortex hormone Adrenal medulla hormones Hormone control of organs Steroid hormone synthesis Vitamin D3 Estrogens and Progesterone Layers of adrenal

More information

Chapter 11 - Endocrine System

Chapter 11 - Endocrine System Chapter 11 - Endocrine System 11.1 Introduction A. The endocrine system is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids. B. The body has two kinds of glands, exocrine

More information

Endocrine system. Coordination & regulation Glands Hormones

Endocrine system. Coordination & regulation Glands Hormones Endocrine system Coordination & regulation Glands Hormones Endocrine system structures Anatomy - Dispersed system of glands that communicate with each other & all body cells via hormones. Endocrine glands:

More information

Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary

Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary Hypothalamus neuron cell bodies produce ADH: supraoptic nuclei Oxytocin: paraventricular nuclei Transported along the hypothalamohypophyseal tract Stored in

More information

Chapter 18: Endocrine Glands

Chapter 18: Endocrine Glands Chapter 18: Endocrine Glands I. Functions of the Endocrine System A. List and describe the eight major functions of the endocrine system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Page 1 of 19 C II. Pituitary Gland and

More information

Cell Signaling (part 1)

Cell Signaling (part 1) 15 Cell Signaling (part 1) Introduction Bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes respond to environmental signals and to signaling molecules secreted by other cells for mating and other communication. In multicellular

More information

Chapter 17. Lecture and Animation Outline

Chapter 17. Lecture and Animation Outline Chapter 17 Lecture and Animation Outline To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have

More information

2) Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. 2)

2) Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. 2) AP 2 Exam Chapter 16 Endocrie Due Wed. night 4/22 or Thurs. morning 4/23 Name: Matching; match the labeled organ with the most appropriate response or identification. Figure 16.1 Using Figure 16.1, match

More information

Hormonal regulation of. Physiology Department Medical School, University of Sumatera Utara

Hormonal regulation of. Physiology Department Medical School, University of Sumatera Utara Hormonal regulation of nutrient metabolism Physiology Department Medical School, University of Sumatera Utara Homeostasis & Controls Successful compensation Homeostasis reestablished Failure to compensate

More information

The Endocrine System. I. Overview of the Endocrine System. II. Three Families of Hormones. III. Hormone Receptors. IV. Classes of Hormone Receptor

The Endocrine System. I. Overview of the Endocrine System. II. Three Families of Hormones. III. Hormone Receptors. IV. Classes of Hormone Receptor The Endocrine System I. Overview of the Endocrine System A. Regulates long term metabolic processes B. Releases hormones from endocrine cells 1. Hormones are chemicals 2. Alter metabolism of cells 3. Release

More information

ADRENAL GLAND. Introduction 4/21/2009. Among most important and vital endocrine organ. Small bilateral yellowish retroperitoneal organ

ADRENAL GLAND. Introduction 4/21/2009. Among most important and vital endocrine organ. Small bilateral yellowish retroperitoneal organ Introduction Among most important and vital endocrine organ ADRENAL GLAND D.Hammoudi.MD Small bilateral yellowish retroperitoneal organ Lies just above kidney in gerota s fascia 2 1 The Adrenal Gland Anatomy

More information

Control. Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Weak Androgens. Progesterone, Estrogens. Androgens. Scheme

Control. Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Weak Androgens. Progesterone, Estrogens. Androgens. Scheme Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones Lipid hormones with intracellular receptors, ell-specific enzyme sortiment, N storage : acutely synthesized when needed Scheme ontrol Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids

More information

Endocrine system. Coordination & regulation Glands Hormones

Endocrine system. Coordination & regulation Glands Hormones Endocrine system Coordination & regulation Glands Hormones Endocrine system structures Anatomy - Dispersed system of glands that communicate with each other & all body cells via hormones. Endocrine glands:

More information

Endocrinology - Reproduction Introduction Mohammed Y. Kalimi, Ph.D.

Endocrinology - Reproduction Introduction Mohammed Y. Kalimi, Ph.D. Endocrinology - Reproduction Introduction Mohammed Y. Kalimi, Ph.D. Objectives: After studying this material, the student will: 1. Identify the chemical nature of thyroid hormones, TRH, TSH, GH, somatoatatin,

More information

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 16: The Endocrine System

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 16: The Endocrine System Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 16: The Endocrine System Question No. 1 of 10 The endocrine system is made up of a number of organs and glands. Which one of the following is not an organ or

More information

Testosterone and other male hormones seem to be related to aggressive behavior in some species

Testosterone and other male hormones seem to be related to aggressive behavior in some species Testosterone and Male Aggression Testosterone and other male hormones seem to be related to aggressive behavior in some species In the fish species Oreochromis mossambicus, elevated levels have been found

More information

Chapter 20. Endocrine System Chemical signals coordinate body functions Chemical signals coordinate body functions. !

Chapter 20. Endocrine System Chemical signals coordinate body functions Chemical signals coordinate body functions. ! 26.1 Chemical signals coordinate body functions Chapter 20 Endocrine System! Hormones Chemical signals Secreted by endocrine glands Usually carried in the blood Cause specific changes in target cells Secretory

More information

Biology 2100 Human Physiology C. Iltis SLCC March 8, Midterm Examination #2

Biology 2100 Human Physiology C. Iltis SLCC March 8, Midterm Examination #2 Biology 2100 Human Physiology Name: KEY C. Iltis SLCC March 8, 2000 Midterm Examination #2 Multiple Choice Questions (2 POINTS EACH) 1. When glucose levels are above 100 mg/dl, which of the following is

More information

Chapter 16: Endocrine System 1

Chapter 16: Endocrine System 1 Ch 16 Endocrine System Bi 233 Endocrine system Endocrine System: Overview Body s second great controlling system Influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones Slow signaling Endocrine glands

More information

Chapter 11. Endocrine System

Chapter 11. Endocrine System Chapter 11 Endocrine System 1 Introduction A. The endocrine system is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids. B. Hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to act target

More information

BIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system

BIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system BIOH111 o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1 Textbook and required

More information

Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction L1- L2

Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction L1- L2 Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction L1- L2 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD University of Jordan 1 Introduction to Physiology (0501110) Summer 2012 Subject Lecture No. Lecturer Pages in the 11 th edition.

More information

human anatomy & physiology sampler questions

human anatomy & physiology sampler questions human anatomy & physiology sampler questions Please note that there are questions within this set that test material that may not have been covered in your lecture; unless otherwise specified, lecture

More information

CHEMICAL COORDINATION & INTEGRATION

CHEMICAL COORDINATION & INTEGRATION CHEMICAL COORDINATION & INTEGRATION 1. The hormone responsible for Fight and Flight response is a) Adrenalin** b) Thyroxine c) ADH d) Oxytocin 2. The primary androgen produced by males is. a) Epinephrine

More information

Objectives. Dried Urine Testing for Comprehensive Hormones: Case Examples and Clinical Pearls

Objectives. Dried Urine Testing for Comprehensive Hormones: Case Examples and Clinical Pearls Dried Urine Testing for Comprehensive Hormones: Case Examples and Clinical Pearls Carrie Jones, ND, MPH Medical Director Precision Analytical, Inc. 2016 Objectives What is DUTCH and how is this test different?

More information

The Adrenals Are a key factor in all hormonal issues Because the adrenals can convert one hormone to another they play a role like no other in the bod

The Adrenals Are a key factor in all hormonal issues Because the adrenals can convert one hormone to another they play a role like no other in the bod The Players Part II The Adrenals Are a key factor in all hormonal issues Because the adrenals can convert one hormone to another they play a role like no other in the body Can affect all hormone systems

More information

4/23/2018. Endocrine System: Overview. Endocrine System: Overview

4/23/2018. Endocrine System: Overview. Endocrine System: Overview Endocrine System: Overview With nervous system, coordinates and integrates activity of body cells Influences metabolic activities via hormones transported in blood Response slower but longer lasting than

More information

Chapter 20 Endocrine System

Chapter 20 Endocrine System Chapter 20 Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of glands and tissues that secrete Hormones are chemicals that affect other glands or tissues, many times far away from the site of hormone production

More information

The Adrenal Glands. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege

The Adrenal Glands. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The Adrenal Glands Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The adrenal glands are wedges of glandular and neuroendocrine tissue adhering to the top of the kidneys by a fibrous capsule ([link]). The adrenal glands have a

More information

8/26/13. Announcements

8/26/13. Announcements Announcements THM questions will start for points on Wednesday. Make sure you are registered correctly! Problems registering for BioPortal? Make sure you are using the link from the syllabus or FAQ. 30

More information

1. Demonstrate/illustrate how the homeostatic model applies to every endocrine system in normal physiology and disease.

1. Demonstrate/illustrate how the homeostatic model applies to every endocrine system in normal physiology and disease. Course learning goals 1. Demonstrate/illustrate how the homeostatic model applies to every endocrine system in normal physiology and disease. 2. Demonstrate/illustrate how every aspect of our physiology

More information

1st Year MB/BDS Plenary Lecture What is a Hormone?

1st Year MB/BDS Plenary Lecture What is a Hormone? 1st Year MB/BDS Plenary Lecture What is a Hormone? The term hormone (from the Greek for I arouse to activity or I excite) was first used by Starling in 1905. Hormones are just one type of first (or primary)

More information

The Pathological l Basis of Disease

The Pathological l Basis of Disease Endocrine Diseases The Pathological l Basis of Disease - Graduate Course CMM5001 Qiao Li, MD, PhD Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa qiaoli@uottawa.ca Outline Endocrine System Adrenal Gland Anatomy

More information

ULTIMATE BEAUTY OF BIOCHEMISTRY. Dr. Veena Bhaskar S Gowda Dept of Biochemistry 30 th Nov 2017

ULTIMATE BEAUTY OF BIOCHEMISTRY. Dr. Veena Bhaskar S Gowda Dept of Biochemistry 30 th Nov 2017 ULTIMATE BEAUTY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Dr. Veena Bhaskar S Gowda Dept of Biochemistry 30 th Nov 2017 SUSPECTED CASE OF CUSHING S SYNDROME Clinical features Moon face Obesity Hypertension Hunch back Abdominal

More information

The endocrine system is made up of a complex group of glands that secrete hormones.

The endocrine system is made up of a complex group of glands that secrete hormones. 1 10. Endocrinology I MEDCHEM 535 Diagnostic Medicinal Chemistry Endocrinology The endocrine system is made up of a complex group of glands that secrete hormones. These hormones control reproduction, metabolism,

More information

BIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system o Integumentary system

BIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system o Integumentary system BIOH111 o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system o Integumentary system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1 Textbook and required/recommended

More information

Cell Signaling part 2

Cell Signaling part 2 15 Cell Signaling part 2 Functions of Cell Surface Receptors Other cell surface receptors are directly linked to intracellular enzymes. The largest family of these is the receptor protein tyrosine kinases,

More information

Hormones. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege

Hormones. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Although a given hormone may travel throughout the body in the bloodstream, it will affect the activity only of its target cells; that is, cells with receptors for that particular

More information

Endocrine System Hormones. AP Biology

Endocrine System Hormones. AP Biology Endocrine System Hormones 2007-2008 Regulation Why are hormones needed? u chemical messages from one body part to another u communication needed to coordinate whole body u daily homeostasis & regulation

More information

Adrenal gland And Pancreas

Adrenal gland And Pancreas Adrenal gland And Pancreas Structure Cortex Glucocorticoids Effects Control of secretion Mineralocorticoids Effects Control of secretion Sex steroids Medulla Catecholamines Adrenal cortex 80% of an adrenal

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely

More information

Chapter 15: Signal transduction

Chapter 15: Signal transduction Chapter 15: Signal transduction Know the terminology: Enzyme-linked receptor, G-protein linked receptor, nuclear hormone receptor, G-protein, adaptor protein, scaffolding protein, SH2 domain, MAPK, Ras,

More information

Page 1. Chapter 37: Chemical Control of the Animal Body - The Endocrine System

Page 1. Chapter 37: Chemical Control of the Animal Body - The Endocrine System Chapter 37: Chemical Control of the Animal Body - The Endocrine System Endocrine System: Hormones and the various cells that secrete and receive them Types of Glands: 1) Endocrine Glands: Release substances

More information

Page 1. Chapter 37: Chemical Control of the Animal Body - The Endocrine System. Target Cells: Cells specialized to respond to hormones

Page 1. Chapter 37: Chemical Control of the Animal Body - The Endocrine System. Target Cells: Cells specialized to respond to hormones Chapter 37: Chemical Control of the Animal Body - The Endocrine System Endocrine System: Hormones and the various cells that secrete and receive them Types of Glands: 1) Endocrine Glands: Release substances

More information

HORMONES (Biomedical Importance)

HORMONES (Biomedical Importance) hormones HORMONES (Biomedical Importance) Hormones are the chemical messengers of the body. They are defined as organic substances secreted into blood stream to control the metabolic and biological activities.

More information

Homeostasis. Endocrine System Nervous System

Homeostasis. Endocrine System Nervous System Homeostasis Endocrine System Nervous System 2004-2005 Regulation Why are hormones needed? chemical messages from one body part to another communication needed to coordinate whole body homeostasis & regulation

More information

Ch 11: Endocrine System

Ch 11: Endocrine System Ch 11: Endocrine System SLOs Describe the chemical nature of hormones and define the terms proand prepro-hormone. Explain mechanism of action of steroid and thyroid hormones Create chart to distinguish

More information

ENDOCRINOLOGY. Dr.AZZA SAJID ALKINANY 2 nd STAGE

ENDOCRINOLOGY. Dr.AZZA SAJID ALKINANY 2 nd STAGE ENDOCRINOLOGY Dr.AZZA SAJID ALKINANY 2 nd STAGE THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE HYPOTHALMUS,POSTERIOR PITUITARY AND TARGET TISSUES. The posterior pituitary does not produce its own hormones, but stores and

More information

By the name of Allah

By the name of Allah By the name of Allah Receptors function and signal transduction ( Hormones and receptors Types) We were talking about receptors of the neurotransmitters; we have 2 types of receptors: 1- Ionotropic receptors

More information

Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction L1- L2

Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction L1- L2 Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction L1- L2 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD University of Jordan 1 Introduction to Physiology (0501110) Spring 2013 Subject Receptors: types and adaptation - Membrane

More information

MECHANISM AND MODE OF HORMONE ACTION. Some definitions. Receptor: Properties of receptors. PRESENTED BY MBUNKUR GLORY NKOSI.

MECHANISM AND MODE OF HORMONE ACTION. Some definitions. Receptor: Properties of receptors. PRESENTED BY MBUNKUR GLORY NKOSI. MECHANISM AND MODE OF HORMONE ACTION. PRESENTED BY MBUNKUR GLORY NKOSI. OUTLINE. Introduction Some definitions Hormone secretion, transport, and clearance from the blood. Feedback control of hormone secretion.

More information

Endocrine System Hormones (Ch. 45)

Endocrine System Hormones (Ch. 45) Endocrine System Hormones (Ch. 45) Regulation Why are hormones needed? chemical messages from one body part to another communication needed to coordinate whole body daily homeostasis & regulation of large

More information

Chapter 26. Hormones and the Endocrine System. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

Chapter 26. Hormones and the Endocrine System. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Chapter 26 Hormones and the Endocrine System PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture

More information

Chapter 11. Cell Communication

Chapter 11. Cell Communication Chapter 11 Cell Communication Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely essential for multicellular organisms Concept 11.1: External signals are converted into responses

More information

Endocrine secretion cells secrete substances into the extracellular fluid

Endocrine secretion cells secrete substances into the extracellular fluid Animal Hormones Concept 30.1 Hormones Are Chemical Messengers Endocrine secretion cells secrete substances into the extracellular fluid Exocrine secretion cells secrete substances into a duct or a body

More information

Chapter 10. Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002

Chapter 10. Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002 Chapter 10 Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002 Chapter 10: Integration and Control of Metabolism Press the space bar or click the mouse

More information

Chapter 6. The Adrenal Gland

Chapter 6. The Adrenal Gland Chapter 6 The Adrenal Gland The adrenal produces three major classes of hormones, each of which aid in dealing with the multitude of small and large stresses faced by people almost daily. At least two

More information

Monday, 7 th of July 2008 ( ) University of Buea MED30. (GENERAL ENDOCRINOLOGY) Exam ( )

Monday, 7 th of July 2008 ( ) University of Buea MED30. (GENERAL ENDOCRINOLOGY) Exam ( ) .. Monday, 7 th of July 2008 (8 30-11. 30 ) Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea MED30 304 Programme in Medicine (GENERAL ENDOCRINOLOGY) Exam (2007-2008).. Multiple Choice Identify the letter

More information

Adrenal Steroids Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids. Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE Faculty of Medicine The Jordan University April 2014

Adrenal Steroids Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids. Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE Faculty of Medicine The Jordan University April 2014 Adrenal Steroids Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE Faculty of Medicine The Jordan University April 2014 Medulla (E, NE) Adrenal Gland Cortex Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

More information

Adrenal Gland. There is a pair of adrenal glands located one just above each kidney. So, it is also called suprarenal gland.

Adrenal Gland. There is a pair of adrenal glands located one just above each kidney. So, it is also called suprarenal gland. Adrenal Gland There is a pair of adrenal glands located one just above each kidney. So, it is also called suprarenal gland. Origin: - It is dual in origin i.e. its outer part or, adrenal cortex originates

More information

Endocrine System. Chapter 9

Endocrine System. Chapter 9 Endocrine System Chapter 9 Endocrine Organs Hormones Chemical messengers that are released from one tissue and transported through blood to a target tissue. Chemical classification: amino acids, steroids,

More information

Pathophysiology of Adrenal Disorders

Pathophysiology of Adrenal Disorders Pathophysiology of Adrenal Disorders PHCL 415 Hadeel Alkofide April 2010 Some slides adapted from Rania Aljizani MSc 1 Learning Objectives Describe the roles of the various zones of the adrenal cortex

More information

Vets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2. Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system

Vets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2. Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system Vets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2 Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system The classical secondary messenger model of intracellular signalling A cell surface receptor binds

More information

Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression

Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which statement about cell signaling is correct? Question #1 (A) Cell signaling involves receiving

More information

Chapter 6 Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

Chapter 6 Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis Chapter 6 Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis About This Chapter Cell-to-cell communication Signal pathways Novel signal molecules Modulation of signal pathways Homeostatic reflex pathways Cell-to-Cell

More information

Chapter 9. Cellular Signaling

Chapter 9. Cellular Signaling Chapter 9 Cellular Signaling Cellular Messaging Page 215 Cells can signal to each other and interpret the signals they receive from other cells and the environment Signals are most often chemicals The

More information

9.3 Stress Response and Blood Sugar

9.3 Stress Response and Blood Sugar 9.3 Stress Response and Blood Sugar Regulate Stress Response Regulate Blood Sugar Stress Response Involves hormone pathways that regulate metabolism, heart, rate and breathing The Adrenal Glands a pair

More information

Adrenal gland consist of: Outer Cortex and Inner Medulla Hormones secreted by Adrenal Cortex are: Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid and Sex Steroids

Adrenal gland consist of: Outer Cortex and Inner Medulla Hormones secreted by Adrenal Cortex are: Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid and Sex Steroids 1 UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL MBBS Year III; BMLS & BDS Year 3 ADRENAL

More information

Endocrine System. Modified by M. Myers

Endocrine System. Modified by M. Myers Endocrine System Modified by M. Myers 1 The Endocrine System 2 Endocrine Glands The endocrine system is made of glands & tissues that secrete hormones. Hormones are chemicals messengers influencing a.

More information