Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions"

Transcription

1 Chapter 21: Carbxylic Acid Derivatives: Nuclephilic Acyl Substitutin Reactins 21.1 Naming Carbxylic Acid Derivatives Naming Acid Halides, RCOX Naming Acid Anhydrides, RCO 2COR Naming Esters, RCO 2R 1. Name the alkyl grup - ethyl 2. Name the acyl grup - acetate (ethanate) Replace ic acid with ate Naming 1 Amides, RCONH 2 Fr all 1 amides Replace ic acid, ic acid, ylic acid with amide Naming 2 and 3 Amides 1. Name the alkyl grup (grups) bnded t N first 2. Use N as a prefix befre each alkyl grup name 3. In a 3 amide, if tw grups are the same, use N,N-dialkyl Sme Interesting Amides Thiesters, RCOSR Acyl Phsphates, RCO 2PO 3 2- and RCO 2PO 3R

2 21.10 Spectrscpy f Carbxylic Acid Derivatives Infrared Spectrscpy IR Absrptin f Acid Derivatives As the C=O π bnd becmes mre delcalized, adsrptin shifts t lwer frequency Cnjugatin als shifts C=O absrptin t lwer frequencies Other IR Adsrptins 1 and 2 Amines cm -` (ne r tw; stretching) ~1640 cm -1 (bending) Nitrile adsrptin at 2250 cm -1 Typical NMR Signals 1H NMR α prtn signal at ppm Identity f the carbnyl grup cant be determined by 1 H NMR because α hydrgen s f all acid derivatives absrb in the same range Prtns f 1 and 2 amides adsrb at ppm 13C NMR C=O peak at ppm C N peak at ppm 21.2 Nuclephilic Acyl Substitutin Reactins Recall: when a nuclephile adds t an ald/ket, the initially frmed tetrahedral intermediate can be prtnated t yield an alchl When a nuclephile adds t a carbxylic acid derivative, the initially frmed tetrahedral intermediate eliminated ne f the tw substituents riginally bnded t the carbnyl carbn leads t a net nuclephilic acyl substitutin reactin Difference between ald/ket and c. acid derivative is a cnsequence f structure Carbxylic acid derivatives have an acyl carbn bnded t a grup Y than can act as a leaving grup, ften as a stable anin tetrahedral frmed, leaving grup is expelled t generate new carbnyl cmpund Ald/ket d nt have a leaving grup dn t underg substitutin Nuclephilic Acyl Substitutin is characteristic General Mechanism _ OH Oxygen Nuclephiles O OH 2 ROH R C O _ 1. Nu attacks breaks π bnd, new C-Nu bnd frms tetrahedral intermediate 2. Leaving grup eliminated, substitutin prduct made Overall: Adding Nu, eliminating Z i.e. substituting Nu fr Z; Z = -X, -OCOR, -OR, -NR 2 Nitrgen Nuclephiles NH 3 RNH 2 R 2 NH

3 Reactivity f Acid Derivatives Any factr that makes the carbnyl grup mre reactive tward nuclephile favrs substitutin Steric and electrnic factrs are imprtant in determining reactivity Sterically unhindered, accessible carbnyl grups react with nuclephiles mre readily than sterically hindered grups Electrnically strngly plarized acyl cmpunds react mre readily than less plar Acid Halide > Acid Anhydride > Thiester > Ester > Amide Eg/ Clride substituent is an EWG inductively withdraws electrns frm an acyl grup Eg/ Amin, methxyl and methylthi substituents dnate electrns t acyl grup What determines derivative reactivity? Leaving Grup Stability Intercnversin f Acid Derivatives Physical Prperties f Acid Derivatives C=O underges Nuclephilic Acyl Substitutin Types f Reactins Hydrlysis reactin with H 2O t yield a carbxylic acid Alchlysis reactin with an alchl t yield an ester Aminlysis reactin with ammnia r an amine t yield an amide Reductin reacatin with a hydride reducing agent t yield an ald/ket Grignard Reactin reactin with an rganmetallic reagent t yield an ald/ket 21.3 Nuclephilic Acyl Substitutin Reactins f Carbxylic Acids Cnversin f Carbxylic Acids in t Acid Chlrides Cnversin f Carbxylic Acids int Acid Anhydrides Cnversin f Carbxylic Acids int Esters S N2 reactin f a carbxylate anin with a primary alkyl halide Fischer Esterificatin starts with carbxylic acid Need t frce it Only wrks with 1 and methyl alchls

4 Mechanism Part A additin f nuclephile 1. Prtnatin makes C=O mre electrphilic 2. Nuclephilic additin f R OH frms tetrahedral intermediate 3. Deprtnatin fr neutral intermediate Part B eliminatin f leaving grup 4. Prtnate an OH t make gd leaving grup (H 2O) 5. Leaving grup eliminated 6. Deprtnatin fr neutral prduct ester All steps are reversible equilibrium cnstant clse t 1 reactin can be driven in either directin by reactin cnditins Ester frmatin is favred when large excess f alchl is used as slvent Carbxylic Acid frmatin is favred when a large excess f water is present Cnversin f Carbxylic Acids int Amides Cnversin f Carbxylic Acids int Alchls Bilgical Cnversins f Carbxylic Acids 21.4 Chemistry f Acid Halides Preparatin f Acid Halides Reactins f Acid Halides Hydrlysis: Cnversin f Acid Halides int Acids Cnversin f Acid Halides int Anhydrides Alchlysis: Cnversin f Acid Halides int Esters Aminlysis: Cnversin f Acid Halides int Amides Reductin and Grignard Reactin: Cnversin f Acid Chlrides int Alchls Dirgancpper Reactin: Cnversin f Acid Chlrides int Ketnes 21.5 Chemistry f Acid Anhydrides Preparatin f Acid Anhydrides Reactins f Acid Anhydrides Cnversin f Acid Anhydrides int Esters Prepare an Ester with a mre reactive acid derivative (cmpared t Fischer Esterificatin) Use milder reactin cnditins Even with less reactive alchl Cnversin f Acid Anhydrides int Amides

5 21.6 Chemistry f Esters Sweet smelling liquids; respnsible fr fragrant drs f fruits and flwers Preparatin f Esters Reactins f Esters Hydrlysis: Cnversin f Esters int Carbxylic Acids Hydrlysis can ccur in acid r base Under acidic cnditins the mechanism is exactly the reverse f Fischer Esterificatin (refer t mechanism abve) Base Prmted Ester Hydrlysis (sapnificatin) 1. Nuclephile attacks C=O frming tetrahedral intermediate 2. Eliminatin f leaving grup, R O - 3. Acid-base reactin between carbxylic acid and alkxide in, yields a carbxylate in 4. Additin f acid in a separate step prtnates carbxylate and gives carbxylic acid Applicatin: Lipid Hydrlysis Natural fats are triaglycerls The fatty acid esters f the tril, glycerl Ester hydrlysis is catalyzed by enzymes (lipases) The acids are usually different, R can have C s Olestra, A synthetic fat A plyester f sucrse Steric hindrance prevents ester hydrlysis by lipases R grups cntain 11 t 19 C s Aminlysis: Cnversin f Esters int Amides RCOO RCOO O OOCR OOCR RCOO O O OOCR RCOO OOCR Base Prtnated Amide Hydrlysis 1. Nuclephile attacks C=O frming tetrahedral intermediate 2. Eliminatin f leaving grup, -NH 2 3. Acid-base reactin between carbxylic acid and amide in Applicatin: The Mechanism f Actin f β-lactam Antibitics

6 Penicillin interferes with synthesis f bacterial cell wall Transpeptidase enzyme frms peptide bnds t link carbhydrate chains in bacterial cell wall Enzyme reacts irreversibly with strained amide f penicillin and becmes inactive Reductin: Cnversin f Esters int Alchls Reductin f Estes (a) Using an aggressive reagent Wrk up in aqueus acid Cnverts the acyl grup t a 1 alchl Reductin f Esters (b) aldehyde intermediate can be islated if 1 equiv. f DIBAH is used as reducing agent Using a bulky reagent with nly ne hydride Cnverts the acyl grup t an aldehyde Grignard Reactin: Cnversin f Esters int Alchls Using tw equivalents f Grignard reagent Cnverts t acyl grup t a 3 alchl (same as acid chlrides)

7 21.7 Chemistry f Amides Amides are abundant in all living rganisms due t their stability in aqueus cnditins fund in living rganisms Amides are the least reactive f the cmmn acid derivatives and underg few nuclephilic acyl substitutin reactins Preparatin f Amides Reactins f Amides Hydrlysis: Cnversin f Amides int Carbxylic Acids Acid Prmted Hydrlysis f Amides Part A Additin f Nuclephile 1. Prtnatin makes C=O mre electrphilic 2. Nuclephilic additin f H 2O frms tetrahedral intermediate 3. Prtn transfer; NH 3 leaving grup Part B Eliminatin f Leaving Grup 4. Deprtnate an OH t push ut leaving grup (NH 3) Steps are reversible reactin needs t be frced tward prduct by prtnatin f NH 3 Heat amide at high [H + ] Basic hydrlysis (nt included in class ntes) Occurs by nuclephilic additin f OH t the amide carbnyl grup, fllwed by eliminatin f amide in (-NH 2) and subsequent deprtnatin f the initially frmed carbxylic acid by ammnia Reversible equilibrium favrs prducts by final deprtnatin f carbxylic acid Mre difficult than acid catalyzed because amide in is pr leaving grup; eliminatin step is difficult Hydrlysis f amides is initial step in digestin f dietary prteins Catalyzed by prtease enzyme Reductin: Cnversin f Amides int Amines Using an aggressive reagent and aqueus wrk-up Cnverts the amide t a 1 amine Full C=O reductin with LiAlH 4 is specific fr amides Gd way t cnvert lactam t cyclic amine

8 Nitrile Hydrlysis Mechanism f Nitrile Hydrlysis in Base 1. Nuclephilic Additin 2. Tautmerizatin 3. Amide Hydrlysis Mechanism f Nitrile Hydrlysis in Acid 1. Activatin and Nuclephilic Additin 2. Tautmerizatin 3. Amide Hydrlysis Practice C 4H 7O 2Br

9

CHE Study Guide - Ch Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol

CHE Study Guide - Ch Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol CHE 10 - Study Guide - Ch. 4-5 Chapter 4: Carbxylic Acids 1. Functinal Grup (Carbxyl grup): r R-COOH r R-CO H. Naming a. Identify lngest chain with carbxyl grup b. Use Parent name, change e t ic acid c.

More information

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading Study Problems Key Concepts and Skills Lecture Topics: Structures and reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading Study Problems Key Concepts and Skills Lecture Topics: Structures and reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading: Wade chapter 21, sections 21-1- 21-16 Study Problems: 21-45, 21-46, 21-48, 21-49, 21-50, 21-53, 21-56, 21-58, 21-63 Key Concepts and Skills: Interpret the spectra of

More information

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Dr. Ayad Kareem Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Collage of Pharmacy Al-Mustansiriyah University (2017-2018). Closely related

More information

Ch 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nu Acyl Subst n

Ch 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nu Acyl Subst n Ch 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nu Acyl Subst n Acid Derivatives and their Names - Acid Halides have a Cl or Br instead of OH. Replace ic acid with yl halide, such as propionyl chloride (a common

More information

Chapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Carboxylic Acids: RCOOH (RCO 2 H)

Chapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Carboxylic Acids: RCOOH (RCO 2 H) Chapter 10 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic Acids: RCH (RC 2 H) The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group (carbonyl & hydroxyl group)

More information

Chapter 18. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon

Chapter 18. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Carboxylic Acids Organic compounds characterized by their acidity Contains COOH group (must be at

More information

1/3/2011. Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon

1/3/2011. Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO 2 H) is the parent group of a family of compounds called acyl compounds or carboxylic acid derivatives Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic

More information

Carboxylic Acids. The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H)

Carboxylic Acids. The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) Carboxylic Acids The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) Starting materials for acyl derivatives (esters, amides, and acid chlorides) Abundant in nature from oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols in

More information

Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon

Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO 2 H) is the parent group of a family of compounds called acyl

More information

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON RED ANT WAS SOURCE OF FORMIC ACID (RCOOH) Lecture 8 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2 Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO

More information

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1)

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 7. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR

More information

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Carboxylic acid derivatives. Acyl chloride Acid anhydride Ester Amide Nucleophilic acyl substitution 19.1 Nomenclature

More information

Chem 464 Biochemistry Third Hour Exam

Chem 464 Biochemistry Third Hour Exam Name: Chem 464 Bichemistry Third Hur Exam Multiple chice (5 pints apiece): 1. Which f the fllwing statements cncerning fatty acids is crrect? A) One is the precursr f prstaglandins. B) Phsphatidic acid

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Deriva3ves. Nucleophilic Acyl Subs0tu0on (Addi0on- Elimina0on)

Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Deriva3ves. Nucleophilic Acyl Subs0tu0on (Addi0on- Elimina0on) Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Deriva3ves Nucleophilic Acyl Subs0tu0on (Addi0on- Elimina0on) 1 Carboxylic Compounds Acyl group bonded to X, an electronega3ve atom or leaving group Includes: X = halide

More information

R O R' Acid anhydride. Acid halide. Carboxylic acid. Ester O O O O. Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester. Amide

R O R' Acid anhydride. Acid halide. Carboxylic acid. Ester O O O O. Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester. Amide Chapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic acid X Acid halide ' Acid anhydride Ester ' P N 2 C N S' Amide Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester The common structural feature of all these compounds

More information

Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution hapter 20: arboxylic Acid Derivatives: ucleophilic Acyl Substitution 20.1: omenclature of arboxylic Acid Derivatives (please read) carboxylic acid -oic acid ' ester -oate ' lactone cyclic ester l acid

More information

Chapter 19: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution 19.1: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (please read)

Chapter 19: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution 19.1: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (please read) problem 18.33b - = 128.7 123.9 179.7 146.8 147.4 45.3 18.0 161 hapter 19: arboxylic Acid Derivatives: ucleophilic Acyl Substitution 19.1: omenclature of arboxylic Acid Derivatives (please read) carboxylic

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles. Chapters 20, 21 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry

Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles. Chapters 20, 21 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles Chapters 20, 21 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry 1 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 2 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives nitrile R = CH 3 acetonitrile 3 Structure and Bonding

More information

Lecture 20. Herman Emil Fischer Nobel Prize 1902 Sugars, Esters and Purines. April 4, Chemistry 328N

Lecture 20. Herman Emil Fischer Nobel Prize 1902 Sugars, Esters and Purines. April 4, Chemistry 328N Lecture 20 April 4, 2019 Herman Emil Fischer 1852-1919 Nobel Prize 1902 Sugars, Esters and Purines Acid-catalyzed Esterification (also called Fischer esterification) CH CH 3 H H H 2 CCH 3 Please study

More information

Part 1. Nicotinate Derivatives

Part 1. Nicotinate Derivatives Mass spectra f fatty alchls. Part 1. ictinate derivatives. MASS SPECTRA OF FATTY ALCOHOLS Part 1. ictinate Derivatives Fatty alchls can be characterized by GC-MS mst readily as the nictinate derivatives,

More information

10. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 10.1 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 10.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 10.

10. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 10.1 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 10.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 10. BOOKS 1) Organic Chemistry Structure and Function, K. Peter C. Vollhardt, Neil Schore, 6th Edition 2) Organic Chemistry, T. W. Graham Solomons, Craig B. Fryhle 3) Organic Chemistry: A Short Course, H.

More information

Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2

Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2 Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2 Dr M. Mehrdad University of Guilan, Department of Chemistry, Rasht, Iran m-mehrdad@guilan.ac.ir Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition The

More information

Module 3. Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism. Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Metabolism Two general types of metabolic reactions: o :

Module 3. Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism. Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Metabolism Two general types of metabolic reactions: o : Mdule 3 Chapter 5 Micrbial Metablism Catablic and Anablic Reactins Metablism Tw general types f metablic reactins: : : Recall frm Chapter 2: Energy can be when bnds Energy can be when bnds Catablism Purpse

More information

Esters of Carboxylic Acids These are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkoxy group.

Esters of Carboxylic Acids These are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkoxy group. Carboxylic acid Derivatives Carboxylic acid derivatives are described as compounds that can be converted to carboxylic acids via simple acidic or basic hydrolysis. The most important acid derivatives are

More information

Chapters 13/14: Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Chapters 13/14: Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives CHM 201 (Elements of Organic Chemistry) Dr. Virgil Lee Cal Poly Pomona Chapters 13/14: Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives resonance stabilized OH group donates electron density to carbonyl

More information

Physical properties: C L = L. Cl, NH 2, OCH 3, OH, OCR O O O NH 2 CH 3 N(CH 3 ) 2. Sol. in H 2 O

Physical properties: C L = L. Cl, NH 2, OCH 3, OH, OCR O O O NH 2 CH 3 N(CH 3 ) 2. Sol. in H 2 O Lecture Notes hem 51 S. King hapter 22 arboxylic Acids and their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution I. Structure and Physical Properties: Type 2 carbonyl compounds (carboxylic acids and derivatives)

More information

Part 3. Monoenoic Fatty Acids

Part 3. Monoenoic Fatty Acids MASS SPECTRA OF METHYL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS Part 3. Mnenic Fatty Acids As cautined in the Intrductin t these dcuments, the mass spectra f methyl esters btained with electrn-impact inizatin ften affrd

More information

Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Deriva7ves

Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Deriva7ves Organic Chemistry, 5th ed. Marc Loudon Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Deriva7ves Eric J. Kantorowski California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA Chapter 21 Overview 21.1 Nomenclature

More information

Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives I

Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives I 2302272 Org Chem II Part I Lecture 5 Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives I Instructor: Dr. Tanatorn Khotavivattana E-mail: tanatorn.k@chula.ac.th Recommended Textbook: Chapter 20 in Organic Chemistry,

More information

Loudon Chapter 21 Review: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Jacquie Richardson, CU Boulder Last updated 3/20/2018

Loudon Chapter 21 Review: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Jacquie Richardson, CU Boulder Last updated 3/20/2018 Loudon Chapter 21 eview: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Jacquie ichardson, CU Boulder Last updated 3/20/2018 We learned how to make a lot of carboxylic acid derivatives from acids in Ch. 20, but now we ll

More information

Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-II CHEMISTRY

Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-II CHEMISTRY Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 9: ORGANIC -III (Reaction Mechanism-2) 17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-1I CHE_P9_M17 Table of Contents 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction

More information

Alehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid

Alehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid Alehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction Aldedydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain carbon-oxygen doule bonds. The general formula for aldehydes is O C R

More information

Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions شیمی آلی 2

Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions شیمی آلی 2 Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions شیمی آلی 2 Dr M. Mehrdad University of Guilan, Department of Chemistry, Rasht, Iran m-mehrdad@guilan.ac.ir Based on McMurry

More information

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives arboxylic Acid Derivatives The most important derivatives of carboxylic acids are l " ' ' acid halide acid anhydride an ester an amide Although not direct derivatives, nitriles, -, are related to carboxylic

More information

Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids. Introduction

Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids. Introduction hapter 20 arboxylic Acids Introduction arbonyl (-=) and hydroxyl (-H) on the same carbon is carboxyl group. arboxyl group is usually written -H or 2 H. Aliphatic acids have an alkyl group bonded to -H.

More information

UNIT (11) MOLECULES OF LIFE: LIPIDS AND PROTEINS

UNIT (11) MOLECULES OF LIFE: LIPIDS AND PROTEINS UIT (11) MLEULES F LIFE: LIPIDS AD PTEIS 11.1 Types f Lipids Lipids are als bichemical cmpunds that cntain carbn, hydrgen, and xygen. But lipids, unlike carbhydrates, share n cmmn structural features.

More information

Metabolism: Oxidative Phosphorylation

Metabolism: Oxidative Phosphorylation Metablism: Oxidative Phsphrylatin Hand-ut fr the CBT versin April 2012 1. On average, hw much ATP is needed each day by ur bdy? 2. Which f the fllwing ccurs during cellular respiratin? Bisynthesis f glycgen

More information

EURL-SRM - Analytical Observations Report

EURL-SRM - Analytical Observations Report cncerning the fllwing EURL-SRM - Analytical Observatins Reprt Cmpund(s): Pymetrzine Cmmdities: Varius cmmdities f plant rigin Methd(s): QuEChERS, adjustment f ph Instrumentatin: LC-MS/MS Analysis f Pymetrzine

More information

Surprising Cosmetic Functional Benefits Of Plant Wax Butters. Dr. Yoon Gattefossé

Surprising Cosmetic Functional Benefits Of Plant Wax Butters. Dr. Yoon Gattefossé Surprising Csmetic Functinal Benefits f Plant Wax Butters Dr. Yn Gattefssé Natural Skincare Textures getting better Increase f available emllients Sensatin f insufficient misturizatin & cmfrt Heavy feel

More information

Part 3. Dienoic Fatty Acids

Part 3. Dienoic Fatty Acids MASS SPECTRA OF 3-PYRIDYLCARBIOL ESTERS Part 3. Dienic Fatty Acids This sectin describes mass spectra f 3-pyridylcarbinl ester derivatives under the headings Methylene-interrupted dienic fatty acids Cnjugated

More information

MASS SPECTRA OF DERIVATIVES OF ALICYCLIC FATTY ACIDS WITH 5- AND 6-MEMBERED RINGS

MASS SPECTRA OF DERIVATIVES OF ALICYCLIC FATTY ACIDS WITH 5- AND 6-MEMBERED RINGS MASS SPECTRA OF DERIVATIVES OF ALICYCLIC FATTY ACIDS WITH 5- AD 6-MEMBERED RIGS The dcument des nt aim t be a cmplete accunt f mass spectrmetry f all cyclic fatty acids, but rather is a persnal accunt

More information

DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 13 Rl RH RNH 2 RR RR DERIVATIVES F ARBXYLI AIDS HAPTER SUMMARY 13.1 Structure and Nomenclature of arboxylic Acid Derivatives A. Structure arboxylic acids and their derivatives can be expressed as variations

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiratin: Harvesting Chemical Energy Lecture Outline Overview: Life Is Wrk T perfrm their many tasks, living cells require energy frm utside surces. Energy enters mst ecsystems as

More information

3. DIGESITION. Absorption. Digestion. Process of digestion

3. DIGESITION. Absorption. Digestion. Process of digestion 3. DIGESITION T incrprate the nutrients cntained in the ingested material, the rganisms have t reduce the size f the particles and the cmplex nutrients have t be cnverted t sugars, fatty acids, amin acids

More information

3. DIGESITION. Absorption. Digestion. Process of digestion

3. DIGESITION. Absorption. Digestion. Process of digestion 3. DIGESITION T incrprate the nutrients cntained in the ingested material, the rganisms have t reduce the size f the particles and the cmplex nutrients have t be cnverted t sugars, fatty acids, amin acids

More information

Test 3 Study Guide: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Cell Membrane

Test 3 Study Guide: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Cell Membrane Name Blck Date Test 3 Study Guide: Phtsynthesis, Respiratin, and the Cell Membrane Test Dates: December 13 (1 st and 7 th blck) and 12 (6 th blck) SOL: BIO.2d, 3d-e Related Ntes Phtsynthesis Respiratin

More information

3. DIGESTION DIGESTION ABSORPTION DIGESTION. Refers to the process of breaking down large nutrient particles into their basic components

3. DIGESTION DIGESTION ABSORPTION DIGESTION. Refers to the process of breaking down large nutrient particles into their basic components 3. DIGESTION T incrprate nutrients cntained in fds, rganisms have t be able t reduce particles size t sugars, fatty acids, amin acids r small peptides (Fig. 3-1). This prcess is called digestin. Once the

More information

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 7: Membrane Structure and Function: Life at the Edge

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 7: Membrane Structure and Function: Life at the Edge BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 7: Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge CONCEPTS: 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.2 Membrane

More information

Lecture 19. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Y - + X - Y X R C X. April 2, Chemistry 328N

Lecture 19. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Y - + X - Y X R C X. April 2, Chemistry 328N Lecture 19 Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution X Y - - Y X X - Y April 2, 2019 hemistry 328N Acid-catalyzed Esterification (also called Fischer esterification) H H 3 H H H 2 H 3 Please study the mechanism hemistry

More information

CH 3 C H 3 O. anhydride acid. ester amide. O acid O. amide. acid. amide. acid. nitriles

CH 3 C H 3 O. anhydride acid. ester amide. O acid O. amide. acid. amide. acid. nitriles C 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Topics: aming Interconversion of Acid Derivatives eactions of each functional group Connections: anhydride acid ester amide acid ester amide acid amide 2 acid nitriles

More information

Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids

Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids are compounds in which the OH of a carboxyl group has been replaced by CI, OOCR, NH2, or OR'to convert acid chlorides,anhydrides,

More information

REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES WITH NUCLEOPHILES A. Reactions of Acid Chlorides with Nucleophiles

REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES WITH NUCLEOPHILES A. Reactions of Acid Chlorides with Nucleophiles 1016 CHAPTER 1 THE CHEMITRY F CARBXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE 1.8 REACTI F CARBXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE WITH UCLEPHILE ection 1.7 showed that all carboxylic acid derivatives hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. Water

More information

Carbonyl Chemistry VI + C O C. 1pm In Geology Room 112. Exam is Monday 11am-1pm. Chemistry /06/02

Carbonyl Chemistry VI + C O C. 1pm In Geology Room 112. Exam is Monday 11am-1pm. Chemistry /06/02 arbonyl hemistry VI Ō - + hemistry 391 11/06/02 Exam is Monday 11am-1pm 1pm In Geology Room 112 The Dibasic Acids h - My - Such - hemistry 391 11/06/02 Good- Apple- Pie- Fischer Esterification Esters can

More information

Ch. 21: CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES AND NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives:

Ch. 21: CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES AND NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: h. 21: ABXYLI AID DEIVATIVES AND NULEPILI AYL SUBSTITUTIN EATINS Nomenclature of arboxylic Acid Derivatives: arboxylic acids "-oic acid" Examples: 3 2 Propanoic acid yclohexanecarboxylic acid 1 arboxylate

More information

Part 5. Trienoic Fatty Acids

Part 5. Trienoic Fatty Acids MASS SPECTRA OF METHYL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS Part 5. Trienic Fatty Acids As cautined in the Intrductin t these dcuments, the mass spectra f methyl esters btained under electrn-impact inizatin affrd limited

More information

TOPIC 4. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON (Chapter 17)

TOPIC 4. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON (Chapter 17) L TPI 4. ABXYLI AIDS AND TEI DEIVATES: NULEPILI ADDITIN-ELIMINATIN AT TE AYL ABN (hapter 17) BJETIVES 1. Name carboxylic acids and acid derivatives: acyl chlorides, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles

More information

Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette

Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

More information

13. Carboxylic Acids (text )

13. Carboxylic Acids (text ) 2009, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western ntario 13.1 13. Carboxylic Acids (text 14.1 14.9) A. Structure and Nomenclature The carboxylic acid functional group results from the connection

More information

MALT CARBOXYPEPTIDASE CATALYZED AMINOLYSlS REACTIONS

MALT CARBOXYPEPTIDASE CATALYZED AMINOLYSlS REACTIONS Carlsberg Res. Cmmun. Vl. 49, p. 473-481, 1984 MALT CARBOXYPEPTDASE CATALYED AMNOLYSlS REACTONS by KLAUS BREDDAM and MARTN OTTESEN Department f Chemistry, Carlsberg Labratry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 1, DK-25

More information

EXPERIMENT 8 (Organic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives

EXPERIMENT 8 (Organic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives EXPERIMENT 8 (rganic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives Pahlavan/Cherif Materials Medium test tubes (6) Test tube rack Beakers (50, 150, 400 ml) Ice Hot plate Graduated cylinders

More information

Steroids: A Timeless Fascination

Steroids: A Timeless Fascination GENERAL I ARTICLE Sterids: A Timeless Fascinatin Chlesterl and its Bi-prducts SHari Prasad SHari Prasad teaches medicinal rganic chemistry and rganic spectrscpy t pst graduate students at the Chemistry

More information

MASS SPECTRA OF DERIVATIVES OF CYCLOPROPYL AND CYCLOPROPENYL FATTY ACIDS

MASS SPECTRA OF DERIVATIVES OF CYCLOPROPYL AND CYCLOPROPENYL FATTY ACIDS MASS SPECTRA OF DERIVATIVES OF CYCLOPROPYL AD CYCLOPROPEYL FATTY ACIDS The dcument des nt aim t be a cmplete accunt f mass spectrmetry f cyclprpyl and cyclprpenyl fatty acids, but rather is a persnal accunt

More information

Prelab 6: Carboxylic Acids

Prelab 6: Carboxylic Acids The Structure of Carboxylic Acids Prelab 6: Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl functional group attached to a hydrocarbon (alkyl group) part. Carboxyl groups contain both a carbonyl group,

More information

Part 1. Saturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids

Part 1. Saturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Mass spectra f DMX derivatives. Part 1. Saturated and branched-chain fatty acids MASS SPECTRA F DMX DERIVATIVES Part 1. Saturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids a 4,4-Dimethylxazline (DMX) derivatives

More information

7. Reverse transcription ID nucleophile and electrophile. Substitution reaction.

7. Reverse transcription ID nucleophile and electrophile. Substitution reaction. Spring 2018 Chem 12B Possible Bio or Industrial Reactions: 1. Naproxen synthesis from 2-naphthol (see ROH and epoxides slides) 2. aspirin synthesis from benzene 3. benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke how

More information

Chem 263 Nov 26, 2013 O R' alkyl. acid. ethyl. acetic acid. ethyl acetate ethyl ethanoate

Chem 263 Nov 26, 2013 O R' alkyl. acid. ethyl. acetic acid. ethyl acetate ethyl ethanoate hem 263 ov 26, 2013 arboxylic Acids and Derivatives omenclature Esters Systematic names for esters are derived by first giving the name of the alkyl group attached to the oxygen, and then identifying the

More information

INTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM What des bld d? 5. What makes this pssible? : In rder fr there t be an efficient exchange f xygen, waste and nutrients there must be a high surface area between the

More information

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules: The Molecules of Life

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules: The Molecules of Life BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 5: The Structure and Functin f Large Bilgical Mlecules: The Mlecules f Life Structure and Functin f Large Bi Mlecules: Mlecules f Life CONCEPTS: 5.1 Macrmlecules are plymers, built

More information

Understanding Your Total-Cholesterol-to-HDL Ratio

Understanding Your Total-Cholesterol-to-HDL Ratio Understanding Yur Ttal-Chlesterl-t-HDL Rati Yur ttal-chlesterl-t-hdl rati is measured during a bld test called a lipid prfile. This wrksheet will help yu learn mre abut this rati. It will als help yu:

More information

Lecture 9 PCL201 Drug Distribution

Lecture 9 PCL201 Drug Distribution Lecture 9 PCL201 Drug Distributin Where d drugs distribute? Drug distributin (and ptentially cncentratin) will depend n bld flw and the physichemical prperties f the chemical Lipid and water slubility

More information

1A Human Biology Food, Digestion and Associated Body Systems

1A Human Biology Food, Digestion and Associated Body Systems 1A Human Bilgy Fd, Digestin and Assciated Bdy Systems Human Bilgy Fd, Digestin and Assciated Bdy Systems Fd Fd is ne f the basic human needs and the digestive system enables the bdy t cnvert it int a frm

More information

Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution. Reactions. - many carboxylic acid derivatives are known:

Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution. Reactions. - many carboxylic acid derivatives are known: hapter 21 arboxylic Acid Derivatives and ucleophilic Acyl Substitution eactions - many carboxylic acid derivatives are known: X ' carboxylic acid acid halide (X = F, l, Br, I) acid anhydride ' 2 ester

More information

Nu: - Addition or Nu: - Acyl Substitution?

Nu: - Addition or Nu: - Acyl Substitution? 12. Apply nucleophilic addition and elimination concepts to nucleophilic acyl substution reactions of acids and derivatives (focus on esters and amides) In Class problems: 1. The reactive site of aldehydes,

More information

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology 1 Carbhydrates and Glycbilgy Carbhydrates are aldehyde r ketne derivatives f plyhydrxy alchls cntaining at least three carbn atms with the general frmula (CH 2 O) n They are mderately reduced cmpunds (sme

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Chapter 17. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Chapter 17. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chapter 17 suggested problems: 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 52, 54, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70 Class Notes I. Carboxylic acids (organic acids) and their derivatives A.

More information

VITAPRO. Detoxification properties of Apple pectin formulation, PROPECTIN. CENTRE D ETUDE ET DE VALORISATION DES ALGUES FINAL REPORT.

VITAPRO. Detoxification properties of Apple pectin formulation, PROPECTIN. CENTRE D ETUDE ET DE VALORISATION DES ALGUES FINAL REPORT. CENTRE D ETUDE & DE VALORISATION DES ALGUES 2400 Detxificatin prperties f Apple pectin frmulatin, PROPECTIN. VITAPRO FINAL REPORT PrPectin July 2015 CENTRE D ETUDE ET DE VALORISATION DES ALGUES PRESQU

More information

ROLE OF REDUCING CO-FACTOR IN CERULENIN-INSENSIT1VITY OF 6-HYDROXryMELLEIN SYNTHASE IN CARROT CELL EXTRACT

ROLE OF REDUCING CO-FACTOR IN CERULENIN-INSENSIT1VITY OF 6-HYDROXryMELLEIN SYNTHASE IN CARROT CELL EXTRACT Vl. 46, N. 6, December ]998 BIOCHEMISTRY and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL Pages 1219-1225 ROLE OF REDUCING CO-FACTOR IN CERULENIN-INSENSIT1VITY OF 6-HYDROXryMELLEIN SYNTHASE IN CARROT CELL EXTRACT Fumiya

More information

Carboxylic acid derivatives

Carboxylic acid derivatives Carboxylic acid derivatives Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction Among the most important reactions of carboxylic acids are those that convert the carboxyl group into other acid derivatives by a nucleophilic

More information

Natural Products Association Standard and Certification for Natural Home Care Products

Natural Products Association Standard and Certification for Natural Home Care Products Natural Prducts Assciatin Standard and Certificatin fr Natural Hme Care Prducts In rder t prtect the cnsumer and best equip the cnsumer and t maximize the cnsumer s wellbeing, we have develped Natural

More information

Part 1. Introduction, Saturated and Branched-Chain Acids

Part 1. Introduction, Saturated and Branched-Chain Acids MASS SPECTRA OF FATTY ACID PYRROLIDIDES Part 1. Intrductin, Saturated and Branched-Chain Acids Intrductin t Pyrrlidide Derivatives Fatty acid pyrrlidine derivatives r a O pyrrlidides r acyl-pyrrlidines

More information

CHAPTER 24: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism

CHAPTER 24: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism CHAPTER 24: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism Describe the digestion of fats and proteins utline the steps in the β-oxidation of fatty acids and describe the circumstances of ketone body production Describe

More information

Name: Date: Period: Notes: The Blood and Lymphatic System

Name: Date: Period: Notes: The Blood and Lymphatic System Name: Date: Perid: Cmpsitin f Bld and their Functins Red Bld Cells (aka ) Structure Ntes: The Bld and Lymphatic System D nt have a like ther cells d Cntain a specialized prtein called Hemglbin cntains

More information

H 3 C OCH 3 3 C N(CH 3 ) 2 H 3 C H H 3 C CH 3. ketone. pk a = 9 H H. 1,3-keto ester pk a = 11

H 3 C OCH 3 3 C N(CH 3 ) 2 H 3 C H H 3 C CH 3. ketone. pk a = 9 H H. 1,3-keto ester pk a = 11 hapter 21: Ester Enolates 21.1: Ester α ydrogens and Their pk a s. The α-protons of s are less acidic that ketones and aldehydes. Typical pk a s of carbonyl compounds (α-protons): aldehydes 17 ketones

More information

In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method are

In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method are In the list f rganisms given belw, thse that reprduce by the asexual methd are Banana Dg Yeast Ameba (ii) and (iv) (i), (iii) and (iv) (i) and (iv) (ii), (iii) and (iv) Answer:(b) (i), (iii) and (iv) In

More information

Intestinal Hormones Inhibit: Intestinal Hormones Promote:

Intestinal Hormones Inhibit: Intestinal Hormones Promote: 1 QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 3 INTESTINAL PHASE OF DIGESTION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CHAPTER 21 I. INTESTINAL PHASE AND FEEDBACK SIGNALS a. Intr Net result f gastric phase is Digestin f prteins in the stmach

More information

Chemistry Chapter 19

Chemistry Chapter 19 hemistry 2100 hapter 19 arboxyl Derivatives In this chapter, we study three classes of compounds derived from carboxylic acids; anhydrides, esters, and amides. Each is related to a carboxyl group by loss

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Decarboxylation R H + CO 2. R OH Reaction type: Elimination. H H Malonic acid. Mechanism:

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Decarboxylation R H + CO 2. R OH Reaction type: Elimination. H H Malonic acid. Mechanism: rganic hemistry arboxylic Acids and Derivatives Decarboxylation eaction type: Elimination 2 Malonic acid Mechanism: 235 rganic hemistry arboxylic Acids and Derivatives ucleophilic Acyl Substitution u Two

More information

Completing the NPA online Patient Safety Incident Report form: 2016

Completing the NPA online Patient Safety Incident Report form: 2016 Cmpleting the NPA nline Patient Safety Incident Reprt frm: 2016 The infrmatin cntained within this dcument is in line with the current Data Prtectin Act (DPA) requirements. This infrmatin may be subject

More information

b. Responses/Reflexes Food bulk stretches the fundus of stomach, activating mechanoreceptors GI peptides activate chemoreceptor s o o o

b. Responses/Reflexes Food bulk stretches the fundus of stomach, activating mechanoreceptors GI peptides activate chemoreceptor s o o o QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 2 GASTRIC PHASE OF DIGESTION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CHAPTER 21 I. ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM a. Defined and Crrelatin with Shrt Reflexes Fund in walls f LUMEN Invlved in shrt reflexes

More information

Esterification. Preparation of β-d-glucose pentaacetate. Dr. Zerong Wang at UHCL. Table of contents

Esterification. Preparation of β-d-glucose pentaacetate. Dr. Zerong Wang at UHCL. Table of contents Esterification Preparation of β-d-glucose pentaacetate Table of contents Ester eaction with carboxylic acids eaction with esters: transesterification eaction with acid anhydrides eaction with acid halides

More information

1.6. Topic 1: Cell Biology (Teacher) Essential Idea: Cell division is essential but must be controlled. 1.6 Cell Division

1.6. Topic 1: Cell Biology (Teacher) Essential Idea: Cell division is essential but must be controlled. 1.6 Cell Division Tpic 1: Cell Bilgy (Teacher) 1.6 Essential Idea: Cell divisin is essential but must be cntrlled. 1.6 Cell Divisin Why d cells divide: - Sa:Vl Rati - Allws fr grwth f the rganism - Allws fr cell differentiatin

More information

BIODIVERSITY & CLASSIFICATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS 05 FEBRUARY 2014

BIODIVERSITY & CLASSIFICATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS 05 FEBRUARY 2014 BIODIVERSITY & CLASSIFICATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS 05 FEBRUARY 2014 In this lessn we: Lessn Descriptin Lk at the basic structures and general characteristics f micr rganisms Discuss the rle f micr-rganisms

More information

CONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION

CONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION CONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION INSTRUCTIONS This is an infrmed cnsent dcument which has been prepared t help yur Dctr infrm yu cncerning fat reductin with an injectable medicatin, its risks,

More information

Autonomic. Nervous System

Autonomic. Nervous System Autnmic Nervus System Cmpiled by Campbell M Gld (2006) CMG Archives http://campbellmgld.cm IMPORTANT The health infrmatin cntained herein is nt meant as a substitute fr advice frm yur physician, r ther

More information

Biology 30S Unit Test Review: Digestion

Biology 30S Unit Test Review: Digestion Bilgy 30S Unit Test Review: Digestin Test utline: Multiple Chice: 10 Questins, 1 mark each. Shrt Answer: 5 Questins (answer 3 f them), 5 marks each. Lng Answer: 2 Lng Answer Questins, 10 marks each. Tasks

More information

Tick fever is a cattle disease caused by any one of the following blood parasites:

Tick fever is a cattle disease caused by any one of the following blood parasites: Tick fever Tick fever is a cattle disease caused by any ne f the fllwing bld parasites: Babesia bvis Babesia bigemina Anaplasma marginale These parasites are all transmitted by the cattle tick (Bphilus

More information

Identifying Functional Groups. (Chapter 2 in the Klein text)

Identifying Functional Groups. (Chapter 2 in the Klein text) Identifying Functional Groups (Chapter 2 in the Klein text) Basic Ideas A functional group is a substructure within a molecule that will have the potential to undergo chemical change, i.e. the group has

More information

Chem 263 B6 Notes March 30, 2006 Demo-In-Class: O

Chem 263 B6 Notes March 30, 2006 Demo-In-Class: O hem 263 B6 otes March 30, 2006 Demo-In-lass: + 2 carbon dioxide carbonic acid arbon dioxide ( 2 ) is a solid at -78. It is dry ice. When it is added to water, we made carbonated water (as in soda pop).

More information

The demonstration of lysosomes by the controlled temperature freezing-sectioning method By LUCILLE BITENSKY

The demonstration of lysosomes by the controlled temperature freezing-sectioning method By LUCILLE BITENSKY 205 The demnstratin f lyssmes by the cntrlled temperature freezing-sectining methd By LUCILLE BITESKY (Frm the Department f Pathlgy, Ryal Cllege f Surgens f England, Lincln's Inn Fields, Lndn, W.C. 2)

More information

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variations on a Theme

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variations on a Theme BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 13: Meisis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variatins n a Theme Meisis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variatins n a Theme CONCEPTS: 13.1 Offspring acquire genes frm their parents by inheriting chrmsmes

More information