Chapter 20. Cell - Cell Signaling: Hormones and Receptors. Three general types of extracellular signaling. endocrine signaling. paracrine signaling

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 20. Cell - Cell Signaling: Hormones and Receptors. Three general types of extracellular signaling. endocrine signaling. paracrine signaling"

Transcription

1 Chapter 20 Cell - Cell Signaling: Hormones and Receptors Three general types of extracellular signaling endocrine signaling paracrine signaling autocrine signaling

2 Endocrine Signaling - signaling molecules (hormones) act on target cells distant from their site of synthesis Are affected if they express the appropriate hormone receptor Fig 20-1a Paracrine Signaling - signaling molecules released by a cell only affect target cells in close proximity. Fig 20-1b

3 Conduction of signals from one nerve cell to another across a synapse is a special example of paracrine signaling. Fig. 21-4a Autocrine Signaling - cells respond to substances that they themselves release. Fig 20-1c

4 Proteins attached to the plasma membrane of one cell can interact directly with receptors on an adjacent cell. Fig 20-1d Receptors Exhibit Two Types of Specificity (1) Ligand Specificity-which ligand(s) are bound. This is similar to the specificity of an enzyme for its substrate. (2) Effector Specificity-the response to ligand binding Same ligand binding to a receptor can have different effects in different cell types same ligand specificty, different effector specificity Different ligands binding to different receptors on the same cell can have the same effect different ligand specificity, same effector specificity

5 Hormones May Be Classified by Receptor Location Intracellular Receptors lipophilic molecules (hydrophobic) Steroids Thyroxine Retinoids Cell Surface Receptors -...may be hydrophilic Peptide Hormones - insulin, glucagon, growth factors Small Charged Molecules: e.g. epinephrine, histamine or lipophilic Prostaglandins Intracellular Receptors located in the cytosol -signaling molecules must be membrane permeable (lipophilic) -they are carried in the blood bound to carrier proteins Fig 20-2a

6 CH 3 CH 3 C O CH 3 O Progesterone, see page 851 Other examples include Thyroxine and Retinoic Acid Cell Surface Receptors-receptor must have mechanism to transmit signal across membrane -involves Second Messengers Fig 20-2b

7 Examples of second messengers Fig 20-4 TABLE 20-1 Characteristic Properties of Principal Types of Mammalian Hormones Property Steroids Thyroxine Peptides and Catecholamines Proteins Feedback regulation Yes Yes Yes Yes of synthesis Storage of preformed Very little Several weeks One day Several days, in Hormone adrenal medulla Mechanism of Diffusion through Proteolysis of Exocytosis of Exocytosis of Secretion plasma membrae thyroglobulin storage vesicles storage vesicles Binding to plasma Yes Yes Rarely No Proteins For transport in blood Lifetimein blood Hours Days Minutes Seconds Plasma Time course of action Hours to days Days Minutes to hours Seconds or less Receptors Cytosolic or nuclear Nuclear Plasma membrane Plasma membrane Mechanism of action Receptor-hormone complex controls Hormone binding Hormone binding transcription and stability of mrna s triggers synthesis causes change in of cytosolic second membrane potential messengers of triggers synthesis protein kinase of cytosolic second activity messengers Source: Adapted from E.L. Smith et al., 1983, Principles of Biochemistry: Mammalian Biochemistry, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, p 358

8 Cell-surface receptors can be categorized into four major classes G protein-linked receptors Ion-channel receptors Receptors lacking intrinsic catalytic activity tyrosine kinase linked receptor Receptors with intrinsic enzymatic activity receptor serine/threonine kinases receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) G protein-linked receptors: ligand binding activates a G protein that in turn activates or inhibits an enzyme that generates a specific second messenger. Fig 20-3a

9 Ion-channel receptors: ligand binding changes the conformation of the receptor so that specific ions flow through it. Ligand-Gated Channel Fig 20-3b Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors (Receptors lacking intrinisic catalytic activity): ligand binding causes receptor monomers to dimerize; the dimeric receptor then activates a cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase. Fig 20-3c

10 Receptors with intrinsic catalytic activity -binding of ligand activates Catalysis; Receptor is also an enzyme Fig 20-3d Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Second messenger How are signals involving protein phosphorylation turned off? Basics of binding interactions R + H RH K D = [R][H] [RH] Text Page

11 Total Concentration of Receptors: [R T ] = [R] + [RH] Text Page K D = [R][H] [RH] Fraction of receptors with bound hormone: [RH] [R T ] = 1 1+ K D [H] In general, the K D value of a cell-surface hormone receptor approximates the blood level of its ligand. This equation is analogous to the Michaelis-Menton Equation that describes enzyme activity. K D is similar to a Michaelis Constant, K M H* H* H* H* H* [0.1] [1] [10] [100] [1000] Hormone radioactively labeled Cells with surface receptor Isolate cells and remove excess unbound hormone Fig 20-7 Measure radioactivity (amount of H* bound)

12 Total Concentration of Receptors RH K D R + H 1/2 of total Receptors Amount of H* Bound to cell Receptor K D = [R] [H] [RH] Amount of H* added K D affinity - how tightly does the receptor bind hormone (K D ) specificity - ability to distinquish a specific interaction from a nonspecific interaction. The K D values for two different receptor / hormone systems are indicated in the table below. Which exhibits the greatest binding Affinity? greatest binding Specificity? Epinephrine Histamine Greatest Affinity Epinephrine Receptor 1 nm 200 nm Greatest Specificity Histamine Receptor 5,000 nm 20 nm 5,000 nm/20 nm > 200 nm/1 nm

13 Required for Activity Table 20-2 Structure Structure of Typical Agonists and Antagonists of the B-Adrenergic Receptor K D for Binding to the Receptor Compound On Frog Erythrocytes Epinephrine 5 x 10-6 M Hormone Required for binding Agonist Isoproterenol 0.4 x 10-6 M Antagonists Alprenolol x 10-6 M Highest Affinity Propranolol x 10-6 M Practolol 21 x 10-6 M Maximum physiological response can be achieved before the receptor is saturated with Ligand. Fig 20-8

14 IP EP NEP IP EP NEP Fig : Comparison of the abilities of 3 catecholamines to activate adenylyl cyclase and to bind to cell-surface β-adrenergic receptors G protein - heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that usually are linked to a seven-membrane spanning receptor on the cell surface. Fig 20-3a

15 General structure of a G protein-linked Receptor: Fig20-10 G-Proteins are Heterotrimers consisting of α, β, and γ subunits: β and γ subunits act as one unit and bind to α-subunits α subunits act on the effector molecule and are of two types G sα stimulates the effector when GTP is bound G iα inhibits the effector when GTP is bound γ β G sα or G iα GDP GTP

16 β-adrenergic Receptors Liver & Adipose Cells==> liberation of Glucose & FA s Heart Cells ==> Increased rate of contraction Intestinal Smooth Muscle ==> Relax α-adrenergic Receptors Blood vessels of intestinal tract, skin, kidneys ==> Arteries constrict limiting blood flow The net effect is: Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle and More fuel for the muscles, Glucose and FA s (Fatty Acids) Helix number α Agonists Inhibits (binds G i ) α 2 Adrenergic receptor β Agonists Activates (binds G s ) β 2 Adrenergic receptor β Agonists Activates (binds G s ) Chimeric receptor 1 α Agonists Activates (binds G s ) Chimeric receptor 2 β Agonists Inhibits (binds G i ) Chimeric receptor 3 Fig Region binding to G protein (compare chimeras 1 and 3) Conclusion Region binding to agonists (compare chimeras 1 and 2) Fig

17 β 1 & β 2 Adrenergic Receptors are Coupled to G s ==> Activates Adenylyl Cyclase α 2 Adrenergic Receptor are Coupled to G i ==> Inhibits Adenylyl Cyclase G sα γ β α Binding of hormone Produces conformational change in receptor G sα GDP Receptor binds to G sα protein G sα Binding to receptor induces a conformational change in G sα GDP bound to G sα is replaced by GTP and the subunit dissociates from G βγ Fig 20-16

18 G sα Binding to receptor induces a conformational change in G sα GDP bound to G sα is replaced by GTP and the subunit dissociates from G βγ γ β α α G sα GDP GTP G sα binds to adenylyl cyclase, activating synthesis of camp; hormone dissociates G sα β 1 & β 2 Adrenergic Receptors are Coupled to G s ==> Activates Adenylyl Cyclase Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP causes G sα to dissociate from adenylyl cyclase and bind to G βγ Fig G sα β 1 /β 2 α 2 Fig 20-18

19 Fig : Molecular Biology of the Cell 3 rd Ed Alberts et al. Garland Pub. Fig : Voet, Voet, & Pratt Regulation of Glycogen Phosphorylase by camp-dependent Protein Kinase

20 Glycogen phosphorylase Fig b: Degradation of glycogen. Fig 20-17: Effect of cholera toxin on cycling of G sα between the active and inactive forms

21 α 1 Adrenergic Receptor are Coupled to G q ==> Stimulates Phospholipase C (PLC) producing Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol Trisphosphate IP3 Cytosol Inositol Phosphatidylinositol (PI) PI 4-phosphate (PIP) PI 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) Fig a: Several second messengers are derived from phosphatidylinositol (PI) Inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate (IP 3 ) Stimulated by Gq Figure 20-39: Elevation of cytosolic Ca++ via the inositol-lipid signaling pathway.

22 Fig 20-37: Intracellular transduction of an extracellular signal via a cascade of sequential reactions produces a large amplification of the signal. Changes in Enzyme activities Gene expresssion Cytoskeletal structures Fig 20-6

23 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: ligand binding causes receptor monomers to dimerize; the dimeric receptor autophosphorylates. Fig Autophosphorylation Ras is a monomeric guanine nucleotide binding protein that interacts with RTK s. Like G α, Ras alternates between an active state with bound GTP and an inactive state with bound GDP. Both are molecular switches. Unlike G α, cycling of Ras requires two proteins: GEF and GAP Guanine Exchange Factor GTPase Activating Protein Fig 20-22

24 GEF - guanine nucleotide-exchange factor - binds to Ras-GDP complex, causing dissociation of the bound GDP. GTP binds spontaneously to empty Ras. GEF is usually delivered to Ras by an activated receptor. Lifetime of Ras-GTP ~ 1 min. Fig GAP- GTPase activating protein - activates GTPase activity of Ras; functions as an inhibitor by promoting formation of the inactive Ras-GDP complex Fig 20-22

25 Receptor monomer EGF GDP Inactive Ras Binding of hormone causes dimerization and autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues Dimeric receptor Fig Dimeric receptor Binding of GRB2 and Sos couples receptor to inactive Ras Sos SH3 GRB2 GDP GTP Sos promotes dissociation of GDP from Ras; GTP binds and Sos dissociates from active Ras Sos is a GEF Active Ras Signaling Sos SH3 GRB2 Fig 20-23

26 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK s) and Ras Ligands - soluble or membrane bound peptide/protein hormones NGF - Nerve Growth Factor PDGF - Platelet Derived Growth Factor FGF - Fibroblast Growth Factor EGF - Epidermal Growth Factor Insulin Ligand Binding stimulates Tyrosine Protein Kinase Activity Effects include... Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Promotion of Cell Survival Modulation of Cellular Metabolism Mutant RTK s stimulate cell growth in absence of hormone => Cancer

27 GTPase superfamily Group of Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Proteins that cycle between... Inactive State with bound GDP Active state with bound GTP Examples: G α proteins Ras proteins Rab proteins -regulation vesicle fusion Rho proteins - regulate actin cytoskeleton

Cell Signaling part 2

Cell Signaling part 2 15 Cell Signaling part 2 Functions of Cell Surface Receptors Other cell surface receptors are directly linked to intracellular enzymes. The largest family of these is the receptor protein tyrosine kinases,

More information

Cellular Signaling Pathways. Signaling Overview

Cellular Signaling Pathways. Signaling Overview Cellular Signaling Pathways Signaling Overview Signaling steps Synthesis and release of signaling molecules (ligands) by the signaling cell. Transport of the signal to the target cell Detection of the

More information

Chapter 15: Signal transduction

Chapter 15: Signal transduction Chapter 15: Signal transduction Know the terminology: Enzyme-linked receptor, G-protein linked receptor, nuclear hormone receptor, G-protein, adaptor protein, scaffolding protein, SH2 domain, MAPK, Ras,

More information

Lipids and Membranes

Lipids and Membranes Lipids and Membranes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Membrane transport D. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

More information

G-Protein Signaling. Introduction to intracellular signaling. Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D

G-Protein Signaling. Introduction to intracellular signaling. Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D G-Protein Signaling Introduction to intracellular signaling Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D Cell signaling Cells communicate via extracellular signaling molecules (Hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters

More information

Plasma membranes. Plasmodesmata between plant cells. Gap junctions between animal cells Cell junctions. Cell-cell recognition

Plasma membranes. Plasmodesmata between plant cells. Gap junctions between animal cells Cell junctions. Cell-cell recognition Cell Communication Cell Signaling Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Communicate by chemical messengers Animal and plant cells have cell junctions that directly connect

More information

Lecture: CHAPTER 13 Signal Transduction Pathways

Lecture: CHAPTER 13 Signal Transduction Pathways Lecture: 10 17 2016 CHAPTER 13 Signal Transduction Pathways Chapter 13 Outline Signal transduction cascades have many components in common: 1. Release of a primary message as a response to a physiological

More information

Signal Transduction Cascades

Signal Transduction Cascades Signal Transduction Cascades Contents of this page: Kinases & phosphatases Protein Kinase A (camp-dependent protein kinase) G-protein signal cascade Structure of G-proteins Small GTP-binding proteins,

More information

Membrane associated receptor transfers the information. Second messengers relay information

Membrane associated receptor transfers the information. Second messengers relay information Membrane associated receptor transfers the information Most signals are polar and large Few of the signals are nonpolar Receptors are intrinsic membrane proteins Extracellular and intracellular domains

More information

Biosignals, Chapter 8, rearranged, Part I

Biosignals, Chapter 8, rearranged, Part I Biosignals, Chapter 8, rearranged, Part I Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: A Ligand-Binding Ion Channel Classes of Receptor Proteins in Eukaryotes, Heterotrimeric G Proteins Signaling View the Heterotrimeric

More information

Principles of Genetics and Molecular Biology

Principles of Genetics and Molecular Biology Cell signaling Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan, DDS, PhD School of Medicine Dr.abuhassand@gmail.com Principles of Genetics and Molecular Biology www.cs.montana.edu Modes of cell signaling Direct interaction of a

More information

Cell Biology Lecture 9 Notes Basic Principles of cell signaling and GPCR system

Cell Biology Lecture 9 Notes Basic Principles of cell signaling and GPCR system Cell Biology Lecture 9 Notes Basic Principles of cell signaling and GPCR system Basic Elements of cell signaling: Signal or signaling molecule (ligand, first messenger) o Small molecules (epinephrine,

More information

Chapter 11. Cell Communication

Chapter 11. Cell Communication Chapter 11 Cell Communication Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely essential for multicellular organisms Concept 11.1: External signals are converted into responses

More information

Signal Transduction Pathways. Part 2

Signal Transduction Pathways. Part 2 Signal Transduction Pathways Part 2 GPCRs G-protein coupled receptors > 700 GPCRs in humans Mediate responses to senses taste, smell, sight ~ 1000 GPCRs mediate sense of smell in mouse Half of all known

More information

Receptors and Drug Action. Dr. Subasini Pharmacology Department Ishik University, Erbil

Receptors and Drug Action. Dr. Subasini Pharmacology Department Ishik University, Erbil Receptors and Drug Action Dr. Subasini Pharmacology Department Ishik University, Erbil Receptors and Drug Action Receptor Receptor is defined as a macromolecule or binding site located on the surface or

More information

Receptors Families. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia

Receptors Families. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Receptors Families Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Receptor Families 1. Ligand-gated ion channels 2. G protein coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-linked

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

Receptor mediated Signal Transduction

Receptor mediated Signal Transduction Receptor mediated Signal Transduction G-protein-linked receptors adenylyl cyclase camp PKA Organization of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases From G.M. Cooper, The Cell. A molecular approach, 2004, third

More information

BCOR 011 Lecture 19 Oct 12, 2005 I. Cell Communication Signal Transduction Chapter 11

BCOR 011 Lecture 19 Oct 12, 2005 I. Cell Communication Signal Transduction Chapter 11 BCOR 011 Lecture 19 Oct 12, 2005 I. Cell Communication Signal Transduction Chapter 11 External signal is received and converted to another form to elicit a response 1 Lecture Outline 1. Types of intercellular

More information

Sarah Jaar Marah Al-Darawsheh

Sarah Jaar Marah Al-Darawsheh 22 Sarah Jaar Marah Al-Darawsheh Faisal Mohammad Receptors can be membrane proteins (for water-soluble hormones/ligands) or intracellular (found in the cytosol or nucleus and bind to DNA, for lipid-soluble

More information

Signal Transduction: Information Metabolism. Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire

Signal Transduction: Information Metabolism. Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Signal Transduction: Information Metabolism Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Introduction Information Metabolism How cells receive, process and respond

More information

The elements of G protein-coupled receptor systems

The elements of G protein-coupled receptor systems The elements of G protein-coupled receptor systems Prostaglandines Sphingosine 1-phosphate a receptor that contains 7 membrane-spanning domains a coupled trimeric G protein which functions as a switch

More information

Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression

Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 19: Cell Signaling Pathways and Gene Expression Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which statement about cell signaling is correct? Question #1 (A) Cell signaling involves receiving

More information

Cell Signaling (part 1)

Cell Signaling (part 1) 15 Cell Signaling (part 1) Introduction Bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes respond to environmental signals and to signaling molecules secreted by other cells for mating and other communication. In multicellular

More information

Physiology Unit 1 CELL SIGNALING: CHEMICAL MESSENGERS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS

Physiology Unit 1 CELL SIGNALING: CHEMICAL MESSENGERS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS Physiology Unit 1 CELL SIGNALING: CHEMICAL MESSENGERS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS In Physiology Today Cell Communication Homeostatic mechanisms maintain a normal balance of the body s internal environment

More information

The Tissue Engineer s Toolkit

The Tissue Engineer s Toolkit The Tissue Engineer s Toolkit Stimuli Detection and Response Ken Webb, Ph. D. Assistant Professor Dept. of Bioengineering Clemson University Environmental Stimulus-Cellular Response Environmental Stimuli

More information

2013 W. H. Freeman and Company. 12 Signal Transduction

2013 W. H. Freeman and Company. 12 Signal Transduction 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company 12 Signal Transduction CHAPTER 12 Signal Transduction Key topics: General features of signal transduction Structure and function of G protein coupled receptors Structure

More information

Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Chapter 9. Communication between cells requires:

Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Chapter 9. Communication between cells requires: Chapter 9 Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds -may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell 2 There are four

More information

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

Mechanisms of Hormone Action Mechanisms of Hormone Action General principles: 1. Signals act over different ranges. 2. Signals have different chemical natures. 3. The same signal can induce a different response in different cells.

More information

Signal Transduction: G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Signal Transduction: G-Protein Coupled Receptors Signal Transduction: G-Protein Coupled Receptors Federle, M. (2017). Lectures 4-5: Signal Transduction parts 1&2: nuclear receptors and GPCRs. Lecture presented at PHAR 423 Lecture in UIC College of Pharmacy,

More information

BL 424 Chapter 15: Cell Signaling; Signal Transduction

BL 424 Chapter 15: Cell Signaling; Signal Transduction BL 424 Chapter 15: Cell Signaling; Signal Transduction All cells receive and respond to signals from their environments. The behavior of each individual cell in multicellular plants and animals must be

More information

Cellular Messengers. Intracellular Communication

Cellular Messengers. Intracellular Communication Cellular Messengers Intracellular Communication Most common cellular communication is done through extracellular chemical messengers: Ligands Specific in function 1. Paracrines Local messengers (neighboring

More information

Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction- L4- L5

Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction- L4- L5 Receptors Functions and Signal Transduction- L4- L5 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD University of Jordan 1 PKC Phosphorylates many substrates, can activate kinase pathway, gene regulation PLC- signaling pathway

More information

Chapter 9. Cellular Signaling

Chapter 9. Cellular Signaling Chapter 9 Cellular Signaling Cellular Messaging Page 215 Cells can signal to each other and interpret the signals they receive from other cells and the environment Signals are most often chemicals The

More information

Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule

Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule Cell Communication Cell Communication Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the ligand binds (may be on the plasma membrane or within

More information

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 6 - CELL COMMUNICATION.

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 6 - CELL COMMUNICATION. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: CELL-TO-CELL CONNECTIONS AND SIGNALING Gap and Tight Junctions: Adjacent cells communicate and hold on to each other via junctions. Two important kinds: Gap Junctions are

More information

MCB*4010 Midterm Exam / Winter 2008

MCB*4010 Midterm Exam / Winter 2008 MCB*4010 Midterm Exam / Winter 2008 Name: ID: Instructions: Answer all 4 questions. The number of marks for each question indicates how many points you need to provide. Write your answers in point form,

More information

Introduction! Introduction! Introduction! Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 2

Introduction! Introduction! Introduction! Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 2 Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 2 Questions of the Day: How does the hormone insulin trigger the uptake of glucose in the cells that it targets. Introduction! Signal transduction

More information

Chapter 11. Cell Communication. Signal Transduction Pathways

Chapter 11. Cell Communication. Signal Transduction Pathways Chapter 11 Cell Communication Signal Transduction Pathways Signal-Transduction Pathway Signal on a cell s surface is converted into a specific cellular response Local signaling (short distance) - Paracrine

More information

Revision. camp pathway

Revision. camp pathway االله الرحمن الرحيم بسم Revision camp pathway camp pathway Revision camp pathway Adenylate cyclase Adenylate Cyclase enzyme Adenylate cyclase catalyses the formation of camp from ATP. Stimulation or inhibition

More information

BIOLOGY. Cell Communication CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson. Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick

BIOLOGY. Cell Communication CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson. Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 11 Cell Communication Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Cellular Messaging Cells can signal to

More information

Cell Communication. Local and Long Distance Signaling

Cell Communication. Local and Long Distance Signaling Cell Communication Cell to cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Some universal mechanisms of cellular regulation providing more evidence for the evolutionary relatedness of all life

More information

Organization of lectures: Cell Signaling I: Sex, Drugs and Violence. Cell signaling is central to modern medicine. Forms of Cell Signaling

Organization of lectures: Cell Signaling I: Sex, Drugs and Violence. Cell signaling is central to modern medicine. Forms of Cell Signaling Cell Signaling I: Sex, Drugs and Violence Joe W. Ramos jramos@crch.hawaii.edu www.crch.org/profiles/jramos Organization of lectures: General Principles of signaling cascades Hormone Signaling Signaling

More information

Propagation of the Signal

Propagation of the Signal OpenStax-CNX module: m44452 1 Propagation of the Signal OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,

More information

Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction

Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction 111130 Here we look at the movement of a signal from the outside of a cell to its inside, where it elicits changes within the cell. These changes are usually mediated

More information

Cell Communication. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

Cell Communication. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

General Principles of Endocrine Physiology

General Principles of Endocrine Physiology General Principles of Endocrine Physiology By Dr. Isabel S.S. Hwang Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Hong Kong The major human endocrine glands Endocrine glands and hormones

More information

PHSI3009 Frontiers in Cellular Physiology 2017

PHSI3009 Frontiers in Cellular Physiology 2017 Overview of PHSI3009 L2 Cell membrane and Principles of cell communication L3 Signalling via G protein-coupled receptor L4 Calcium Signalling L5 Signalling via Growth Factors L6 Signalling via small G-protein

More information

Effects of Second Messengers

Effects of Second Messengers Effects of Second Messengers Inositol trisphosphate Diacylglycerol Opens Calcium Channels Binding to IP 3 -gated Channel Cooperative binding Activates Protein Kinase C is required Phosphorylation of many

More information

11/8/16. Cell Signaling Mechanisms. Dr. Abercrombie 11/8/2016. Principal Parts of Neurons A Signal Processing Computer

11/8/16. Cell Signaling Mechanisms. Dr. Abercrombie 11/8/2016. Principal Parts of Neurons A Signal Processing Computer Cell Signaling Mechanisms Dr. Abercrombie 11/8/2016 Principal Parts of Neurons A Signal Processing Computer A Multitude of Synapses and Synaptic Actions Summation/Synaptic Integration 1 The Synapse Signal

More information

Drug Receptor Interactions and Pharmacodynamics

Drug Receptor Interactions and Pharmacodynamics Drug Receptor Interactions and Pharmacodynamics Dr. Raz Mohammed MSc Pharmacology School of Pharmacy 22.10.2017 Lec 6 Pharmacodynamics definition Pharmacodynamics describes the actions of a drug on the

More information

Vets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2. Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system

Vets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2. Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system Vets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2 Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system The classical secondary messenger model of intracellular signalling A cell surface receptor binds

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

Lecture 15. Signal Transduction Pathways - Introduction

Lecture 15. Signal Transduction Pathways - Introduction Lecture 15 Signal Transduction Pathways - Introduction So far.. Regulation of mrna synthesis Regulation of rrna synthesis Regulation of trna & 5S rrna synthesis Regulation of gene expression by signals

More information

Principles of cell signaling Lecture 4

Principles of cell signaling Lecture 4 Principles of cell signaling Lecture 4 Johan Lennartsson Molecular Cell Biology (1BG320), 2014 Johan.Lennartsson@licr.uu.se 1 Receptor tyrosine kinase-induced signal transduction Erk MAP kinase pathway

More information

Hormones and Signal Transduction. Dr. Kevin Ahern

Hormones and Signal Transduction. Dr. Kevin Ahern Dr. Kevin Ahern Signaling Outline Signaling Outline Background Signaling Outline Background Membranes Signaling Outline Background Membranes Hormones & Receptors Signaling Outline Background Membranes

More information

BIOLOGY. Cell Communication CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson. Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick

BIOLOGY. Cell Communication CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson. Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 11 Cell Communication Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Cellular Messaging Cells can signal to

More information

Tala Saleh. Ahmad Attari. Mamoun Ahram

Tala Saleh. Ahmad Attari. Mamoun Ahram 23 Tala Saleh Ahmad Attari Minna Mushtaha Mamoun Ahram In the previous lecture, we discussed the mechanisms of regulating enzymes through inhibitors. Now, we will start this lecture by discussing regulation

More information

Enzymes Part III: regulation II. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017

Enzymes Part III: regulation II. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017 Enzymes Part III: regulation II Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017 Advantage This is a major mechanism for rapid and transient regulation of enzyme activity. A most common mechanism is enzyme phosphorylation

More information

Ayman Mesleh & Leen Alnemrawi. Bayan Abusheikha. Faisal

Ayman Mesleh & Leen Alnemrawi. Bayan Abusheikha. Faisal 24 Ayman Mesleh & Leen Alnemrawi Bayan Abusheikha Faisal We were talking last time about receptors for lipid soluble hormones.the general mechanism of receptors for lipid soluble hormones: 1. Receptors

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

Enzyme-coupled Receptors. Cell-surface receptors 1. Ion-channel-coupled receptors 2. G-protein-coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-coupled receptors

Enzyme-coupled Receptors. Cell-surface receptors 1. Ion-channel-coupled receptors 2. G-protein-coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-coupled receptors Enzyme-coupled Receptors Cell-surface receptors 1. Ion-channel-coupled receptors 2. G-protein-coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-coupled receptors Cell-surface receptors allow a flow of ions across the plasma

More information

Chapter 16: Endocrine System 1

Chapter 16: Endocrine System 1 Ch 16 Endocrine System Bi 233 Endocrine system Endocrine System: Overview Body s second great controlling system Influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones Slow signaling Endocrine glands

More information

Cellular Communication

Cellular Communication Cellular Communication But before we get into that What have we learned about so far? Energy and Matter Why do living things need energy? Grow Reproduce Maintain homeostasis Cellular signaling Cells communicate

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

Lecture Outline. Hormones & Chemical Signaling. Communication Basics: Overview. Communication Basics: Methods. Four methods of cell communication

Lecture Outline. Hormones & Chemical Signaling. Communication Basics: Overview. Communication Basics: Methods. Four methods of cell communication Lecture Outline Hormones & Chemical Signaling Communication Basics Communication Overview Communication Methods Signal pathways Regulation (modulation) of signal pathways Homeostasis... again Endocrine

More information

GPCR. General Principles of Cell Signaling G-protein-Coupled Receptors Enzyme-Coupled Receptors Other Signaling Pathways. G-protein-Coupled Receptors

GPCR. General Principles of Cell Signaling G-protein-Coupled Receptors Enzyme-Coupled Receptors Other Signaling Pathways. G-protein-Coupled Receptors G-protein-Coupled Receptors General Principles of Cell Signaling G-protein-Coupled Receptors Enzyme-Coupled Receptors Other Signaling Pathways GPCR G-protein-coupled receptors Figure 15-30 Molecular Biology

More information

BIOLOGY. Cell Communication. Outline. Evolution of Signaling. Overview: Cellular Messaging. Local and Long-Distance Signaling

BIOLOGY. Cell Communication. Outline. Evolution of Signaling. Overview: Cellular Messaging. Local and Long-Distance Signaling 11 CAMBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Cell Communication Lecture resentation by Dr Burns NVC Biol 120 Outline I. Cell Signaling II. Forms of cell signaling III. Quick

More information

Signal-Transduction Cascades - 2. The Phosphoinositide Cascade

Signal-Transduction Cascades - 2. The Phosphoinositide Cascade Signal-Transduction Cascades - 2 The Phosphoinositide Cascade Calcium ion as a second messenger Tyrosine kinase and receptor dimerization scribd.com Faisal Khatib JU The Phosphoinositide Cascade Used by

More information

Cellular Physiology (PHSI3009) Contents:

Cellular Physiology (PHSI3009) Contents: Cellular Physiology (PHSI3009) Contents: Cell membranes and communication 2 nd messenger systems G-coupled protein signalling Calcium signalling Small G-protein signalling o RAS o MAPK o PI3K RHO GTPases

More information

Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway

Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Cell Signaling Figure 11.6-3 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane CYTOPLASM 1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response Receptor Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Activation of cellular response

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Key Concepts in Chapter 11. Cellular Messaging. Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Key Concepts in Chapter 11. Cellular Messaging. Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Chapter 11 Cell Communication Dr. Wendy Sera Houston Community College Biology 1406 Key Concepts in Chapter 11 1. External signals are converted to responses within the cell. 2. Reception: A signaling

More information

What would you observe if you fused a G1 cell with a S cell? A. Mitotic and pulverized chromosomes. B. Mitotic and compact G1 chromosomes.

What would you observe if you fused a G1 cell with a S cell? A. Mitotic and pulverized chromosomes. B. Mitotic and compact G1 chromosomes. What would you observe if you fused a G1 cell with a S cell? A. Mitotic and pulverized chromosomes. B. Mitotic and compact G1 chromosomes. C. Mostly non-compact G1 chromosomes. D. Compact G1 and G2 chromosomes.

More information

Lecture 9: Cell Communication I

Lecture 9: Cell Communication I 02.05.10 Lecture 9: Cell Communication I Multicellular organisms need to coordinate cellular functions in different tissues Cell-to-cell communication is also used by single celled organisms to signal

More information

Regulation of cell function by intracellular signaling

Regulation of cell function by intracellular signaling Regulation of cell function by intracellular signaling Objectives: Regulation principle Allosteric and covalent mechanisms, Popular second messengers, Protein kinases, Kinase cascade and interaction. regulation

More information

Cellular Communication

Cellular Communication (a) Communicating cell junctions. by direct cell-cell contact lasma membranes 1. Direct cell contact. Vesicle-mediated 3. Chemical messengers (b) Cell-cell recognition. Gap junctions between animal cells

More information

By the name of Allah

By the name of Allah By the name of Allah Receptors function and signal transduction ( Hormones and receptors Types) We were talking about receptors of the neurotransmitters; we have 2 types of receptors: 1- Ionotropic receptors

More information

Goals and Challenges of Communication. Communication and Signal Transduction. How Do Cells Communicate?

Goals and Challenges of Communication. Communication and Signal Transduction. How Do Cells Communicate? Goals and Challenges of Communication Reaching (only) the correct recipient(s) Imparting correct information Timeliness Causing the desired effect Effective termination Communication and Signal Transduction

More information

Biochemie 4. Cell communication - GPCR

Biochemie 4. Cell communication - GPCR Biochemie 4 Cell communication - GPCR 1 Lecture outline General principles - local and long-distance signaling - classes of receptors - molecular switches and second messengers Receptor tyrosine kinases

More information

Comprehensive and Easy Course Notes for BIOL1040 Exams and Assessment

Comprehensive and Easy Course Notes for BIOL1040 Exams and Assessment Comprehensive and Easy Course Notes for BIOL1040 Exams and Assessment MODULE 1: PRINCIPLES OF CELL FUNCTION Membrane Structure & Function Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins Phospholipids

More information

KEY CONCEPT QUESTIONS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

KEY CONCEPT QUESTIONS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION Signal Transduction - Part 2 Key Concepts - Receptor tyrosine kinases control cell metabolism and proliferation Growth factor signaling through Ras Mutated cell signaling genes in cancer cells are called

More information

- Biosignaling: Signal transduction. References: chapter 8 of Lippincots chapter 1 3 of Lehningers

- Biosignaling: Signal transduction. References: chapter 8 of Lippincots chapter 1 3 of Lehningers Basic concepts of Metabolism Metabolism and metabolic pathway Metabolic Map Catabolism Anabolism - Regulation of Metabolism Signals from within the cell (Intracellular) Communication between cells. - Biosignaling:

More information

INTERACTION DRUG BODY

INTERACTION DRUG BODY INTERACTION DRUG BODY What the drug does to the body What the body does to the drug Receptors - intracellular receptors - membrane receptors - Channel receptors - G protein-coupled receptors - Tyrosine-kinase

More information

Cell Communication - 1

Cell Communication - 1 Cell Communication - 1 Just as we communicate with other humans (a number of different ways), cells communicate with other cells, to interact with the external environment and to make appropriate responses

More information

Three stages of the Signal- Transduction Pathway

Three stages of the Signal- Transduction Pathway Typical Signal Transduction Pathway Typical Signal Transduction Pathway Endocrine & Cell Communication Part III: Hormonal Communication Enduring Understanding 3.D Cells communicate by generating, transmitting

More information

Signaling. Dr. Sujata Persad Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health research

Signaling. Dr. Sujata Persad Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health research Signaling Dr. Sujata Persad 3-020 Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health research E-mail:sujata.persad@ualberta.ca 1 Growth Factor Receptors and Other Signaling Pathways What we will cover today: How

More information

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 11 Cell Communication Lectures

More information

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Overview: The Cellular Internet

Cell Communication. Chapter 11. Overview: The Cellular Internet Chapter 11 Cell Communication Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Biologists have discovered some universal mechanisms of cellular regulation

More information

Resp & Cell Comm Review

Resp & Cell Comm Review Resp & Cell Comm Review Two main catabolic processes: fermentation: partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. cellular respiration: uses oxygen to complete the breakdown of many organic molecules.

More information

Chapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis

Chapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis Chapter 11: Enzyme Catalysis Matching A) high B) deprotonated C) protonated D) least resistance E) motion F) rate-determining G) leaving group H) short peptides I) amino acid J) low K) coenzymes L) concerted

More information

Cell responses to environment-- Signals

Cell responses to environment-- Signals Cell responses to environment-- Signals Signal transduction can coordinate: Development Formation of tissues Timing of cell division Direction of cell enlargement Size and shape of organs Responses to

More information

Computational Biology I LSM5191

Computational Biology I LSM5191 Computational Biology I LSM5191 Aylwin Ng, D.Phil Lecture 6 Notes: Control Systems in Gene Expression Pulling it all together: coordinated control of transcriptional regulatory molecules Simple Control:

More information

Endocrine System Hormones

Endocrine System Hormones Endocrine System Hormones 2007-2008 Regulation Why are hormones needed? chemical messages from one body part to another communication needed to coordinate whole body homeostasis & regulation metabolism

More information

10/15/2011. Chapter 11 Cell Communication. Outline. Overview: Cellular Messaging. Evolution. Evolution of Signaling

10/15/2011. Chapter 11 Cell Communication. Outline. Overview: Cellular Messaging. Evolution. Evolution of Signaling Chapter 11 Cell Communication Outline I. Cell Signaling II. Forms of cell signaling III. Quick review of cell membrane IV. Cell Surface s I. G- Coupled s II. osine Kinase s III. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

More information

Tuesday, Sept. 14, Is an enzyme a rigid system?

Tuesday, Sept. 14, Is an enzyme a rigid system? Tuesday, Sept. 14, Is an enzyme a rigid system? Early researchers thought of enzymes as rigid entities, recognizing their substrates the way a lock would recognize a key. Today's researchers, however,

More information

Chapter 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers

Chapter 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers Chapter 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers = How hormones and other signals work Intercellular Communication = Intercellular Signal Transmission Chemical communication Electrical communication Intercellular

More information

HORMONES AND CELL SIGNALLING

HORMONES AND CELL SIGNALLING HORMONES AND CELL SIGNALLING TYPES OF CELL JUNCTIONS CHEMICAL SIGNALS AND MODES OF ACTION Endocrine system produces chemical messages = hormones that are transported from endocrine gland to target cell

More information