Cell Biology. A discipline of biology: 1. Cell structure 2. Cellular processes 3. Cell division
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1 The Cell
2 Cell Biology 1 A discipline of biology: 1. Cell structure 2. Cellular processes 3. Cell division Tight connection with 1. Molecular biology 2. Biochemistry
3 Cell theory , 1839 Theodor Schwann Matthias J. Schleiden 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
4 Cell theory 2 3. Omnis cellula e cellula All cells are derived from cells (by means of multiplication) Rudolph Virchow
5 Germ theory 3 Louis Pasteur 1860 s Microorganisms are not generated from inanimate material but rather as a result of biogenesis (from other microbes) - The discovery that a prokaryotic cell stems from another prokaryotic cell
6 5 Classification of living beings Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Plants Animals Fungi III. Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria I. II.
7 What about the viruses? 6 They are not living beings, since they are not capable for independent life (cell parasites) Origin: I. Simplified cells II. Derived from the DNA of host cell
8 The origin of cells 7 DNA RNA DNA nucleus cytoplasmic DNA RNA cells prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell
9 8 The origin of DNA DNA world RNA world The virus hypothesis: - viruses discovered the DNA
10 9 The origin of proteins RNA world protein world
11 Origin of nucleus The arhaezoa hypothesis 10 Thomas Cavalier-Smith Origin of ER andgolgi
12 Lynn Margulis 11 Origin of mitochondrion - Endosymbiotic theory
13 Origin of chloroplast - Endosymbiotic theory 12 Lynn Margulis Elysia chlorotica A plant-animal
14 Prokaryotic cell plasmid
15 Prokaryotic cell Spherical cells e.g. Streptococcus Rod-shaped cells e.g. Escerichia coli Spiral cells e.g. Treponema pallidum
16 Multicellular prokaryotes Nitrogen fixation spore photosynthesis Anabaena cylindrica
17 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Compartmentalization
18 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Nucleus
19 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Mitochondrion
20 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Cytoskeleton
21 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Ribosomes Rough ER
22 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Golgi apparatus
23 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Smooth ER
24 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Extracellular space Intracellular space Cell membrane
25 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Ribosomes bound to rough ER
26 Figure 4.7 Eukaryotic Cells (Part 1) Animal cell Centrioles
27 Plant cell
28 Plant cell Free ribosomes
29 Plant cell Nucleus Nucleolus
30 Plant cell Golgi apparatus
31 Plant cell Plasmodesm
32 Plant cell Chloroplast
33 Plant cell Mitochondrion
34 Cell wall Plant cell
35 Peroxisome Plant cell
36 Cell membrane Plant cell
37 Smooth ER Plant cell
38 Plant cell Rough ER
39 Inclusion body Plant cell
40 Animal cell Plant cell Inclusion body chloroplast cell wall
41 Prokaryotic cells vs. eukaryotic cells Differences Only in eukaryotes: 1. Cell nucleus 2. Membrane-bound organelles Only in prokaryotes 1. Proteoglycan cell wall 2. Capsule Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic (animal) cell
42 Cell membrane 1. Separation selective transport 2. Communication
43 Cell membrane - fluid mosaic model 1. Phospholipid molecules 1. Protein molecules lipid double layer 2. Phospholipid molecule Protein 1. 3.
44 Phospholipids Cholesterol: decreases fluidity phosphatidyl choline
45 22 Glycocalyx glycocalyx cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane
46 Membrane microdomains - lipid rafts phospholipids and membrane proteins are not randomly distributed in cell membranes
47 Nucleus Nucleoplasm Outer membrane Inner membrane Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear lamina Nuclear membrane Pore
48 importin Nuclear membrane exportin Nuclear membrane inner outer ER membrane ER lumen protein protein protein Nuklear lamina RNA perinuclear space Nuclear pore NLS: nuclear localization signal NES: nuclear export signal Signal peptides
49 Chromosomes Human: haploid chromosome set Giemsa staining
50 Chromatin Metaphase chromosome DNA 8 histone core Histone H1 Solid form Relaxed form DNA H1 H2A DNA and nucleosomes H3 H4 NUCLEOSOME H2B DNA and nucleosomes 8 histone core DNA
51 Ribosomes Ribosomes are complexes of proteins and RNA molecules. They carry out the synthesis of proteins. Soluble proteins are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes, while membrane and exported proteins are produced by ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 30S subunit Proteins: blue RNAs: orange
52 Endoplasmic reticulum Rough ER Rough ER Smooth ER Smooth ER ribosomes FUNCTION 1. Lysosomal enzymes 2. Secreted proteins 3. Trans-membrane proteins 4. Glycosylation 1. Lipid and steroid synthesis 2. Carbohydrate metabolism 3. Calcium storage 4. etc.
53 Protein maturation in the rough ER
54 Golgi apparatus FUNCTION: 1. Proteins and lipids (a) chemical modification (glycosylation and phosphorylation) (b) packaging and (c) sorting 2. Carbohydrate synthesis 3. Proteoglycan synthesis cisterns incoming (from ER) Transport vesicles outgoing
55 Golgi apparatus Nucleus Inside of cell Rough endoplasmic reticulum cis region medial region Golgi apparatus Proteins for use within the cell trans region Plasma membrane Proteins for use outside the cell Outside of cell
56 Peroxysomes, lysosomes peroxysome lysososome - Small membrane vesicles, containing enzymes that degrade peroxides and free radicals - Metabolism of fatty acids - Enzymes of the peroxisomes are found in crystalline form Acidic vesicles full of enzymes (they digest: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides)
57 Lysosomes Inside of cell Primary lysosome Secondary lysosome Phagosome Food particles taken in by phagocytosis Plasma membrane Outside of cell
58 Proteasomes Proteasomes are enzyme complexes degrading proteins Proteins are degraded for several reasons: - misfolded (abnormal) proteins are destroyed - some proteins are made only for short periods of time - enzymes, regulatory proteins are degraded, when not needed - when cells are starving for amino acids There are labels (ubiquitin peptide), which identify protein molecules to be degraded. lysosome
59 Mitochondrion outer membrane matrix inner membrane Inter-membrane space
60 Chloroplast
61 Chloroplast Granum - stacks of thylakoids
62 Cytoskeleton
63 Cytoskeleton Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilaments rough ER
64 Cytoskeleton 1. Maintains cell shape 2. Provides for various types of cell movement 3. Helps move things within the cell Microtubules Intermediate filament rough ER Microfilament cell membrane
65 Microfilaments Made up of strands of the protein actin and often interact with strands of other proteins They change cell shape and drive cellular motion, including contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, and the pinched shape changes that occur during cell division Microfilaments and myosin strands together drive muscle action Actin monomer
66 Intermediate filaments Made up of fibrous proteins organized into tough, ropelike assemblages that stabilize a cell s structure and help maintain its shape Some intermediate filaments help to hold neighboring cells together Others make up the nuclear lamina Fibrous subunit
67 Long, hollow cylinders made up of many molecules of the protein tubulin. Tubulin consists of two subunits, a-tubulin and b-tubulin Microtubules lengthen or shorten by adding or subtracting tubulin dimers Microtubule shortening moves chromosomes Interactions between microtubules drive the movement of cells Microtubules serve as tracks for the movement of vesicles Microtubules b-tubulin monomer a-tubulin monomer Tubulin dimer
68 Cytoskeleton - Cell division
Human height. Length of some nerve and muscle cells. Chicken egg. Frog egg. Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion
10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Unaided eye 1 mm Frog egg 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion
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0 m m 0. m cm mm 00 µm 0 µm 00 nm 0 nm Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Frog egg Most plant and animal cells Most bacteria Smallest bacteria Viruses Proteins Unaided eye Light
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