Chemistry 506: Allied Health Chemistry 2. Chapter 20: Bioenergetics. Energy Generation in the Cell
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1 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter 20. Chemistry 506: Allied ealth Chemistry 2 1 Chapter 20: Bioenergetics Energy Generation in the Cell Introduction to General, rganic & Biochemistry, 5 th Edition by Bettelheim and March: Chapter 20, Pages utline Notes by Dr. Allen D. unter, YSU Department of Chemistry, utline 1A SECTIN(S) 20.1/2 INTRDUCTIN & MITCNDRIA B SECTIN(S) 20.3 CMMN CATABLIC MLECULES C SECTIN(S) 20.4 CITRIC ACID CYCLE D SECTIN(S) 20.5/6/7 ATP SYNTESIS E SECTIN(S) 20.8 USES F ENERGY IN CELLS... 15
2 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter 20. 1A Section(s) 20.1/2 Introduction & Mitochondria 2 Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell Catabolism The chemical reactions in the cell that break complex molecules down Anabolism The chemical reaction in the cell that build complex molecules Complexity Thousands of interrelated compounds, reactions, and enzymes All under detailed feedback and control Ultimately governed by the DNA and the cell s responses to the environment
3 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter 20. Energy Generation in the Cell 3 General Process verall Catabolic Pathway Figure 20.1 on page 643 multiple pathways C2 & C4 citric acid cycle C 2 NAD FAD 2 membrane pumps ATP generation + returns ATPase high [ + ] intermembrane
4 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter 20. Structure of Mitochondrion 4 Figures 20.2 and 20.3 on pages 644 and 645 uter Membrane Inner Membrane igh [ + ] Low [ + ] + Pumps ATPase Inter-membrane region Central region Folds called Crista
5 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter 20. Summary of Process 5 Multiple food molecules get converted into a small number of common C2 and C4 molecules These C2/C4 molecules enter the center of the mitochondria where they are processed by the citric acid pathway The citric acid pathway gives + and e - which are used to generate NAD and FAD 2 These are e -, +, and energy carrier molecules These are used by proteins on the inner mitochondrial membrane to pump + ions from the center to the intermembrane region This gives a proton gradient This proton gradient drives protein reactions on the inner membrane which allow them back into the center of the mitochondrion which simultaneously using their energy to generate ATP from ADP
6 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter 20. 1B Section(s) 20.3 Common Catabolic Molecules 6 P i -AMP-ADP-ATP Path Inorganic Phosphate, P i, 2 P - 4 (charge depends on p) Adenosine Monophosphate, AMP Adenosine Diphosphate, ADP Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP ATP is the highest energy
7 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter 20. Structure of ATP Molecule 7 Page 646 of the text Adenine, Ribose, Adenosine, and Phosphate moieties ADP and AMP structures Adenosine N 2 N N - P - P - P - C 2 N N Adenine Phosphate groups Ribose
8 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter 20. Phosphate Bonds 8 ATP is energy currency of the cell high energy bonds vs. convertible energy Adenine - P P P C Ribose ydrolysis ydrolysis of ATP ATP + 2 ADP + P i + Energy ydrolysis of ADP ADP + 2 AMP + P i + Energy Normally ADP not hydrolyzed by cells
9 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter 20. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, NAD 9 Figure 20.6 on page 648 ften Referred to as NAD + to reflect the charge on the Nicotinamide base Is a Coenzyme Contains ADP, Ribose, and a Nicotinamide Base C N 2 N ADP C 2 Nicotinamide Ribose NAD e - NAD Thus NAD carries 2e -, a proton, and energy to where it is needed
10 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide, FAD Figure 20.6 on page 648 Is a Coenzyme Contains ADP, Ribitol (a straight chain sugar), and Flavin The latter two groups making up Riboflavin (the vitamin) ADP C 2 C C C C 2 N Flavin Ribitol Riboflavin FAD e - FAD 2 Thus FAD 2 carries 2e -, two protons, and energy to where it is needed
11 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter Acetyl CoA Figure 20.7 on page 649 Transports C2 units (acyl groups) ften written as C 3 -C-S-CoA or Acyl-CoA CoA S C C 3 N 2 C 2 C S C C 3 Phosphorylated ADP Pantothenic Acid Mercaptoethylamine Acyl Group CoEnzyme A Notice the overall similarity in the structures of ATP, NAD, FAD 2, and Acetyl CoA
12 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter C Section(s) 20.4 Citric Acid Cycle Also known as Krebs Cycle and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Figure 20.8 on page 650 verall Molecular Flow 8 different chemicals 8 different sets of enzymes Takes place in the center of the mitochondrion C2 fragments enter the cycle as Acetyl CoA C2 (Acetyl CoA) NAD C4 C6 NAD + C4 C6 NAD + C4 C5 NAD + C 2 FAD 2 C4 C4 NAD + FAD GTP GDP NAD + C 2
13 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter verall Energy Flow Produces two C 2, three NAD, one FAD 2, and one GTP per cycle GTP is Guanidine Triphosphate (ATP like) 3 NAD 9 ATP 1 FAD 2 2 ATP 1 GTP 1 ATP Thus: Acetyl CoA 12 ATP
14 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter D Section(s) 20.5/6/7 ATP Synthesis Proton Pumps Flavo Protein, FeS Protein, Quinone Enzyme Complex Sited on the inner mitochondrial membrane Use NAD and FAD 2 to pump + into the inter-membrane space This generates the proton gradient ATPase An enzyme on the inner mitochondrial membrane Allows + to flow back into the central membrane cavity + flow mechanically coupled to ATP generation ADP + P i (ATPase) ATP Net Results Each NAD 3 ATP Each FAD 2 2 ATP
15 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter E Section(s) 20.8 Uses of Energy in Cells Molecular Synthesis Anabolic Pathways To Generate Gradients via Active Pumps +, K +, etc. Mechanical Energy Muscles Molecular motors eat Problems: 20.1 to 20.49
16 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter Index of Topics and Vocabulary A Acetyl Co Acetyl CoA... 11, 12 acyl groups Acyl-CoA Adenine... 7 Adenosine... 7 Adenosine Diphosphate... 6 Adenosine Monophosphate... 6 Adenosine Triphosphate... 6 ADP... 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14 AMP... 6, 7 Anabolic Pathways Anabolism... 2 ATP... 5, 6, 8, 11, 14 ATP like ATP Synthesis ATPase B break complex molecules down... 2 build complex molecules... 2 C C2 fragments C2 units Catabolic Pathway... 3 Catabolism... 2 central membrane cavity C 3 -C-S-CoA chemical reactions in a cell... 2 Citric Acid Cycle C Coenzyme... 9, 10 Common Catabolic Molecules... 6 Complexity... 2 convertible energy... 8 D DNA... 2 E e , 9, 10 energy... 9, 10 Energy... 8 energy carrier molecules... 5 energy currency... 8 Energy Flow Energy Generation in the Cell... 3 enzyme enzymes F FAD FAD , 10, 11, 13, 14 feedback and control... 2 FeS Protein Flavin Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Flavo Protein food molecules... 5 G Gradients via Active Pumps GTP Guanidine Triphosphate , 14, 15 2 P eat high energy bonds... 8 ydrolysis... 8 ydrolysis of ADP... 8 ydrolysis of ATP... 8 I inner membrane... 5 inner mitochondrial membrane... 5, 14 Inorganic Phosphate... 6 inter-membrane region... 5 inter-membrane space Introduction & Mitochondria... 2 K K Krebs Cycle M Mechanical Energy mechanically coupled to ATP generation Metabolism... 2 mitochondrion Mitochondrion... 4 Molecular Flow Molecular motors Molecular Synthesis Muscles N NAD... 9 NAD NAD... 5, 11, 13, 14 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide... 9 Nicotinamide base... 9 Nicotinamide Base... 9 P Phosphate... 7 Phosphate Bonds... 8 P i... 6, 14 Problems proton... 9, 10 proton gradient... 5, 14
17 Chemistry 506 Dr. unter s Class Chapter Proton Pumps pump pump + ions... 5 Q Quinone Enzyme Complex R Ribitol Riboflavin Ribose... 7, 9 S similarity in the structures Structure of ATP Molecule... 7 sugar T Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle U Uses of Energy in Cells V vitamin... 10
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