2012 Small Grain Forage Trial Nitrogen Fertility and Harvest Date

Transcription

1 212 Smll Grin Forge Tril Nitrogen Fertility nd Hrvest Dte Dr. Hether Dry, UVM Extension Agronomist Susn Monhn, Eric Cummings, Hnnh Hrwood, nd Roslie Mdden UVM Extension Crops nd Soils Technicins Visit us on the we: Ferury 213, University of Vermont Extension

2 212 SMALL GRAIN FORAGE TRIAL: NITROGEN FERTILITY AND HARVEST DATE Dr. Hether Dry, University of Vermont Extension hether.dry[t]uvm.edu INTRODUCTION Cool seson nnul forges, such s cerel grins, cn provide erly seson grzing s well s high qulity stored feed. However, it is uncler if qulity nd yield of these forges could e improved through etter fertility mngement. Improved qulity of homegrown forges cn help to reduce expensive grin purchses. In ddition, production of high qulity forge cn improve the level of eneficil fts (i.e. Omege-3) in the milk. In order to produce forge with the highest levels of eneficil fts mngement prctices my need to e modified. It is uncler if nitrogen mngement will impct the level of eneficil fts in the forges. The gol of this project ws to determine yields, qulity, nd ftty cid (FA) levels of nnul cool seson forge hrvested t vrious growth stges nd under different fertility regimes. The dt presented here is from one replicted reserch tril in Vermont. Crop performnce dt from dditionl tests in different loctions nd often over severl yers, should e compred efore you mke decisions out plnting smll grins. Support for this project cme from the Orgnic Vlley Frmers Advocting for Orgnics fund. METHODS In 212, n orgnic smll grin forge tril ws conducted t Beidler Fmily Frm in Rndolph Center, VT. Tril informtion is presented in Tle 1. The frm is certified orgnic y Vermont Orgnic Frmers, LLC. The recent crop rottion in this field included 7 yers of psture, one-yer nnul forge of millet nd turnip, one-yer spring whet, nd one-yer forge ots. Liquid mnure ws pplied in the fll. The seeded ws prepred y conventionl tillge methods including soil prep with rotor tiller. Forge ots (Aven stiv vr. Everlef) were plnted with six-inch single disc opener grin drill on 13-Apr. The experiment ws rndomized complete lock design. Plots mesuring 1 x 15 were fertilized on 3-My with two different orgnic fertilizers t two ppliction rtes (5 nd 1 ls. N cre -1 ). The mendments used were Pro-Booster (1% N) nd Nturl Nitrte of Sod (16% N). The OMRI pproved Pro Booster is fertilizer mnufctured for North Country Orgnics in Brdford, VT. The lended fertilizer is composed of vegetle nd niml mels nd nturl nitrte of sod. It hs gurnteed nlysis of 1--. The OMRI pproved Nturl Nitrte of Sod is more commonly known s Chilen Nitrte. It is mined from Northern Chile nd hs gurnteed nlysis of The use of Nturl Nitrte of Sod ws llowed for orgnic production with restrictions in 212, however, its use is prohiited fter Octoer 212. In this tril, Chilen nitrte ws used to represent 1% solule source of nitrogen fertility. An unfertilized tretment served s control. Biomss smples were collected t four stges of smll grin forge development: vegettive (Feekes stge 4), oot (Feekes 1.5.2), milk (Feekes 11.1), nd soft dough (Feekes 11.2). Susmples of pproximtely 2.5 ft 2 were cut to the ground, dried t 4 o C, nd weighed to determine dry mtter yield. Oven dry smples were corsely ground with Wiley mill (Thoms Scientific, Swedesoro, NJ) nd sent to Cumerlnd Vlley Anlyticl Services, Inc. (Hgerstown, MD) for qulity nlysis. Results were nlyzed with n nlysis of vrince with SAS (Cry, NC). Tle 1. Orgnic smll grin forge tril informtion 212. Tril Informtion Soil type Previous crop Spring Forge Row width (in.) Seeding rte Plnting dte Hrvest dtes: Vegettive Boot Milk Soft Dough Mnure pplictions Beidler Fmily Frm Rndolph, VT Bucklnd stony lom Spring Whet Everlef forge ot ls cre Apr 8-Jun 3-Jul 18-Jul 24-Jul liquid mnure pplied in fll

3 SILAGE QUALITY Silge qulity ws nlyzed y Cumerlnd Vlley Anlyticl Forge Lortory in Hgerstown, Mrylnd. Plot smples were dried, ground nd nlyzed for crude protein (CP), cid detergent fier (ADF), neutrl detergent fier (NDF) nd vrious other nutrients. The Nonstructurl Crohydrtes (NSC) nd Totl Digestile Nutrients (TDN) were clculted from forge nlysis dt. Performnce indices such s Net Energy Lcttion (NEL) were clculted to determine forge vlue. Mixtures of true proteins, composed of mino cids, nd non-protein nitrogen mke up the crude protein (CP) content of forges. The ulky chrcteristics of forge come from fier. Forge feeding vlues re negtively ssocited with fier since the less digestile portions of the plnt re contined in the fier frction. The detergent fier nlysis system seprtes forges into two prts: cell contents, which include sugrs, strches, proteins, non-protein nitrogen, fts nd other highly digestile compounds; nd the less digestile components found in the fier frction. The totl fier content of forge is contined in the neutrl detergent fier (NDF). Chemiclly, this frction includes cellulose, hemicellulose nd lignin. Recently, forge testing lortories hve egun to evlute forges for NDF digestiility. Evlution of forges nd other feedstuffs for NDF digestiility is eing conducted to id prediction of feed energy content nd niml performnce. Reserch hs demonstrted tht lctting diry cows will et more dry mtter nd produce more milk when fed forges with optimum NDF digestiility. Forges with incresed NDF digestiility (dndf) will result in higher energy vlues, nd perhps more importntly, incresed forge intkes. Forge NDF digestiility cn rnge from 2 to 8%. The NSC or non-fier crohydrtes (NFC) include strch, sugrs nd pectins. Ftty cid content nd profile of the feed smples were nlyzed using modified version of the direct trnsesterifiction method developed y Sukhij nd Plmquist (1988). In rief, 1 ml of internl stndrd (1 mg C13: TAG/mL cetone), 2 ml of toluene, nd 2 ml of 2% methnolic H 2 SO 4 cid were dded to 5 mg of ground feed composites smples. The solution ws heted t 5 C overnight. After cooling the smples to room temperture, 5 ml of 6% KHCO 3 solution nd 1 ml of hexne were dded. The smples were mixed nd centrifuged t 5 x g for 5 min. The resulting hexne lyer ws dried nd clened over mixture of N 2 SO 4 nd chrcol. An liquot of the solution, contining the ftty cid methyl esters (FAME), ws tken for GLC nlysis. The nlysis of FAME extrcts ws performed on GC-21 gs chromtogrph (Shimdzu, Kyoto, Jpn) equipped with split injector, flme ioniztion detector, n utosmpler (model AOC-2s; Shimdzu), nd 1 m CP-Sil 88 fused-silic cpillry column (1 m.25 mm i.d..2 μm film thickness; Vrin Inc., Plo Alto, CA) The injector nd detector were oth mintined t 25 C. Hydrogen ws used s crrier gs t liner velocity of 3 cm/sec. The smple injection volume ws 1 μl t split rtio of 1:5. The oven progrm used ws: initil temperture of 45 C held for 4 min, progrmmed t 13 C/min to 175 C held for 27 min, then progrmmed t 4 C/min to 215 C held for 35 min. Integrtion nd quntifiction ws sed on the FID response nd chieved with GC solution softwre (version 2.3., Shimdzu, Kyoto, Jpn). Identifiction of FAME ws ccomplished y comprison of reltive retention times with commercil FAME stndrds. Totl ftty cid content ws determined using C13: s n internl stndrd. The ftty cid results were expressed s percentges (weight/weight) of ftty cids detected with chin length etween 1 nd 24 cron toms. The lowest level of detection ws <.1g/1g ftty cids nd is reported s not detectle (ND). LEAST SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE (LSD) Vritions in yield nd qulity cn occur ecuse of vritions in genetics, soil, wether nd other growing conditions. Sttisticl nlysis mkes it possile to determine, whether difference mong vrieties is rel or whether it might hve occurred due to other vritions in the field. At the ottom of ech tle, LSD vlue is presented for ech vrile (i.e. yield). Lest Significnt differences (LSD s) t the 1% level of proility re shown. Where the difference etween two tretments within column is equl to or greter thn the LSD vlue t the ottom of the column, you cn e sure in 9 out of 1 chnces tht there is rel difference etween the two vrieties. Tretments tht were not significntly lower in performnce thn the highest vlue in prticulr column re indicted with n sterisk. In the exmple elow, A is significntly different from C ut not from B. The difference etween A nd B is equl to 1.5, which is less thn the LSD vlue of 2.. This mens tht these vrieties did not differ in yield. The difference etween A nd C is equl to 3., which

4 is greter thn the LSD vlue of 2.. This mens tht the yields of these vrieties were significntly different from one nother. The sterisk indictes tht B ws not significntly lower thn the top yielding vriety. Vriety Yield A 6. B 7.5* C 9.* LSD 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sesonl precipittion nd temperture recorded t wether sttion in close proximity to Rndolph Center, VT is reported in Tle 2. This seson hd ove verge tempertures nd precipittion in My nd June. Growing Degree Dys (GDD) for the smll grin growing seson in Rndolph Center ws 3433 which re 333 GDD ove the 3-yer verge. Tle 2. Sesonl wether dt collected ner Rndolph Center, VT, 212. Rndolph Center, VT * April My June July Averge Temperture (F) Deprture from Norml ** Precipittion (inches) Deprture from Norml Growing Degree Dys (se 32) Deprture from Norml Bsed on Northest Regionl Climte Center dt from oservtion sttion in Bethel, VT. ** Historicl verges for 3 yers of NOAA dt ( ). Fertility x Hrvest Stge Interction There were significnt fertility y hrvest stge interctions for dry mtter yield, crude protein, neutrl detergent fier (NDF), strch, totl digestile nutrients (TDN) nd net energy for lcttion (NEL). This indictes tht the ots responded to the fertility tretments differently t ech hrvest dte. To understnd these interctions, it is useful to look t the dt in one grph. All of the fertility tretments incresed yield ove the control t the oot, milk or soft dough stges, however, the control hd the highest yield when the forge ws hrvested in the vegettive stge lthough this ws not sttisticlly significnt (Figure 1).

5 DM Yield (ls/cre) CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control 1 Veg Boot Milk Soft Dough Hrvest Stge Figure 1. Dry mtter yield of forge fertilized with two fertilizers t two rtes nd hrvested t four different stges of mturity. All the fertility tretments hd greter crude protein thn the control t the vegettive stge (Figure 2). At the oot stge, Pro-Booster 1, Pro-Booster 5, nd Chilen nitrte 1 hd greter protein levels thn the control. At the milk stge hrvest, only Pro-Booster 1 nd Chilen Nitrte 1 were higher thn the control. Finlly, t the soft dough hrvest, Pro-Booster 1 ws the only tretment to hve higher protein thn the control. The effects of the solule fertilizer t the low rte, Chilen nitrte 5, creted quick increse in protein levels, ut the effects were not stle over the growing seson. However, fertilizing with Pro-Booster, mix of complex orgnic mterils hd lsting effect on crude protein, such tht this tretment ws the only tretment significntly different from the control y the soft dough hrvest. There were numerous interctions etween hrvest stge nd fertility tretment for the FA prmeters tested. The profile of Omeg 3 ftty cids ws gretest during the oot stge (Figure 3). Unfortuntely, the vegettive stge smples were lost t the l nd therefore, ftty cid results re not ville. Bsed on previous yer s dt, we would expect the Omeg 3 ftty cid profile to e highest during the vegettive stge. During the oot nd milk stges, Pro-Booster 1 hd the highest level of omeg 3 FAs. However, during the soft dough stge, Chilen nitrte 5 hd the highest omeg 3 FAs (lthough there were no sttisticlly significnt differences). Totl ftty cid concentrtion vried with ech hrvest stge (Figure 4). During the oot stge, most of the fertility tretments hd higher totl levels of FAs thn the control. However, in the milk nd soft dough stge, the control hd higher levels of FAs thn mny of the fertility tretments.

6 Omeg 3 Ftty Acid (% of totl FA) Crude Protein (%) CN5 15. CN1 PB5 1. PB1 Control 5.. Veg Boot Milk Soft Dough Hrvest Stge Figure 2. Crude protein of forge fertilized with two fertilizers t two rtes nd hrvested t four different stges of mturity CN 5 CN 1 PB 5 PB 1 Control 1 5 Boot Milk Soft Dough Hrvest Stge Figure 3. Omeg 3 ftty cid profile of forge ots fertilized with two fertilizers t two rtes nd hrvested t four different stges of mturity (three stges of ftty cid dt shown).

7 Totl FA Concentrtion (mg/g) CN 5 CN 1 PB 5 PB 1 Control 5 Boot Milk Soft Dough Hrvest Stge Figure 4. Totl ftty cid concentrtion of forge ots fertilized with two fertilizers t two rtes nd hrvested t four different stges of mturity (three stges of ftty cid dt shown). Hrvest Stge The smll grins were hrvested t the vegettive stge when the grss ws 8-1 inches in height, nd the oot, milk nd soft dough stges. Yield nd qulity of the forge ots vried significntly y hrvest stge. Yields incresed with mturity, verging 6816 ls cre -1 dry mtter in the soft dough stge (Tle 3). Crude protein levels were highest in the vegettive stge verging 24.2% (Figure 5). Acid Detergent Fier (ADF), Neutrl Detergent Fier (NDF), digestile NDF, Totl Digestile Nutrients (TDN) nd Net Energy of Lcttion (NEL) were ll most fvorle in the vegettive stge. The highest forge qulity is generlly seen during the lefy, vegettive stge of growth, nd the results of this study follow tht trend. However, this is lso the period of lowest yield. NDF, the percent of cell wll mteril in the forge, is negtively correlted with intke potentil in ruminnts, nd therefore, lower numer is desirle, which we sw in the vegettive stge. ADF, the percentge of highly indigestile plnt mteril in the forge, is negtively correlted with digestiility, nd numer elow 35% is desirle. The verge ADF vlue in this tril ws elow 35% for the vegettive nd oot stge hrvests, indicting tht the ots re good option for forge when hrvested t these stges. The vegettive stge represents forge for pstured grzing. In terms of stored feed, smll grins re usully hrvested in the oot or soft dough stge. The dvntges of hrvesting in the oot stge included incresed yield while still hving reltively high protein nd high digestiility. Boot stge forge qulity is often similr to first cut perennil forge grsses. Hrvesting in the soft dough stges will provide the highest yields, ut generlly the lowest CP. The primry reson to hrvest in the soft dough stge is to hve higher strch in the forge. The soft dough forge hd strch content of 13.5%. However, the fier content increses due to the stem nd stlks eginning to dry down. As the grin egins to fill with strch, this cuses dilution effect on other fier components. The highest levels of totl ftty cids in the forge ws found t the soft dough hrvest (Tle 4). The soft dough totl FA concentrtion of 27.5 mg g -1 ws lmost doule the levels of totl FA t the oot stge. Levels of ll ftty cids incresed with forge mturity, with the exception of linolenic cid (LNA), n omeg-3 ftty cid. Omeg-3 levels were highest in vegettive stge forge.

8 DM Yield (ls/cre) Crude Protein (%) Tle 3. Spring forge ot yield nd qulity results verged cross tretments. Hrvest Stge DM Yield CP ADF NDF dndf Strch TDN NEL NFC NSC ls c -1 % % % % % % Mcl l -1 % % Vegettive Boot Milk Soft Dough Tril Men LSD (p<.1) Top performer in old c c c d 5 Vegettive Boot Milk Soft Dough Hrvest Stge Yield Crude Protein Figure 5. Yield nd crude protein of forge ots t four different hrvest stges, Rndolph Center, VT.

9 Tle 4. Averge forge ftty cid profile (%- in grey) nd concentrtion (mg g -1 -in white) t three hrvest stges. Boot Milk Soft Dough Tril Men LSD SFA (%) 32.8* SFA (mg g -1 ) * C16 (%) 23.2* C16 (mg g -1 ) * MUFA (%) * MUFA (mg g -1 ) * PUFA (%) 62.4* PUFA (mg g -1 ) * C18:2 LA (%) * C18:2 LA (mg g -1 ) * C18:3 LNA (%) 38.5* C18:3 LNA (mg g -1 ) 5.4* Omeg 3 FA (%) 38.9* Omeg 3 FA (mg g -1 ) 5.5* Omeg 6 FA (%) * Omeg 6 FA (mg g -1 ) * Totl FA (mg g -1 ) * Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 FA * SFA Sturted Ftty Acids, MUFA mono-unsturted ftty cids, PUFA poly-unsturted ftty cids, LA linoleic cid, LNA linolenic cid. * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in row. Boot Stge Milk Stge Soft Dough Stge Omeg 6 SFA Omeg 6 SFA Omeg 6 SFA Omeg 3 MUFA Omeg 3 Figure 6. Ftty cid profile of forge ots t three hrvest stges. Omeg 3 ftty cids (shown in drk grey) decrese with forge mturity. MUFA Omeg 3 MUFA Fertility Tretment Overll, yields of ll the fertility tretments were greter thn the control (Tle 5, Figure 7). Crude protein ws highest in forge fertilized with Pro-Booster t 1 ls. cre -1 N. Pro-Booster 1 lso hd the lowest ADF nd NDF, nd the highest TDN nd NEL. The control of no tretment hd the highest digestile NDF, non-fier crohydrtes nd nonstructurl crohydrtes.

10 DM Yield (ls/cre) Crude Protein (%) Tle 5. Spring forge yield nd qulity results verged cross hrvest stge. Tretment DM Yield CP ADF NDF dndf Strch TDN NEL NFC NSC ls c -1 % % % % % % Mcl l -1 % % CN5 4515* * CN1 4234* * 52.8* 52.2* *.664* PB5 472* * 52.2* * 64.*.662* PB1 4916* * 51.7* *.672* Control * 7.11* 64.7*.672* Tril Men LSD (p<.1) * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in old c 15 d CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control Fertility Tretment Yield Crude Protein Figure 7. Yield nd crude protein of forge ots fertilized with Chilen Nitrte or Pro-Booster t 5 or 1 ls. cre -1 nitrogen, Rndolph Center, VT. The gretest omeg 3 FA profile ws found with oth Pro-Booster tretments (Tle 6, Figure 8). Pro-Booster 1 hd 23.6%, or 4.1 mg g -1, of omeg 3 FAs. Overll, ll of the fertility tretments lowered the rtio of omeg 6 to omeg 3 FAs. However, totl ftty cid concentrtion ws highest for the control nd three of the fertility tretments.

11 Omeg 3 ftty cids (% of totl FA) Tle 6. Forge ftty cid profile (% in grey) nd concentrtion (mg g -1 in white) of different fertility tretments nd ppliction rtes (ls cre -1 ) verged cross three hrvest stges. Chilen nitrte 5 Chilen nitrte 1 Pro-Booster 5 Pro-Booster 1 Control Tril Men LSD SFA (%) 29.1* SFA (mg g -1 ) NS C16 (%) NS C16 (mg g -1 ) * 4.2* 3.8* 4.* MUFA (%) * MUFA (mg g -1 ) * * PUFA (%) * 52.3* 53.1* PUFA (mg g -1 ) NS C18:2 LA (%) * * C18:2 LA (mg g -1 ) * 7.* * C18:3 LNA (%) * 23.4* C18:3 LNA (mg g -1 ) * 3.9* 4.1* Omeg 3 FA (%) * 23.6* Omeg 3 FA (mg g -1 ) * 4.* 4.1* Omeg 6 FA (%) * Omeg 6 FA (mg g -1 ) * 7.* * Totl FA (mg g -1 ) * 21.8* 19.6* 21.9* Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 FA * SFA Sturted Ftty Acids, MUFA mono-unsturted ftty cids, PUFA poly-unsturted ftty cids, LA linoleic cid, LNA linolenic cid. * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in row c c CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control Fertility Type nd Amount Figure 8. Omeg 3 ftty cid profile of forge ots fertilized with Chilen Nitrte or Pro-Booster t 5 or 1 ls. N cre -1, verged cross three hrvest stges, Rndolph Center, VT.

12 DM Yield (ls/cre) Crude Protein (%) Vegettive Stge There ws no sttisticl difference in yield of the forge hrvested in the vegettive stge (Tle 7, Figure 9). However, ll of the fertility tretments hd higher crude protein levels thn the control, with Pro-Booster 1 hving the highest crude protein 26.8%. The control hd the highest levels of non-fier crohydrtes nd non-structurl crohydrtes. Tle 7. Spring ot forge yield nd qulity when hrvested in the vegettive stge, 8-Jun 212. Vegettive Stge DM Yield CP ADF NDF dndf Strch TDN NEL NFC NSC ls c -1 % % % % % % Mcl l -1 % % CN * * 1.3 CN * * 1.2 PB * PB * Control * 12. Stge Men LSD (p<.1) NS 2.84 NS NS NS NS NS NS * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in old. NS - None of the vrieties were significntly different from one nother CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control Fertility Tretment Yield Crude Protein Figure 9. Yield nd crude protein t the vegettive stge of forge ots fertilized with Chilen Nitrte or Pro-Booster t 5 or 1 ls. N cre -1, Rndolph Center, VT. Boot Stge All of the fertility tretments yielded more thn the control when the forge ws hrvested in the oot stge; yields verged 331 ls. cre -1 dry mtter (Tle 8). Pro-Booster t 1 ls cre -1 N hd the highest protein levels t this stge, 2.4% (Figure 1). The lowest rtio of omeg 6 to omeg 3 FAs ws found from oth Pro-Booster tretments nd the Chilen nitrte 1 tretment (Tle 9). Higher nitrogen fertility lowered the rtio of omeg 6:omeg 3 FAs in the oot stge. Omeg 3 FAs were lso highest with the Pro-Booster tretments nd Chilen nitrte 1 (Figure 11).

13 DM Yield (ls/cre) Crude Protein (%) Tle 8. Spring ot forge yield nd qulity when hrvested in the oot stge, 3-Jul 212. Boot Stge DM Yield CP ADF NDF dndf Strch TDN NEL NFC NSC ls c -1 % % % % % % Mcl l -1 % % CN5 3475* * CN1 3669* 17.2* PB5 3861* 18.3* PB1 3599* 2.4* Control * Stge Men LSD (p<.1) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 1.45 * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in old. NS - None of the vrieties were significntly different from one nother CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control Fertility Tretment Yield Crude Protein Figure 1. Yield nd crude protein t the oot stge of forge ots fertilized with Chilen Nitrte or Pro-Booster t 5 or 1 ls. N cre -1, Rndolph Center, VT. Tle 9. Ftty cid profile (% in grey) nd concentrtion (mg g -1 in white) of different fertility tretments nd ppliction rtes (ls cre -1 ) of forge ots hrvested in the oot stge. Chilen nitrte 5 Chilen nitrte 1 Pro-Booster 5 Pro-Booster 1 Control Tril Men LSD SFA (%) NS SFA (mg g -1 ) NS C16 (%) NS C16 (mg g -1 ) NS MUFA (%) 5.2* * MUFA (mg g -1 ) NS PUFA (%) * 64.8* PUFA (mg g -1 ) NS C18:2 LA (%) 24.9* 22.8* * C18:2 LA (mg g -1 ) NS C18:3 LNA (%) * 43.4* C18:3 LNA (mg g -1 ) * 6.4* 6.8*

14 Omeg 3 ftty cids (% of totl FA) Omeg 3 FA (%) * 43.9* Omeg 3 FA (mg g -1 ) * 6.4* 6.9* Omeg 6 FA (%) 25.5* 23.6* * Omeg 6 FA (mg g -1 ) NS Totl FA (mg g -1 ) NS Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 FA.7* * SFA Sturted Ftty Acids, MUFA mono-unsturted ftty cids, PUFA poly-unsturted ftty cids, LA linoleic cid, LNA linolenic cid. * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in row CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control Fertility Tretment Figure 11. Omeg 3 ftty cid profile of forge ots hrvested in the oot stge, 212. Milk Stge In the milk stge, there ws no sttisticl difference in yield from the fertility tretments (Tle 1). Pro-Booster 1 hd the highest crude protein levels of 12.7% (Figure 12). The control hd the highest strch, NFC nd NSC levels when the forge ws hrvested in the milk stge. Tle 1. Spring ot forge yield nd qulity when hrvested in the milk stge, 18-Jul 212. Milk Stge DM Yield CP ADF NDF dndf Strch TDN NEL NFC NSC ls c -1 % % % % % % Mcl l -1 % % CN * CN * PB PB * Control * 15.5* Stge Men LSD (p<.1) NS 1.81 NS NS NS 1.34 NS NS * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in old. NS - None of the vrieties were significntly different from one nother.

15 DM Yield (ls/cre) Crude Protein (%) c c c CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control Fertility Tretment Yield Crude Protein. Figure 12. Yield nd crude protein t the milk stge of forge ots fertilized with Chilen Nitrte or Pro-Booster t 5 or 1 ls. N cre -1, Rndolph Center, VT. There ws only one sttisticlly significnt difference in ftty cid content of the forge during the milk stge (Tle 11, Figure 13). The control hd the highest level of mono-unsturted ftty cids (MUFAs) of 31.3%. Tle 11. Ftty cid profile (% in grey) nd concentrtion (mg g -1 in white) of different fertility tretments nd ppliction rtes (ls cre -1 ) of forge ots hrvested in the milk stge. Chilen nitrte 5 Chilen nitrte 1 Pro-Booster 5 Pro-Booster 1 Control Tril Men LSD SFA (%) NS SFA (mg g -1 ) NS C16 (%) NS C16 (mg g -1 ) NS MUFA (%) * MUFA (mg g -1 ) NS PUFA (%) NS PUFA (mg g -1 ) NS C18:2 LA (%) NS C18:2 LA (mg g -1 ) NS C18:3 LNA (%) NS C18:3 LNA (mg g -1 ) NS Omeg 3 FA (%) NS Omeg 3 FA (mg g -1 ) NS Omeg 6 FA (%) NS Omeg 6 FA (mg g -1 ) NS Totl FA (mg g -1 ) NS Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 FA NS SFA Sturted Ftty Acids, MUFA mono-unsturted ftty cids, PUFA poly-unsturted ftty cids, LA linoleic cid, LNA linolenic cid. * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in row.

16 Omeg 3 ftty cids (% of totl FA) CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control Fertility Tretment Figure 13. Omeg 3 ftty cid profile of forge ots hrvested in the milk stge, 212. There ws no sttisticl difference for omeg 3 ftty cids etween the fertility tretments t the milk stge. Soft Dough Stge All of the fertility tretments resulted in higher yields thn the control when the ot forge ws hrvested in the soft dough stge (Tle 12). Pro-Booster1 hd the highest crude protein of ny tretment in the soft dough stge, 11.1% (Figure 14). Pro-Booster 1 hd the lowest ADF, highest TDN nd NEL. Tle 12. Spring ot forge yield nd qulity when hrvested in the soft dough stge, 24-Jul 212. Soft Dough Stge DM Yield CP ADF NDF dndf Strch TDN NEL NFC NSC ls c -1 % % % % % % Mcl l -1 % % CN5 8234* CN1 6521* * * PB5 7469* * * 65.6*.68* PB1 793* * 66.5*.693* Control * * 66.5*.693* Stge Men LSD (p<.1) NS NS NS NS * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in old. NS - None of the vrieties were significntly different from one nother. In the soft dough stge, the control nd Pro-Booster 5 tretments hd the highest totl FA concentrtion (Tle 13, Figure 15).

17 DM Yield (ls/cre) Crude Protein (%) c c c CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control Fertility Tretment Yield Crude Protein Figure 14. Yield nd crude protein t the soft dough stge of forge ots fertilized with Chilen Nitrte or Pro-Booster t 5 or 1 ls. N cre -1, Rndolph Center, VT. Tle 13. Ftty cid profile (% in grey) nd concentrtion (mg g -1 in white) of different fertility tretments nd ppliction rtes (ls cre -1 ) of forge ots hrvested in the soft dough stge. Chilen nitrte 5 Chilen nitrte 1 Pro-Booster 5 Pro-Booster 1 Control Tril Men LSD SFA (%) 24.2* * SFA (mg g -1 ) * * C16 (%) 19.1* * C16 (mg g -1 ) * * MUFA (%) NS MUFA (mg g -1 ) * 11.* * PUFA (%) NS PUFA (mg g -1 ) * * C18:2 LA (%) NS C18:2 LA (mg g -1 ) * 12.2* * C18:3 LNA (%) NS C18:3 LNA (mg g -1 ) NS Omeg 3 FA (%) NS Omeg 3 FA (mg g -1 ) NS Omeg 6 FA (%) * 36.8* * Omeg 6 FA (mg g -1 ) * 12.3* * Totl FA (mg g -1 ) * * Rtio Omeg 6: Omeg 3 FA NS SFA Sturted Ftty Acids, MUFA mono-unsturted ftty cids, PUFA poly-unsturted ftty cids, LA linoleic cid, LNA linolenic cid. * Vrieties with n sterisk indicte tht it ws not significntly different thn the top performer in row.

18 Omeg 3 ftty cids (% of totl FA) CN5 CN1 PB5 PB1 Control Fertility Tretment Figure 15. Omeg 3 ftty cid profile of forge ots hrvested in the soft dough stge, 212. There ws no sttisticl difference for omeg 3 ftty cids etween the fertility tretments t the soft dough stge. REFERENCE Sukhij, P. S., nd D. L. Plmquist Rpid method for determintion of totl ftty cid content nd composition of feedstuffs nd feces. J. Agric. Food Chem. 36: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The UVM Extension Northwest Crops nd Soils Tem would like to thnk Orgnic Vlley Frmers Advocting for Orgnics for funding this reserch. Specil thnks to the Beidler Fmily Frm for hosting this tril, Ktie Blir, Conner Burke, Lily Clderwood, Chntel Cline, nd Svnn Kittell-Mitchell for their ssistnce with this tril. This informtion is presented with the understnding tht no product discrimintion is intended nd neither endorsement of ny product mentioned, nor criticism of unnmed products, is implied. UVM Extension helps individuls nd communities put reserch-sed knowledge to work. Issued in furthernce of Coopertive Extension work, Acts of My 8 nd June 3, 1914, in coopertion with the United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture. University of Vermont Extension, Burlington, Vermont, University of Vermont Extension, nd U.S. Deprtment of Agriculture, cooperting, offer eduction nd employment to everyone without regrd to rce, color, ntionl origin, gender, religion, ge, disility, politicl eliefs, sexul orienttion, nd mritl or fmilil sttus.