CHAPTER 5- The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
|
|
- Asher Mosley
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER 5- The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules CARBOHYDRATES = sugars and their polymers FUNCTIONS: *Energetic fuel source/storage *Structural building blocks MONOSACCHARIDES: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio (CH 2 O) n 3-7 carbons Pentoses (5C) & hexoses (6C) most common; but glycerol (3C) also important OH attached to each carbon except one Major nutrient for cells names often end with -ose. Aldehydes (=O at end) form OR ketones (=O in middle) *Glucose & fructose = structural isomers *Glucose & galactose = stereoisomers *All = (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) DISACCHARIDES: *2 monosaccharides joined together by a condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction *bond is a GLYCOSIDIC linkage (covalent) Sucrose = glucose + fructose Maltose = glucose + glucose Lactose = glucose + galactose POLYSACCHARIDES long polymers of monosaccharides (few 100-few 1000) formed by condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction Numbers identify the linked carbons and form of glucose STARCH - energy storage in plants (EX: potatoes) GLYCOGEN energy storage in ANIMALS Stored as cytoplasmic granules in liver and muscle Liver controls blood sugar level Ex) low blood sugar between meals (glycogen glucose) (GLUCAGON) Ex) high blood sugar after eating (glucose glycogen) (INSULIN) Muscle tissue- source of ATP for muscle contraction
2 CELLULOSE major component in plant cell walls (EX: wood, cotton) straight unbranched chains Form MICROFIBRILS that give cellulose its structural rigidity Dietary fiber in human diet Can t be digested by animals without the help of symbiotic microorganisms Don t have enzymes to break linkages CHITIN: Support and protection EX: Cell walls in fungi; exoskeletons in arthropods LIPIDS = diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Many nonpolar C H bonds/long hydrocarbon skeleton Hydrophobic - insoluble in water (dissolve in nonpolar solvents) FATS = TRIACYLGLYCEROL = TRIGLYCERIDE store large amounts of energy NOT polymers but assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration synthesis reactions Adipose tissue is made primarily of triacylglycerols (fat) FAT = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids FATTY ACID: Hydrocarbon chain of carbons in length Fatty acids vary in length (number of carbons) and in the number and locations of double bonds Three fatty acids can be the same or different SATURATED - no double bonds in carbon chains Form straight chains Most animal fats are saturated (butter, lard) Solid at room temperature UNSATURATED one/more double bonds in tails have kinks wherever there is a double bond prevents tight packing of molecules so not solid Plant and fish fats = liquid at room temperature = oils (olive oil, cod liver oil) POLYUNSATURATED = many double bonds
3 FUNCTION - (fats, oils) - ENERGY STORAGE Compact energy storage; energy stored in C-H bonds; about 3X the energy of carbohydrates Humans and other mammals store fats as long-term energy reserves in adipose cells Adipose tissue also functions to cushion vital organs, such as the kidneys A layer of fat can also function as insulation (especially in whales, seals, and most other marine mammals) PHOSPHOLIPIDS FAT with one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group The phosphate group carries a negative charge Additional sugars, amines, or other groups may be attached to the phosphate group to form a variety of phospholipids Heads are often zwitterions: they have both + and -charge. AMPHIPATHIC Both phobic AND philic parts polar head non-polar tails ADDING PHOSPHOLIPIDS TO WATER self-assemble into MICELLES sphere with hydrophobic tails toward interior polar/philic heads toward outside environment. FUNCTION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS Major component in cell membranes Arranged as a bilayer Hydrophilic heads toward the outside of the bilayer in contact with the aqueous solution Hydrophobic tails point toward the interior of the bilayer away from aqueous solution Forms a barrier between the cell and the external STEROIDS Lipids with a carbon skeleton with four fused rings and a small ACYL (carbon chain) tail Insoluble in water (nonpolar) Different steroids vary in the functional groups attached to the rings CH 3 CH 3 OH
4 CHOLESTEROL Important precursor for all other steroids Hormones: cortisone, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, estrogen Cholesterol also found in animal cell membranes Synthesized in the liver Obtained in the diet (meat, cheese, eggs) Essential in animals, but high levels of cholesterol in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) Negative effect of saturated fats and trans-fats due to their impact on cholesterol levels - LDL's (low density lipoproteins) 'bad' cholesterol (deposits in coronary blood vessels) - HDL's (high density lipoproteins) 'good' cholesterol WAXES - protective, waterproof coatings fur, feathers, and skin leaves/fruits of plants insect exoskeletons PROTEINS = Cellular toolbox Proteios = Greek first place Make up 50% or more of dray mass of most cells Humans have tens of thousands of different proteins Typical protein = amino acids; biggest known = 34,000 Know the amino acid sequences of > 875,000 proteins/3d shapes of about 7,000 Scientists use X-ray cystallography to determine protein conformation A protein s function = EMERGENT PROPERTY determined by its conformation EXAMPLES OF VARIETY OF PROTEINS/FUNCTIONS: Structural: hair, fingernails, bird feathers (keratin); spider silk; cellular cytoskeleton (tubulin & actin); connective tissue (collagen) Storage: egg white (ovalbumin); milk protein (Casein); plant seeds Transport: Transport iron in blood (hemoglobin); Hormonal: Regulate blood sugar (insulin) Membrane proteins (receptors, membrane transport, antigens) Movement: Muscle contraction (actin and myosin); Flagella (tubulin & dynein); Motor proteins move vesicles/chromosomes Defense: Antibodies fight germs Enzymatic: Enzymes act as catalysts in chemical reactions Toxins (botulism, diphtheria) AMINO ACIDS *Central (α carbon) with carboxyl, amino, H, and R groups attached *20 common amino acids used by living things
5 POLYPEPTIDE = polymer of amino acid subunits connected in a specific sequence An enzyme joins the carboxyl of one amino acid and the amino group of another via dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction to form a PEPTIDE BOND Peptide bonds are rigid, planar structures The -NH bond and the -C=O bond, point away from each other so these groups can hydrogen bond to other parts of chain LEVELS OF PROTEIN ORGANIZATION/3-STRUCTURE Primary Structure: unique sequence of amino acids; determined by DNA code; unique for each protein Secondary Structure: Determined by amino acid sequence; HYDROGEN BONDS (between the oxygen of C=O and the hydrogen of N-H of peptide bonds) stabilize structure & form pattern α helix- polypeptide chain winds clockwise like a spiral staircase EX: KERATIN, the main protein component of hair, nails, horns β pleated sheet- chains joined together like the logs in a raft EX: SILK Tertiary Structure: Hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges between R groups stabilize 3 D shape DISULFIDE BRIDGES =COVALENT BOND between amino acids w/-sh groups (CYSTEINE but not methionine) forms an -S-S- bridge SIDE NOTE: Perms work by breaking and reforming disulfide bridges in a new hair shape HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS Polar R groups-interact with water and lie on the surface of the protein Nonpolar R groups - hide in the core of the folded protein polar outside; nonpolar in.side IONIC INTERACTIONS between +/ charged amino acids - -=glutamate, aspartate + = lysine, arginine, histidine HYDROGEN BONDING Some R groups able to form Hydrogen bonds Helps stabilize 3D structure hydrophyllic hydrophobic ionic + - S S S disulfide Quaternary Structure: protein made up of more than one amino acid chain hydrogen EX: COLLAGEN EX:HEMOGLOBIN 3 polypeptides chains twisted in super coil 4 polypeptides
6 WHAT DO YOU CALL IT? two or more amino acids bonded together = PEPTIDE chain of many amino acids = POLYPEPTIDE complete folded 3D structure = PROTEIN Final overall protein shapes - FIBROUS. - long fiber shape EX: actin or collagen - GLOBULAR - overall spherical structure EX: hemoglobin, MUTATIONS CAN CHANGE PROTEIN SHAPE Since shape is determined by amino acid sequence; changing sequence changes 3D shape EX: Sickle cell anemia mutation changes one amino acid in the sequence (glu ala) Abnormal hemoglobin molecules crystallize; cause blood cells to become sickle shaped FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMATION Folding occurs as protein is synthesized, but physical/chemical environment plays a role DENATURATION: = unraveling/ loss of native confirmation makes proteins biologically inactive ~ Reason high fevers can be fatal does NOT break peptide bonds so primary structure remains intact may regain its normal structure if conditions change sometimes = irreversible (ie. cooking an egg) CAUSED BY changes in ph (alters electrostatic interactions between charged amino acids) changes in salt concentration (does the same) changes in temperature (higher temperatures reduce the strength of hydrogen bonds) presence of reducing agents (break S-S bonds between cystines) NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS INFORMATION FLOW IN CELLS = Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA RNA PROTEINS FUNCTION DNA - genetic code contains info that programs cell activities RNA - carries message from DNA to cell; protein synthesis BASIC STRUCTURE NUCLEOTIDE = nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate group PURINES = 2 rings; Adenine (A), Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINES = 1 ring; Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)
7 NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA & RNA) DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS forms polymers of nucleotide building blocks PHOSPHATES and SUGARS form backbone PHOSPHATE LINKAGE between carbon 3 of one sugar and carbon 5 of the next
Macromolecules. Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own.
Macromolecules Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own. Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of thousands or hundreds
More informationChapter 5. Macromolecules
Chapter 5. Macromolecules Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids Polymers
More informationBiological Molecules. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids Organic Molecules Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Carbon is missing four electrons Capable of forming 4 covalent bonds
More informationWhat are the molecules of life?
Molecules of Life What are the molecules of life? Organic Compounds Complex Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Organic Compounds Carbon- hydrogen based molecules From Structure to Function Ø Carbon
More informationBiology Chapter 5. Biological macromolecules
Biology Chapter 5 Biological macromolecules Small molecules (like water and NaCl) have certain properties that arise from the bonds which hold atoms together in a particular arrangement. Many of the molecules
More informationBiology 5A Fall 2010 Macromolecules Chapter 5
Learning Outcomes: Macromolecules List and describe the four major classes of molecules Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage and distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
More informationBiology Kevin Dees. Biology Chapter 5. Biological macromolecules
Biology Chapter 5 Biological macromolecules Small molecules (like water and NaCl) have certain properties that arise from the bonds which hold atoms together in a particular arrangement. Many of the molecules
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY. How Are Macromolecules Formed? Dehydration Synthesis or condensation reaction Polymers formed by combining monomers and removing water.
BIOCHEMISTRY Organic compounds Compounds that contain carbon are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as
More informationChapter 3- Organic Molecules
Chapter 3- Organic Molecules CHNOPS Six of the most abundant elements of life (make up 95% of the weight of all living things)! What are they used for? Structures, enzymes, energy, hormones, DNA How do
More informationLesson 2. Biological Molecules. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 2 Biological Molecules Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Carbon in Biological Molecules Organic molecules contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) Example: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Inorganic
More informationThe Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley
More informationChapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules
Formation of Macromolecules Monomers Polymers Macromolecules Smaller larger Chapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules monomer: single unit dimer: two monomers polymer: three or more monomers
More informationComposed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of polymerization
Chapter 5, Campbell Composed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of polymerization. Polymerization = large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
More informationThe Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Chapter 3
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent
More informationBiological Molecules
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds. Carbon may
More informationThe Structure and Function of Macromolecules
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Macromolecules are polymers Polymer long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. Monomer the small building block molecules. Carbohydrates, proteins
More informationThe Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules. Chapter 5
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Chapter 5 The Molecules of Life Living things made up of 4 classes of large biological molecules (macromolecules) : 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3.
More informationCarbon. Isomers. The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Carbon Chapter 3 Framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to Carbon O, N, S, P or H Can form up to 4 covalent bonds Hydrocarbons molecule
More informationCHAPTER 3. Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life
CHAPTER 3 Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Carbon: The Organic Element Compounds that are synthesized by cells and contain carbon are organic So what is inorganic? Why are carbon compounds so prevalent?
More informationLecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
More informationChapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Title: Sep 3 4:37 PM (1 of 65) macromolecules = smaller organic molecules that are joined together to make larger molecules four major classes: proteins
More informationA. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
Biological Substances found in Living Tissues Lecture Series 3 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function A. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Lipids can form large biological molecules, but these aggregations
More informationMacromolecules. You are what you eat! Chapter 5. AP Biology
Macromolecules You are what you eat! Chapter 5 AP Biology Organic Compounds Contain bonds between CARBON glycosidic bond AP Biology Carbohydrates Structure / monomer u monosaccharide Function u energy
More informationMacro molecule = is all the reactions that take place in cells, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism Anabolism:
Macromolecule Macro molecule = molecule that is built up from smaller units The smaller single subunits that make up macromolecules are known as Joining two or more single units together form a M is all
More informationBiology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life
Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life Chapter 3 Outline 3.1 Why Is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? p. 38 3.2 How Are Organic Molecules Synthesized? p. 38 3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?
More informationLecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
More informationMacromolecules. 3. There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary
Macromolecules 1. If you remove all of the functional groups from an organic molecule so that it has only carbon and hydrogen atoms, the molecule become a molecule. A) carbohydrate B) carbonyl C) carboxyl
More informationCarbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Is it made of carbohydrates? Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. A carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms would have
More informationLecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
More informationMacromolecules. Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4)
Macromolecules Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Q: Which of the above are polymers? (put a star by them). Polymer literally means. Polymers are long
More informationBiological molecules
Biological molecules 04-04-16 Announcements Your lab report 1 is due now Quiz 1 is on Wednesday at the beginning of class, so don t be late Review Macromolecues are large molecules necessary for life made
More informationThe Star of The Show (Ch. 3)
The Star of The Show (Ch. 3) Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl, K Chemistry of Life Organic
More informationThe building blocks of life.
The building blocks of life. The 4 Major Organic Biomolecules The large molecules (biomolecules OR polymers) are formed when smaller building blocks (monomers) bond covalently. via anabolism Small molecules
More informationChapter 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Chapter 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES You Must Know The role of dehydration synthesis in the formation of organic compounds and hydrolysis in the digestion of organic compounds.
More informationEssential Components of Food
Essential Components of Food The elements of life living things are mostly (98%) made of 6 elements: C carbon H hydrogen O oxygen P phosphorus N nitrogen S sulphur -each element makes a specific number
More informationThe Atoms of Life. What are other elements would you expect to be on this list? Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur (sometimes)
Macromolecules The Atoms of Life The most frequently found atoms in the body are Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur (sometimes) What are other elements would you expect to be on this list?
More informationChiral molecules. Carbon: The framework of biological molecules- Primary functional chemical groups. Chemical vs. structural formulas
The chemical building blocks of life Carbon: The framework of biological molecules- Biological molecules consist primarily of Carbon atoms bound to carbon atoms Carbon bound to other molecules Molecules
More informationChemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon
Ach Chemistry of Carbon All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Carbon atom with an outer shell of four electrons can form covalent bonds with four atoms. In organic molecules,
More informationBiological Molecules
Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent
More informationLearning Objectives. Learning Objectives (cont.) Chapter 3: Organic Chemistry 1. Lectures by Tariq Alalwan, Ph.D.
Biology, 10e Sylvia Mader Lectures by Tariq Alalwan, Ph.D. Learning Objectives List the features of carbon that result in the diversity of organic molecules. Describe how macromolecules are assembled and
More informationAll living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds:
Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic compounds
More information3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World
BIOL 100 Ch. 3 1 3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World Carbon Central element to life Most biological molecules are built on a carbon framework. Organic molecules Humans 18.5% Carbon Why is Carbon
More informationStructure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5 Macromolecules Macromolecules Multiple Units Synthesis of Dimers and Polymers
Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5 Macromolecules Giant molecules weighing over 100,000 daltons Emergent properties not found in component parts Macromolecules Multiple Units meris = one
More informationCarbon s Bonding Pattern
Organic Compounds It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells German chemists in the 1800 s learned how to do this in the lab, showing
More informationChapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of
Chapter 2 pt 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life Including the lecture Materials of Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida with amendments and additions by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
More informationCarbohydrates and Lipids
Carbohydrates and Lipids Chapter 5: Macromolecules Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules o macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: o Carbohydrates o
More informationCARBOHYDRATES. Produce energy for living things Atoms? Monomer Examples? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio.
CARBOHYDRATES Produce energy for living things Atoms? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio Monomer Examples? Sugars, starches MONOSACCHARIDES--- main source of energy for cells Glucose Know formula?
More information6/15/2015. Biological Molecules. Outline. Organic Compounds. Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules. What is organic?
Biological Molecules Biology 105 Lecture 3 Reading: Chapter 2 (pages 29 39) Outline Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino Acids and Proteins Nucleotides
More informationBiomolecules. Biomolecules. Carbohydrates. Biol 219 Lec 3 Fall Polysaccharides. Function: Glucose storage Fig. 2.2
Biomolecules Biomolecules Monomers Polymers Carbohydrates monosaccharides polysaccharides fatty acids triglycerides Proteins amino acids polypeptides Nucleic Acids nucleotides DNA, RNA Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
More informationMacromolecules. Molecules of Life
Macromolecules Molecules of Life Learning Objectives know the difference between a dehydration synthesis reaction and a hydrolysis reaction know the different types of biological macromolecules be able
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 3.1 I can explain why carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules. Diverse molecules found in cells are composed of carbon bonded to other elements
More informationMacromolecules Structure and Function
Macromolecules Structure and Function Within cells, small organic molecules (monomers) are joined together to form larger molecules (polymers). Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands
More informationOrganic Molecules. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1
Organic Molecules 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1 Carbohydrates Commonly called sugars and starches Consist of C, H, O with H:O ration 2:1 Usually classified as to sugar units Monosaccharide are single sugar
More informationMacromolecules. Macromolecules. Polymers. How to build a polymer 9/11/2015. Building Blocks of Life
Macromolecules Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic
More informationAll living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds:
Biochemistry Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic
More informationOrganic molecules are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen.
Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry Introduction Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen. All living things contain these organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
More informationMacromolecules. copyright cmassengale
Macromolecules 1 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 2 Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent
More information5.2 Lipids 5.21 Triglycerides 5.22 Phospholipids 5.23 Wax 5.24 Steroids. 5.3 Proteins 5.4 Nucleic Acids
BIOCHEMISTRY Class Notes Summary Table of Contents 1.0 Inorganic and Organic Compounds 2.0 Monomers and Polymers 3.0 Dehydration (Condensation) Synthesis 4.0 Hydrolysis Reaction 5.0 Organic Compounds 5.1
More informationOrganic Compounds. Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Macromolecules Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules The Chemistry of Life : Learning Outcomes 2.4) Describe the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biological
More informationMost life processes are a series of chemical reactions influenced by environmental and genetic factors.
Biochemistry II Most life processes are a series of chemical reactions influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Metabolism the sum of all biochemical processes 2 Metabolic Processes Anabolism-
More informationBiochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes. Unit 02
Biochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes Unit 02 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. What is Carbon? Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds
More informationMacromolecules. Chapter 4. How to build a polymer. Polymers. How to break down a polymer. Carbohydrates 8/30/2012
Macromolecules Chapter 4 Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Polymers
More information2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based
More informationThe Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Chapter 5 1 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley
More informationOrganic Molecules. Contain C
Contain C Organic Molecules Can form 4 strong covalent bonds Ergo can form many complex, stable molecules Chemistry of life is complex, and requires complex molecules However, several kinds of molecules
More informationGlucose & fructose = structural isomers Glucose & galactose = stereoisomers All = (C6H12O6)
CHAPTER 5- MACROMOLECULES 5.2 CARBOHYDRATES = sugars and their polymers FUNCTIONS: Energetic fuel source/storage Structural building blocks MONOSACCHARIDES: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O )n 3-7 carbons
More informationBiological Molecules Ch 2: Chemistry Comes to Life
Outline Biological Molecules Ch 2: Chemistry Comes to Life Biol 105 Lecture 3 Reading Chapter 2 (pages 31 39) Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino acids and Proteins Nucleotides and Nucleic
More informationHonors Biology Chapter 3: Macromolecules PPT Notes
Honors Biology Chapter 3: Macromolecules PPT Notes 3.1 I can explain why carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules. Diverse molecules found in cells are composed of carbon
More informationShort polymer. Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
HO 1 2 3 H HO H Short polymer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Unlinked monomer H 2 O HO 1 2 3 4 H Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO 1 2 3
More informationCarbon. Carbon. Carbon Skeleton 8/25/2016. The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Carbon Life as we know it is carbon-based. Biological molecules are built on a carbon skeleton. Small atom with a valence of 4. Carbon Can form up to 4 covalent bonds.
More informationChapter 3: Macromolecules. 1. Carbohydrates. Polysaccharides. Maltose is a disaccharide. Macromolecules (in general) Most macromolecules are polymers
Chapter 3: Macromolecules Macromolecules is just a fancy word for: Giant Molecules Made From Smaller Building Blocks Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Macromolecules (in general) Most macromolecules
More informationOrganic Compounds. Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Macromolecules 1 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 2 Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent
More informationBio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name:
Bio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name: Many molecules of life are.(means many molecules joined together) Monomers: that exist individually Polymers: Large organic molecules
More informationGlycerol + 3 fatty acids. B) Chemical reactions -forms macromolecules and takes them apart: Dehydration synthesis
Section 5: Molecules of Life - Macromolecules Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms A) Type of macromolecules 4 types: Name Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids subunit monosaccharides
More informationThe Carbon Atom (cont.)
Organic Molecules Organic Chemistry The chemistry of the living world. Organic Molecule a molecule containing carbon and hydrogen Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell and can share electrons with
More informationI. Polymers & Macromolecules Figure 1: Polymers. Polymer: Macromolecule: Figure 2: Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis
I. Polymers & Macromolecules Figure 1: Polymers Polymer: Macromolecule: Figure 2: Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis 1 Dehydration Synthesis: Figure 3: Depolymerization via Hydrolysis Hydrolysis:
More informationChapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology 2011
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology 2011 1 Macromolecules Fig. 5.1 Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Polymer - large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
More informationMacromolecules. Large molecules made up of smaller building blocks or subunits. Chapter
Macromolecules Large molecules made up of smaller building blocks or subunits Chapter 2.8 2.21 Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Primary fuel source for
More informationThe Structure and Function of Macromolecules (Chapter Five)
1 Most Macromolecules are Polymers The Structure and Function of Macromolecules (Chapter Five) POLYMER PRINCIPLES The four main classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic
More informationChapter 3 The Molecules of Life
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life State Standards Standard 1.h. Standard 5.a. Standard 4.e. Organic Molecules A cell is mostly water. The rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon based molecules organic
More informationThe Building blocks of life. Macromolecules
The Building blocks of life Macromolecules 1 copyright cmassengale 2 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 3 LIFE ON EARTH IS CARBON-BASED
More informationUnit #2: Biochemistry
Unit #2: Biochemistry STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF FOUR MACROMOLECULES What are the four main biomolecules? How is each biomolecule structured? What are their roles in life? Where do we find them in our body?
More informationThe Amazing Molecule: Water
The Amazing Molecule: Water All living things are made of chemicals. Understanding life requires an understanding of chemistry. Biochemistry- the chemistry of life helps us understand todays biological
More informationBiological Macromolecules
Biological Macromolecules Carbon! Very abundant (15th most on the planet!) tetravalent! Can create an absurd amount of isomers! Macromolecules Carbohydrates- Sugars: short-term energy storage and structural
More informationThe Structure and Function of Macromolecules
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules I. Polymers What is a polymer? Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together. What is a monomer?
More informationWater Carbon Macromolecules
Water Carbon Macromolecules I. CHEMISTRY: THE BASIS FOR LIFE Hydrogen bond Hydrogen bonds happen mainly between water molecules. The electrons between hydrogen and the other atoms are shared unequally
More information1. Most macromolecules are polymers
1. Most macromolecules are polymers Three of the four classes of macromolecules form chainlike molecules called polymers. Polymers consist of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent
More informationSo what happens to your lunch?
So what happens to your lunch? We are going to frame this section based on your lunch. You can find a million diet advice sources. Here s a good common sense one. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/upshot
More informationAgenda. Chapter 3: Macromolecules. 1. Carbohydrates. Macromolecules (in general) What are organic compounds?
Agenda Chapter 3 The molecules of life Macromolecules --Detour into Healthy Pig Land 4. Nucelic acids Chapter 3: Macromolecules Macromolecules is just a fancy word for: Giant Molecules Made From Smaller
More informationBiology. Chapter 3. Molecules of Life. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr
Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 3 Molecules of Life 2015 3.1 What Are the Molecules of Life? The molecules of life contain a high proportion of carbon atoms: Complex carbohydrates
More informationChapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2 Carbohydrates are Polymers of Monosaccharides Three different ways to represent a monosaccharide Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches and provide
More informationBIOLOGY. Chapter 3 BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
BIOLOGY Chapter 3 BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Figure 5.1 Large Biological Molecule Terms 4 classes of bio. molecules Carbohydrates (sugars) Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids Monomers (subunits): single-part
More informationOrganic Compounds. (Carbon Compounds) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Organic Compounds (Carbon Compounds) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbon s Bonding Behavior Outer shell of carbon has 4 electrons; can hold 8 Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with
More informationChapter Three (Biochemistry)
Chapter Three (Biochemistry) 1 SECTION ONE: CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON BONDING All compounds can be classified in two broad categories: organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made
More informationBiochemistry notes BI ch3
Biology Junction Everything you need in Biology Biochemistry notes BI ch3 Biochemistry All Materials Cmassengale I. Cells Contain Organic Molecules A. Most Common Elements 1. Most common elements in living
More informationMacromolecules (Learning Objectives)
Macromolecules (Learning Objectives) Recognize the role of water in synthesis and breakdown of polymers Name &recognize the monomer and the chemical bond that holds the polymeric structure of all biomolecules
More informationBIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES ( use with printout from zerobio website) Note: images from internet and used for educational purposes only CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES H GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE
More informationFour Classes of Biological Macromolecules. Biological Macromolecules. Lipids
Biological Macromolecules Much larger than other par4cles found in cells Made up of smaller subunits Found in all cells Great diversity of func4ons Four Classes of Biological Macromolecules Lipids Polysaccharides
More information