Chapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Carboxylic Acids: RCOOH (RCO 2 H)

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Carboxylic Acids: RCOOH (RCO 2 H)"

Transcription

1 Chapter 10 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic Acids: RCH (RC 2 H) The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group (carbonyl & hydroxyl group) The general formula of an aliphatic carboxylic acid is RC 2 H : : C : H : CH C 2 H Simple open-chain carboxylic acids are names by replacing the terminal e of the alkane name with oic acid The CH carbon is always number C-1 If the compound contains a carbon-carbon double bond, change the infix -an- to -en- CH 2 =CHCH Propenoic acid 1

2 Compounds that have a CH group bonded to a ring are named by using the suffix carboxylic acid The carboxyl group takes precedence over most other functional groups H CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C 2 H 5-Hydroxyhexanoic acid CH 3 CCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C 2 H 5-xohexanoic acid Acid Halides: RCX The functional group of an acid halide is an acyl group bonded to a halogen to name, change the suffix -ic acid to -yl halide the carboxylic acid to -carbonyl Ethanoyl chloroide 2

3 Acid Anhydrides: RCCR (acid + acid) The functional group of an acid anhydride is two acyl groups bonded to an oxygen atom the anhydride may be symmetrical (two identical acyl groups) or mixed (two different acyl groups) to name, replace acid of the parent acid by anhydride CH 3 CC Acetic benzoic anhydride Amides: RCNH 2 (acid + amine) The functional group of an amide is an acyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom to name, drop -oic acid from the name of the parent acid and add -amide if the amide nitrogen is bonded to an alkyl or aryl group, name the group and show its location on nitrogen by N- the carboxylic acid to -carboxamide if the amide nitrogen is bonded to an alkyl or aryl group, name the group and show its location on nitrogen by N- Esters: RCR (acid + alcohol) The functional group of an ester is an acyl group bonded to -R or -Ar name the alkyl or aryl group bonded to oxygen; follow by the name of the acid but with the suffix -ic acid changed to -ate Cyclic esters are called lactones Cyclic amides are called lactams name the parent carboxylic acid, drop the suffix - ic acid, and add -lactam 3

4 Nitriles: R-C N Compounds containing the -C N functional group are called nitriles The nitrile carbon is numbered C-1 ccurrence and Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives In the liquid and solid states, carboxylic acids are associated by hydrogen bonding into dimeric structures Carboxylic acids are polar compounds and form very strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds through both their C= and H groups This strong hydrogen bonding has a noticeable effect on boiling points they are more soluble in water than alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones of comparable molecular weight Water solubility decreases as the relative size of the hydrophobic portion of the molecule increases Hydrophobic region (Water-hating) Hydrophilic region (Water-loving) Decanoic acid (0.2 g/100 ml H2) 4

5 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids Acidity Carboxylic acids are weak acids values of pk a for most aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids fall within the range 4 5 The greater acidity of carboxylic acids relative to alcohols is due to two factors: 1.the significant resonance stabilization of a carboxylate anion compared with an alkoxide anion 2.the electron-withdrawing inductive effect of the adjacent carbonyl group on the -H bond 5

6 Electron-withdrawing substituents near the carboxyl group increase acidity through their inductive effect H I Br Cl F CH 2 C 2 H CH 2 C 2 H CH 2 C 2 H CH 2 C 2 H CH 2 C 2 H Increasing acid strength Multiple substitution of electron-withdrawing groups further increases acidity The inductive effect of an electron-withdrawing substituent falls off rapidly with its distance from the carboxyl group Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids xidation of alkylbenzene (chapter 5) Cl Cl Cl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C 2 H CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C 2 H CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C 2 H CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C 2 H Increasing acid strength xidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes 6

7 Prepared from nitriles, R-C N RBr RC N RCH Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Carboxylic acid derivatives have an acyl carbon bonded to a group that can leave as a stable anion The more electron-poor the C= carbon, the more readily the compound reacts with nucleophiles halide ion is the weakest base and the best leaving group; acid halides are the most reactive toward nucleophilic acyl substitution amide ionis the strongest base and the poorest leaving group 7

8 The Tetrahedral Intermediate RC- H H- Cl RC- H H- CR' RC- H H- R' RC- H H- NH 2 FIGURE 10.4 MECHANISM: Mechanism of the Fischer esterification reaction of a carboxylic acid. The reaction is an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution. verview of Reactions FIGURE 10.5 Road map for the reactions of functional groups in this chapter. 8

9 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids 1. Conversion of Acids into Alcohols by Reduction (RCH RCH 2 H) Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH 4 ) reduces a carboxyl group to a 1 alcohol reduction is most commonly carried out in diethyl ether or THF it is not reduced by NaBH 4, a reagent that readily reduces the carbonyl groups of aldehydes and ketones Selective Reduction The carboxyl group is not affected by catalytic hydrogenation under conditions that easily reduce aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. X CH 3 CCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH + H 2 5-xohexanoic acid Pt 25, 2 atm H CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 5-Hydroxyhexanoic acid it is also possible to selectively reduce the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone using the less reactive NaBH 4 2. Conversion of Acids into Acid Chlorides (RCH RCCl) Carboxylic acids are converted into acid chlorides by treatment with thionyl chlorides x CCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 5-xo-5-phenylpentanoic acid 1. NaBH 4 2. H 2 H CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 5-Hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoic acid 9

10 3. Conversion of Acids into Esters (RCH RCR ) Fischer esterification reaction Esters can be prepared by treatment of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, most commonly H 2 S 4 or gaseous HCl Reversible reactions (depend on solvent) 4. Conversion of Acids into Amides (RCH RCNH 2 ) Amide are difficult to prepare directly from acids At high temperature Chemistry of Acid Halides Acid chlorides are prepared from carboxylic acids by reaction with thionyl chloride 10

11 Acid chlorides are among the most reactive of the various carboxylic acid derivatives and can be converted into many other kinds of substances 1. Conversion of Acids Chlorides into Acids (RCCl RCH) Acid chlorides react with water to yield carboxylic acids the substitution of Cl by H Cl 2. Conversion of Acids Chlorides into Esters (RCCl RCR ) Acid chlorides react with alcohol to yield esters The reaction usually carried out in the presence of an amine base such as pyridine, which reacts with HCl and prevents it from causing side reaction 3. Conversion of Acids Chlorides into Amides (RCCl RCNH 2 ) Acid chlorides react with ammonia and with amines to give amide ne extra equivalent of ammonia is added to react with the HCl generated 11

12 Chemistry of Acid Anhydrides The reactions of acid anhydrides is similar to that of acid chloride The best method for preparing acid anhydrides is by a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction of an acid chloride with a carboxylic acid anion (Tylenol) Acid anhydrides are inefficient to use, and acid chlorides are normally used instead Acid anhydrides are inefficient to use, and acid chlorides are normally used instead (Tylenol) 12

13 Chemistry of Esters Ester are usually prepare from acids or acid chlorides Many simple esters are pleasant-smelling liquids that are responsible for the fragrant odors of fruits and flower Fat 1. Conversion of Esters into Acids (RCR RCH) Ester are hydrolyzed either by aqueous base or by aqueous acid to yield a carboxylic acid plus an alcohol Hydrolysis in aqueous acid is the reverse of Fischer esterification (H 2, H 2 S 4 ) 13

14 Hydrolysis in basic solution is called saponification Two differences between hydrolysis of ester in aqueous acid and aqueous base: 1. In aqueous acid: acid is required in only catalytic amounts. Reversible in aqueous acid. H 2 RCCH 3 + NaH RC - Na + + CH 3 H 2. In aqueous base: not just a catalyst, it is a reactant. Irreversible in aqueous base. 2. Conversion of Esters into Acohols by Reduction (RCR RCH 2 H) Esters are reduced by treatment with LiAlH 4 to yield primary alcohols Hydride ion (:H - ) adds to the carbonyl group followed by elimination of an alkoxide ion to yield an aldehyde Further reduction of the aldehyde gives the primary alcohol 14

15 3. Conversion of Esters into Acohols by Reaction with Grignard Reagents (RCR RCH 2 H) Grignard reagent react with esters to yield a tertiary alcohol in which two of the substituents on the hydroxylbearing carbon are identical Chemistry of Amides Amides are usually prepared by reaction of an acid chlorides with an amine 15

16 1. Conversion of Amides into Acids (RCNH 2 RCH) Amides are much less reactive than acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, and esters Amides undergo hydrolysis to yield carboxylic acids plus amine on heating in either aqueous acid or base 2. Conversion of Amides into Amines by Reduction (RCNH 2 RCH 2 NH 2 ) Amides are reduced by LiAlH 4 The product of this reaction is an amine rather than an alcohol This reaction does not occur with other carboxylic acid derivatives Chemistry of Nitriles Nitriles are not acid derivatives, but the chemistries of nitriles are so similar to carboxylic acids Both functional groups have a carbon atom with three bonds to an electronegative atom, and both contain a multiple bond The preparation of Nitriles is by the S N 2 reaction of cyanide ion with a primary alkyl halide Reaction of Nitriles 16

17 Like carbonyl groups, nitriles are strongly polarized The nitrile carbon atom is electrophilic and undergoes attack by nucleophiles 1. Conversion of Nitriles into Carboxylic Acids (RCN RCH) Nitriles are hydrolyzed in either acidic or basic solution to yield carboxylic acids and ammonia (or an amine) 2. Conversion of Nitriles into Amines by Reduction (RCN RCH 2 NH 2 ) Reduction of nitriles with LiAlH 4 gives a primary amines, just as reduction of an ester gives a primary alcohol 3. Conversion of Nitriles into Ketones by Reaction with Grignard Reagents Grignard reagent add to nitriles to give intermediate imine anions that can be hydrolyzed to yield ketones 17

18 Polymers from Carbonyl Compounds: Polyamides and Polyesters There are two main classes of synthetic polymers: Chain-growth polymers (chapter 4) Step-growth polymers Step-growth polymers are prepared by polymerization reactions between two difunctional molecules, with each new bond formed in a discrete step, independent of all other bonds in the polymer Nylons The best-known step-growth polymers are the polyamides, or nylons Nylons are usually prepared by reaction between a diacid and a diamine Polyesters polyesters are usually prepared by reaction between a diacid and a dialcohol (at 280 o C) 18

19 Enzymes in rganic Synthesis 19

Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon

Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO 2 H) is the parent group of a family of compounds called acyl

More information

Carboxylic Acids. The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H)

Carboxylic Acids. The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) Carboxylic Acids The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) Starting materials for acyl derivatives (esters, amides, and acid chlorides) Abundant in nature from oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols in

More information

R O R' Acid anhydride. Acid halide. Carboxylic acid. Ester O O O O. Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester. Amide

R O R' Acid anhydride. Acid halide. Carboxylic acid. Ester O O O O. Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester. Amide Chapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic acid X Acid halide ' Acid anhydride Ester ' P N 2 C N S' Amide Nitrile Acyl phosphate Thioester The common structural feature of all these compounds

More information

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON RED ANT WAS SOURCE OF FORMIC ACID (RCOOH) Lecture 8 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2 Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO

More information

Lecture 20. Herman Emil Fischer Nobel Prize 1902 Sugars, Esters and Purines. April 4, Chemistry 328N

Lecture 20. Herman Emil Fischer Nobel Prize 1902 Sugars, Esters and Purines. April 4, Chemistry 328N Lecture 20 April 4, 2019 Herman Emil Fischer 1852-1919 Nobel Prize 1902 Sugars, Esters and Purines Acid-catalyzed Esterification (also called Fischer esterification) CH CH 3 H H H 2 CCH 3 Please study

More information

Chapter 18. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon

Chapter 18. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Carboxylic Acids Organic compounds characterized by their acidity Contains COOH group (must be at

More information

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1)

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 7. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Deriva3ves. Nucleophilic Acyl Subs0tu0on (Addi0on- Elimina0on)

Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Deriva3ves. Nucleophilic Acyl Subs0tu0on (Addi0on- Elimina0on) Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Deriva3ves Nucleophilic Acyl Subs0tu0on (Addi0on- Elimina0on) 1 Carboxylic Compounds Acyl group bonded to X, an electronega3ve atom or leaving group Includes: X = halide

More information

1/3/2011. Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon

1/3/2011. Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO 2 H) is the parent group of a family of compounds called acyl compounds or carboxylic acid derivatives Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic

More information

Esters of Carboxylic Acids These are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkoxy group.

Esters of Carboxylic Acids These are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkoxy group. Carboxylic acid Derivatives Carboxylic acid derivatives are described as compounds that can be converted to carboxylic acids via simple acidic or basic hydrolysis. The most important acid derivatives are

More information

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Dr. Ayad Kareem Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Collage of Pharmacy Al-Mustansiriyah University (2017-2018). Closely related

More information

10. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 10.1 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 10.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 10.

10. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 10.1 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 10.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 10. BOOKS 1) Organic Chemistry Structure and Function, K. Peter C. Vollhardt, Neil Schore, 6th Edition 2) Organic Chemistry, T. W. Graham Solomons, Craig B. Fryhle 3) Organic Chemistry: A Short Course, H.

More information

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading Study Problems Key Concepts and Skills Lecture Topics: Structures and reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading Study Problems Key Concepts and Skills Lecture Topics: Structures and reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading: Wade chapter 21, sections 21-1- 21-16 Study Problems: 21-45, 21-46, 21-48, 21-49, 21-50, 21-53, 21-56, 21-58, 21-63 Key Concepts and Skills: Interpret the spectra of

More information

Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives I

Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives I 2302272 Org Chem II Part I Lecture 5 Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives I Instructor: Dr. Tanatorn Khotavivattana E-mail: tanatorn.k@chula.ac.th Recommended Textbook: Chapter 20 in Organic Chemistry,

More information

Ch 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nu Acyl Subst n

Ch 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nu Acyl Subst n Ch 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nu Acyl Subst n Acid Derivatives and their Names - Acid Halides have a Cl or Br instead of OH. Replace ic acid with yl halide, such as propionyl chloride (a common

More information

Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2

Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2 Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2 Dr M. Mehrdad University of Guilan, Department of Chemistry, Rasht, Iran m-mehrdad@guilan.ac.ir Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition The

More information

Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids. Introduction

Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids. Introduction hapter 20 arboxylic Acids Introduction arbonyl (-=) and hydroxyl (-H) on the same carbon is carboxyl group. arboxyl group is usually written -H or 2 H. Aliphatic acids have an alkyl group bonded to -H.

More information

Alehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid

Alehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid Alehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction Aldedydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain carbon-oxygen doule bonds. The general formula for aldehydes is O C R

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Chapter 17. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Chapter 17. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chapter 17 suggested problems: 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 52, 54, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70 Class Notes I. Carboxylic acids (organic acids) and their derivatives A.

More information

Lecture 19. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Y - + X - Y X R C X. April 2, Chemistry 328N

Lecture 19. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Y - + X - Y X R C X. April 2, Chemistry 328N Lecture 19 Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution X Y - - Y X X - Y April 2, 2019 hemistry 328N Acid-catalyzed Esterification (also called Fischer esterification) H H 3 H H H 2 H 3 Please study the mechanism hemistry

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles. Chapters 20, 21 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry

Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles. Chapters 20, 21 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles Chapters 20, 21 Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition John McMurry 1 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 2 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives nitrile R = CH 3 acetonitrile 3 Structure and Bonding

More information

DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 13 Rl RH RNH 2 RR RR DERIVATIVES F ARBXYLI AIDS HAPTER SUMMARY 13.1 Structure and Nomenclature of arboxylic Acid Derivatives A. Structure arboxylic acids and their derivatives can be expressed as variations

More information

Chapter 19: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution 19.1: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (please read)

Chapter 19: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution 19.1: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (please read) problem 18.33b - = 128.7 123.9 179.7 146.8 147.4 45.3 18.0 161 hapter 19: arboxylic Acid Derivatives: ucleophilic Acyl Substitution 19.1: omenclature of arboxylic Acid Derivatives (please read) carboxylic

More information

Loudon Chapter 21 Review: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Jacquie Richardson, CU Boulder Last updated 3/20/2018

Loudon Chapter 21 Review: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Jacquie Richardson, CU Boulder Last updated 3/20/2018 Loudon Chapter 21 eview: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Jacquie ichardson, CU Boulder Last updated 3/20/2018 We learned how to make a lot of carboxylic acid derivatives from acids in Ch. 20, but now we ll

More information

Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution hapter 20: arboxylic Acid Derivatives: ucleophilic Acyl Substitution 20.1: omenclature of arboxylic Acid Derivatives (please read) carboxylic acid -oic acid ' ester -oate ' lactone cyclic ester l acid

More information

EXPERIMENT 8 (Organic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives

EXPERIMENT 8 (Organic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives EXPERIMENT 8 (rganic Chemistry II) Carboxylic Acids Reactions and Derivatives Pahlavan/Cherif Materials Medium test tubes (6) Test tube rack Beakers (50, 150, 400 ml) Ice Hot plate Graduated cylinders

More information

Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette

Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

More information

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Carboxylic acid derivatives. Acyl chloride Acid anhydride Ester Amide Nucleophilic acyl substitution 19.1 Nomenclature

More information

Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Deriva7ves

Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Deriva7ves Organic Chemistry, 5th ed. Marc Loudon Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Deriva7ves Eric J. Kantorowski California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA Chapter 21 Overview 21.1 Nomenclature

More information

Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-II CHEMISTRY

Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-II CHEMISTRY Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 9: ORGANIC -III (Reaction Mechanism-2) 17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-1I CHE_P9_M17 Table of Contents 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction

More information

Physical properties: C L = L. Cl, NH 2, OCH 3, OH, OCR O O O NH 2 CH 3 N(CH 3 ) 2. Sol. in H 2 O

Physical properties: C L = L. Cl, NH 2, OCH 3, OH, OCR O O O NH 2 CH 3 N(CH 3 ) 2. Sol. in H 2 O Lecture Notes hem 51 S. King hapter 22 arboxylic Acids and their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution I. Structure and Physical Properties: Type 2 carbonyl compounds (carboxylic acids and derivatives)

More information

Carboxylic acid derivatives

Carboxylic acid derivatives Carboxylic acid derivatives Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction Among the most important reactions of carboxylic acids are those that convert the carboxyl group into other acid derivatives by a nucleophilic

More information

Chapters 13/14: Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Chapters 13/14: Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives CHM 201 (Elements of Organic Chemistry) Dr. Virgil Lee Cal Poly Pomona Chapters 13/14: Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives resonance stabilized OH group donates electron density to carbonyl

More information

Chem 263 Nov 26, 2013 O R' alkyl. acid. ethyl. acetic acid. ethyl acetate ethyl ethanoate

Chem 263 Nov 26, 2013 O R' alkyl. acid. ethyl. acetic acid. ethyl acetate ethyl ethanoate hem 263 ov 26, 2013 arboxylic Acids and Derivatives omenclature Esters Systematic names for esters are derived by first giving the name of the alkyl group attached to the oxygen, and then identifying the

More information

REVIEW IN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ITS DERIVATIVES

REVIEW IN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ITS DERIVATIVES IASET: International Journal of Agricultural & Bio-Chemical Science (IASET: IJABS) ISSN(P): Applied; ISSN(E): Applied Vol. 1, Issue 1, Jan - Jun 2017, 49-66 IASET REVIEW IN CARBXYLIC ACIDS AND ITS DERIVATIVES

More information

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives arboxylic Acid Derivatives The most important derivatives of carboxylic acids are l " ' ' acid halide acid anhydride an ester an amide Although not direct derivatives, nitriles, -, are related to carboxylic

More information

13. Carboxylic Acids (text )

13. Carboxylic Acids (text ) 2009, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western ntario 13.1 13. Carboxylic Acids (text 14.1 14.9) A. Structure and Nomenclature The carboxylic acid functional group results from the connection

More information

Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions شیمی آلی 2

Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions شیمی آلی 2 Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions شیمی آلی 2 Dr M. Mehrdad University of Guilan, Department of Chemistry, Rasht, Iran m-mehrdad@guilan.ac.ir Based on McMurry

More information

Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids

Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids are compounds in which the OH of a carboxyl group has been replaced by CI, OOCR, NH2, or OR'to convert acid chlorides,anhydrides,

More information

REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES WITH NUCLEOPHILES A. Reactions of Acid Chlorides with Nucleophiles

REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES WITH NUCLEOPHILES A. Reactions of Acid Chlorides with Nucleophiles 1016 CHAPTER 1 THE CHEMITRY F CARBXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE 1.8 REACTI F CARBXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE WITH UCLEPHILE ection 1.7 showed that all carboxylic acid derivatives hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. Water

More information

Ch. 21: CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES AND NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives:

Ch. 21: CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES AND NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: h. 21: ABXYLI AID DEIVATIVES AND NULEPILI AYL SUBSTITUTIN EATINS Nomenclature of arboxylic Acid Derivatives: arboxylic acids "-oic acid" Examples: 3 2 Propanoic acid yclohexanecarboxylic acid 1 arboxylate

More information

Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution. Reactions. - many carboxylic acid derivatives are known:

Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution. Reactions. - many carboxylic acid derivatives are known: hapter 21 arboxylic Acid Derivatives and ucleophilic Acyl Substitution eactions - many carboxylic acid derivatives are known: X ' carboxylic acid acid halide (X = F, l, Br, I) acid anhydride ' 2 ester

More information

Chemistry Chapter 19

Chemistry Chapter 19 hemistry 2100 hapter 19 arboxyl Derivatives In this chapter, we study three classes of compounds derived from carboxylic acids; anhydrides, esters, and amides. Each is related to a carboxyl group by loss

More information

Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl Chlorides

Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl Chlorides R hemistry A 432 arboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl hlorides arboxylic Acids, Esters and Acyl hlorides arboxylic acids contain the functional group, attached to an alkyl stem. They are widely found in nature,

More information

Chemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates

Chemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Esters: esters are derived from carboxylic acids (the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkyl group). The functional

More information

Prelab 6: Carboxylic Acids

Prelab 6: Carboxylic Acids The Structure of Carboxylic Acids Prelab 6: Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl functional group attached to a hydrocarbon (alkyl group) part. Carboxyl groups contain both a carbonyl group,

More information

CH 3 C H 3 O. anhydride acid. ester amide. O acid O. amide. acid. amide. acid. nitriles

CH 3 C H 3 O. anhydride acid. ester amide. O acid O. amide. acid. amide. acid. nitriles C 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Topics: aming Interconversion of Acid Derivatives eactions of each functional group Connections: anhydride acid ester amide acid ester amide acid amide 2 acid nitriles

More information

(iii). Decarboxylation (iv)kolbe Electrolysis

(iii). Decarboxylation (iv)kolbe Electrolysis ALKANOIC ACID/CARBOXYLIC ACID Contains carboxyl functional group COOH Two functional groups are contained in carboxyl- carbonyl (C=O)and hydroxyl (-OH) Saturated aliphatic alkanoic acids have general formula

More information

Chap 7: Alcohols, Phenols, & Thiols

Chap 7: Alcohols, Phenols, & Thiols Chap 7: Alcohols, Phenols, & Thiols Objectives: Chap 7: Alcohols, Phenols, & Thiols (Chapter 7 and pages 283-285 & 296-297, A-1 & A-2 in lab manual) 1. Identify molecules as an alcohol, phenol, glycol,

More information

Identifying Functional Groups. (Chapter 2 in the Klein text)

Identifying Functional Groups. (Chapter 2 in the Klein text) Identifying Functional Groups (Chapter 2 in the Klein text) Basic Ideas A functional group is a substructure within a molecule that will have the potential to undergo chemical change, i.e. the group has

More information

Carbonyl Chemistry VI + C O C. 1pm In Geology Room 112. Exam is Monday 11am-1pm. Chemistry /06/02

Carbonyl Chemistry VI + C O C. 1pm In Geology Room 112. Exam is Monday 11am-1pm. Chemistry /06/02 arbonyl hemistry VI Ō - + hemistry 391 11/06/02 Exam is Monday 11am-1pm 1pm In Geology Room 112 The Dibasic Acids h - My - Such - hemistry 391 11/06/02 Good- Apple- Pie- Fischer Esterification Esters can

More information

The Rules for Boiling Points

The Rules for Boiling Points The Rules for Boiling Points The boiling points of compounds depend on how strongly they stick together: The more strongly they stick together, the higher the boiling point (the more heat it takes to rip

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Carboxylic Acids and Esters 24 Carboxylic Acids and Esters The sour tang in fruit juice comes from carboxylic acids. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and

More information

H O. rapidly reduces. They dissolve. because they can hydrogen bond to the water molecules.

H O. rapidly reduces. They dissolve. because they can hydrogen bond to the water molecules. 3.9 arboxylic Acids and Derivatives Naming arboxylic acids These have the ending oic acid but no number is necessary for the acid group as it must always be at the end of the chain. The numbering always

More information

Chemistry 1120 Exam 1 Study Guide

Chemistry 1120 Exam 1 Study Guide Chemistry 1120 Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 3 3.1 a) Know that alcohols contain a hydroxy (-OH) group. Determine the IUPAC name for a given structure by determining the longest chain. b) Determine the number

More information

Chemistry B11 Chapters 14 Amines, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids

Chemistry B11 Chapters 14 Amines, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids Chapters 4 Amines, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids Amines: are derivatives from ammonia ( 3 ). Aliphatic amines: an amine in which nitrogen is bonded only to alkyl group or hydrogens. Aromatic

More information

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group, COOH

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group, COOH 1.6 Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Fats Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group, COOH These compounds are weak acids. Citrus fruits, crabapples, rhubarb,

More information

Lecture Notes Chemistry Mukund P. Sibi Lecture 31 Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds

Lecture Notes Chemistry Mukund P. Sibi Lecture 31 Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds Lecture Notes hemistry 342-2008 Mukund P. Sibi eactions at the Alpha-arbon of arbonyl ompounds Enolates are nucleophilic and undergo reaction with electrophiles. For example, one can do halogenation under

More information

Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers And Thiols Lec:3

Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers And Thiols Lec:3 Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers And Thiols Lec:3 The word alcohol refers to a class of compounds that contain an group called a hydroxyl or hydroxyl group, bounded to an alkyl group. Alcohols can be viewed as

More information

Nu: - Addition or Nu: - Acyl Substitution?

Nu: - Addition or Nu: - Acyl Substitution? 12. Apply nucleophilic addition and elimination concepts to nucleophilic acyl substution reactions of acids and derivatives (focus on esters and amides) In Class problems: 1. The reactive site of aldehydes,

More information

Carboxylic Acids. Carboxylic acid groups are always terminal groups with a carbonyl carbon also bound to a hydroxyl For example:

Carboxylic Acids. Carboxylic acid groups are always terminal groups with a carbonyl carbon also bound to a hydroxyl For example: Carboxylic Acids The functional group of carboxylic acids consists of a C=O with -OH bonded to the same carbon. Structure of Carboxyl Carbon is sp 2 hybridized. Bond angles are close to 120. O-H eclipsed

More information

A. Carboxylic acid functional groups contain the carboxyl structural feature. 1. Features of the carboxyl group

A. Carboxylic acid functional groups contain the carboxyl structural feature. 1. Features of the carboxyl group Chapter 17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chem 306 Roper I. Overview A. Carboxylic acid functional groups contain the carboxyl structural feature. 1. Features of the carboxyl group 2. The reactivity

More information

Lecture'11:'February'21,'2013 Reac&ons*of*Deriva&ves*( )

Lecture'11:'February'21,'2013 Reac&ons*of*Deriva&ves*( ) CM'224' 'rganic'chemistry'ii Spring'2013,'Des'Plaines' 'Prof.'Chad'Landrie Vegetable il (C 2 ) 7 (C 2 ) 7 (C 2 ) 7 LL (a triacylglyceride in soybean oil) (1) transesterification ac 3 Biodiesel 3 C 3 C

More information

Carbon s unique bonding pattern arises from the hybridization of the electrons.

Carbon s unique bonding pattern arises from the hybridization of the electrons. Unit 8 Neptune, the 8 th planet of our solar system Organic Chemistry Organic: compound containing carbon, excluding oxides and carbonates Carbon is an allotrope, meaning it has different bonding patterns.

More information

Organic Chemistry. Chapter 23. Hill, Petrucci, McCreary & Perry 4 th. Ed. Alkane to Substituent Group methane CH 4 methyl CH 3

Organic Chemistry. Chapter 23. Hill, Petrucci, McCreary & Perry 4 th. Ed. Alkane to Substituent Group methane CH 4 methyl CH 3 hapter 23 rganic hemistry ill, Petrucci, Mcreary & Perry 4 th Ed. Alkane to Substituent Group methane 4 methyl 3 ethane 3 3 ethyl 3 2 propane 3 2 3 propyl 3 2 2 isopropyl ( 3 ) 2 or 3 3 butyl 3 2 2 2 butane

More information

where R doesn t have to equal R or R

where R doesn t have to equal R or R hem 263 Nov 24, 2016 arboxylic Acids and Derivatives arboxylic acids are very important compounds in nature and serve as building blocks for preparing related derivatives such as esters and amides. The

More information

IR Spectroscopy Part II

IR Spectroscopy Part II IR Spectroscopy Part II Carbonyl - compounds For simple aldehydes and ketones, the stretching vibration of the carbonyl group is a strong infrared absorption beetwen 1710 and 1740 cm -1. Alkyl substituents

More information

Esterification. Preparation of β-d-glucose pentaacetate. Dr. Zerong Wang at UHCL. Table of contents

Esterification. Preparation of β-d-glucose pentaacetate. Dr. Zerong Wang at UHCL. Table of contents Esterification Preparation of β-d-glucose pentaacetate Table of contents Ester eaction with carboxylic acids eaction with esters: transesterification eaction with acid anhydrides eaction with acid halides

More information

Chapter 16 and GHW#6 Questions. Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives

Chapter 16 and GHW#6 Questions. Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives Chapter 16 and GHW#6 Questions Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives Bonding Characteristics of Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid has functional a carboxyl group. A carboxyl group is a

More information

TOPIC 4. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON (Chapter 17)

TOPIC 4. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION-ELIMINATION AT THE ACYL CARBON (Chapter 17) L TPI 4. ABXYLI AIDS AND TEI DEIVATES: NULEPILI ADDITIN-ELIMINATIN AT TE AYL ABN (hapter 17) BJETIVES 1. Name carboxylic acids and acid derivatives: acyl chlorides, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles

More information

Chapter 15. Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols. B. Sources: there are two principal sources of simple aliphatic alcohols

Chapter 15. Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols. B. Sources: there are two principal sources of simple aliphatic alcohols Chapter 15 Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols Chapter 15 suggested problems: 17, 19, 24, 28, 37, 39 I. Introduction A. The relevance of alcohols (from M&B: 497): "If an organic chemist were allowed to choose

More information

ESTERS AND RELATED CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES. Jack DeRuiter

ESTERS AND RELATED CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES. Jack DeRuiter ESTES AD ELATED ABYLI AID DEIVATIVES I. Structure and Preparation Jack Deuiter Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids that arise via replacement of the hydroxyl () portion of the acid function with

More information

This is an addition reaction. (Other types of reaction have been substitution and elimination). Addition reactions are typically exothermic.

This is an addition reaction. (Other types of reaction have been substitution and elimination). Addition reactions are typically exothermic. Reactions of Alkenes Since bonds are stronger than bonds, double bonds tend to react to convert the double bond into bonds + X-Y X Y This is an addition reaction. (Other types of reaction have been substitution

More information

3/27/2011. Chapter 8 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes. Alkene Addition Reactions. 8.1 Preparing Alkenes: A Preview of Elimination Reactions

3/27/2011. Chapter 8 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes. Alkene Addition Reactions. 8.1 Preparing Alkenes: A Preview of Elimination Reactions John E. McMurry http://www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 8 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Richard Morrison University of Georgia, Athens Alkene Addition Reactions Alkene addition reactions Addition

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives arboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Families ontaining the arbonyl Group Family Y Z Y Z aldehyde or ketone carboxylic acid or -- ester or -- acid halide or -F,-l,-Br,-I acid anhydride or amide or -N

More information

6/9/2015. Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.2: Substituted Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups

6/9/2015. Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.2: Substituted Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups 1-chloropropane 2-methylpropane 1-iodobutane Ethanoic Acid Unit 15: Organic Chemistry Lesson 15.2: Substituted Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups 43 It Ain t Just Hydrocarbons There are all sorts of organic

More information

SCH4U Organic Chemistry. hydrocarbon derivatives. mitchell kember

SCH4U Organic Chemistry. hydrocarbon derivatives. mitchell kember SCH4U rganic Chemistry hydrocarbon derivatives mitchell kember (Family Name) Note: penta can be replaced by meth/eth/prop/but/ # stands for a number from the chain (IUPAC name) (General Formula) (IUPAC

More information

Chapter 4 - Carbon Compounds

Chapter 4 - Carbon Compounds Chapter 4 - Carbon Compounds Carbon compounds organic compounds are tied up with living organisms. So much so, that as we have seen, the presence of methane might be considered an indicator of life. Methane

More information

Alcohol aldehydes cetones and carboxylic acids

Alcohol aldehydes cetones and carboxylic acids Alcohol aldehydes cetones and carboxylic acids 1 Classes of organic compounds 2 Alcohols Alcohols are organic compounds containing hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to C atom. In an alcohol, -OH group replaces

More information

Chem 263 B6 Notes March 30, 2006 Demo-In-Class: O

Chem 263 B6 Notes March 30, 2006 Demo-In-Class: O hem 263 B6 otes March 30, 2006 Demo-In-lass: + 2 carbon dioxide carbonic acid arbon dioxide ( 2 ) is a solid at -78. It is dry ice. When it is added to water, we made carbonated water (as in soda pop).

More information

H 3 C OCH 3 3 C N(CH 3 ) 2 H 3 C H H 3 C CH 3. ketone. pk a = 9 H H. 1,3-keto ester pk a = 11

H 3 C OCH 3 3 C N(CH 3 ) 2 H 3 C H H 3 C CH 3. ketone. pk a = 9 H H. 1,3-keto ester pk a = 11 hapter 21: Ester Enolates 21.1: Ester α ydrogens and Their pk a s. The α-protons of s are less acidic that ketones and aldehydes. Typical pk a s of carbonyl compounds (α-protons): aldehydes 17 ketones

More information

Amines. Learning Check. Subclasses of Amines. IUPAC Naming for Amines. Common Naming for Amines. Chapter 16 Amines and Amides

Amines. Learning Check. Subclasses of Amines. IUPAC Naming for Amines. Common Naming for Amines. Chapter 16 Amines and Amides Amines Chapter 16 Amines and Amides Derivatives of ammonia, NH 3, where one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an aromatic or alkyl group (R) Classified on the basis of molecular structure Primary

More information

Chapter 15 Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols

Chapter 15 Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols Chapter 15 Alcohols, Diols, and Thiols 15.1 Sources of Alcohols Methanol Methanol is an industrial chemical end uses: solvent, antifreeze, fuel principal use: preparation of formaldehyde Methanol Methanol

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Carboxylic Acids and Esters arboxylic Acids and Esters N Goalby hemrevise.org - absorption IR Spectrum for arboxylic acids Butanoic acid 1 Solubility in Water The smaller carboxylic (up to 4) acids dissolve in water in all proportions

More information

Chem 263 Nov 21, 2013

Chem 263 Nov 21, 2013 hem 263 Nov 21, 2013 arbohydrates- emiacetal Formation You know from previous lectures that carbonyl compounds react with all kinds of nucleophiles. ydration and hemiacetal formation are typical examples.

More information

School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Chemical Reactivity 120R. Organic Reactions

School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Chemical Reactivity 120R. Organic Reactions Boiling point (o) School of hemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-atal, Westville ampus hemical eactivity 120 rganic ALKAES Saturated hydrocarbons - contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms, where

More information

Chapter 15 An Introduction to Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Synthetic Polymers. An Introduction to Chemistry by Mark Bishop

Chapter 15 An Introduction to Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Synthetic Polymers. An Introduction to Chemistry by Mark Bishop Chapter 15 An Introduction to Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Synthetic Polymers An Introduction to Chemistry by Mark Bishop Chapter Map Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon-based

More information

Ch14. Carboxylic Acids. Combining the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. To make more powerful functional groups. version 1.

Ch14. Carboxylic Acids. Combining the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. To make more powerful functional groups. version 1. Ch14 Carboxylic Acids Combining the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. To make more powerful functional groups. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch14 Carboxylic Acids & Esters Carboxylic

More information

Topic 4.5 COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THE CARBONYL GROUP. Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids and their Salts Esters Acyl Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides

Topic 4.5 COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THE CARBONYL GROUP. Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids and their Salts Esters Acyl Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides Topic 4.5 MPUNDS NTAINING TE ARBNYL GRUP Aldehydes and Ketones arboxylic Acids and their Salts Esters Acyl hlorides and Acid Anhydrides ALDEYDES AND KETNES 1. Introduction Aldehydes and ketones are collectively

More information

ORGANIC SYNTHESIS VIA ENOLATES

ORGANIC SYNTHESIS VIA ENOLATES 1 ORGANIC SYNTHESIS VIA ENOLATES Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reaction at the carbonyl group. Further, α-hydrogen containing compounds are acidic in nature. In addition to carbonyl

More information

22. The Fischer Esterification

22. The Fischer Esterification 22. The Fischer Esterification A. Background Esters are an incredibly important functional group in organic chemistry. Esters are typically very pleasant smelling molecules and are therefore frequently

More information

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Decarboxylation R H + CO 2. R OH Reaction type: Elimination. H H Malonic acid. Mechanism:

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Decarboxylation R H + CO 2. R OH Reaction type: Elimination. H H Malonic acid. Mechanism: rganic hemistry arboxylic Acids and Derivatives Decarboxylation eaction type: Elimination 2 Malonic acid Mechanism: 235 rganic hemistry arboxylic Acids and Derivatives ucleophilic Acyl Substitution u Two

More information

ORGANIC AND BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC AND BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY P. GERGELY Department os Medical Chemistry Medical and Health Science Center University of Debrecen ORGANIC AND BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY FÓR MEDICAL STUDENTS THIRD EDITION University of Debrecen Medical and

More information

Carboxylic Acids. Seminar_7

Carboxylic Acids. Seminar_7 Seminar_7 1. Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 2. Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 3. Reactivity 4. Soaps and Detergents 5. Fats and Oils TEST Carboxylic acides, esters and fats. Give the names Carboxylic

More information

What is the intermolecular force present in these molecules? A) London B) dipole-dipole C) hydrogen bonding D) ion-dipole E) None. D.

What is the intermolecular force present in these molecules? A) London B) dipole-dipole C) hydrogen bonding D) ion-dipole E) None. D. REVIEW SHEET CHP 7, FRST AND DEAL 1. (7.1) Types of Attractive Forces (Intermolecular forces (IMF)). IMF s are attractive forces between molecules due to electrostatic attraction. Therefore a molecule

More information

Revision Sheet Final Exam Term

Revision Sheet Final Exam Term Revision Sheet Final Exam Term-1 2018-2019 Name: Subject: Chemistry Grade: 12 A, B, C Required Materials: Chapter: 22 Section: 1,2,3,4 (Textbook pg. 669-697) Chapter: 23 Section: 1,2 (Textbook pg. 707-715)

More information

Ch07. Carboxylic Acids. Combining the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. To make organic acids. version 1.0

Ch07. Carboxylic Acids. Combining the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. To make organic acids. version 1.0 Ch07 Carboxylic Acids Combining the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. To make organic acids. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Important Dates This Wednesday: - Lab Checkout (you must check

More information

Oregon State University

Oregon State University H 223 Worksheet 9 Notes Oregon State University 1. Draw a primary alcohol and name it. OH 1-propanol Note: A primary alcohol has the form RH 2 OH; a secondary alcohol has the form R 2 H OH; and a tertiary

More information

AS Describe aspects of organic chemistry. COLLATED POLYMER QUESTIONS - polyesters, polyamides and peptides

AS Describe aspects of organic chemistry. COLLATED POLYMER QUESTIONS - polyesters, polyamides and peptides o Brain Too Small EMISTRY AS 90698 Describe aspects of organic chemistry LLATED PLYMER QUESTIS - polyesters, polyamides and peptides (2011:2) ylon 6,6 is a polymer with the following structure: (a) (b)

More information