Section 5. Enzymes, Equilibrium, Energy and the Sulfonamides
|
|
- Melissa Osborne
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Section 5 Enzymes, Equilibrium, Energy and the Sulfonamides
2 Monday: ESKAPE handout describing them (Tiffany will provide). M-W Tie the metabolism back to the nutritional requirements and media choice, oxygen utilization. Mention liquid culture, growth curves perhaps in reference to MIC prev week? Simon: liq vs solid medium, growth rates. Wed lecture: brief sentence about phylogeny, close ESKAPE relative (genera share many of the same features/metabolic requirements, reflected in DNA similarity; virulence factors). If get a hit, then would follow up with the real pathogen. Chance for further research. Friday: sample exam question
3 Section 5 Learning Goals Be able to explain the mechanism of action of metabolic inhibitors at the molecular level Know the factors that determine rates of chemical reactions. Know the factors that determine equilibrium of chemical reactions. Explain how enzymes achieve substrate specificity Describe the molecular basis for antibiotic-target binding (covalent, non-covalent bond formation) Explain binding equilibrium as it pertains to antibiotic-target binding (and how it affects efficacy of an antibiotic) Describe how metabolic inhibitors achieve prokaryotic specificity.
4 Tortora p. 556 (10 th ed.) Antibiotic targets
5 Tortora p. 556 (10 th ed.) Antibiotic targets
6 Antibacterial metabolic inhibitors Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim are examples Exert effect by inhibiting key metabolic enzymes Folic acid derivatives are required for humans and for bacteria How do the metabolic inhibitor antibiotics achieve prokaryotic specificity?
7 Folic Acid is important for human health Intake from diet Derivatives are necessary for synthesis of DNA and amino acids Especially important for rapidly dividing cells Deficiency in pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects Folic acid (vitamin B 9 ) conversion in liver Dihydrofolic acid (DHF) Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) Thymidine synthesis Amino acid synthesis
8 Bacteria synthesize their own folic acid derivatives Dihydropteroate diphosphate (DHPP) Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) + Dihydropteroic acid p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) Folic acid (vitamin B 9 ) conversion in liver Dihydrofolic acid (DHF) Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) Thymidine synthesis Amino acid synthesis
9 Metabolic inhibitor antibiotics interfere with function of critical enzymes in the pathway Dihydropteroate diphosphate (DHPP) Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) + X Dihydropteroic acid p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) sulfonamides Folic acid (vitamin B 9 ) conversion in liver Dihydrofolic acid (DHF) Dihydrofolate reductase X trimethoprim (DHFR) tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) Thymidine synthesis Amino acid synthesis
10 Metabolic inhibitor antibiotics interfere with function of critical enzymes in the pathway Dihydropteroate diphosphate (DHPP) Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) + X Dihydropteroic acid p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) sulfonamides Folic acid (vitamin B 9 ) conversion in liver Dihydrofolic acid (DHF) Dihydrofolate reductase X trimethoprim (DHFR) tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) Thymidine synthesis Amino acid synthesis
11 Section 5 Learning Goals Be able to explain the mechanism of action of metabolic inhibitors at the molecular level Know the factors that determine rates of chemical reactions. Know the factors that determine equilibrium of chemical reactions. Explain how enzymes achieve substrate specificity Describe the molecular basis for antibiotic-target binding (covalent, non-covalent bond formation) Explain binding equilibrium as it pertains to antibiotic-target binding (and how it affects efficacy of an antibiotic) Describe how metabolic inhibitors achieve prokaryotic specificity.
12 Be able to explain the mechanism of action of metabolic inhibitors at the molecular level Requires knowledge of: Chemical reactions Products and reactants Gibbs free energy and ATP Equilibrium Enzymes and activation energy Relationship between concentration, rate, equilibrium and enzymes How enzymes achieve substrate specificity Binding kinetics Inhibition of enzyme activity
13 Chemical Reactions Collision theory probability of chemical reaction Velocity of reactants Concentration of reactants Temperature, pressure (# collisions and velocity) Enzymes tether reactants Orientation Higher effective concentration
14 Key Principle in Biology and Chemistry Equilibrium Most things are in equilibrium between two states An atom can bond with and dissociate from a carboxylic acid More likely to be bound at lower ph
15 Concentration influences rate of collision Heat increases kinetic energy of molecules. Therefore, it increases the frequency and velocity of collisions. What are the limitations to a cell using heat to increase the rate of enzymatic reactions?
16 Figure 5.6
17 Section 5 Learning Goals Be able to explain the mechanism of action of metabolic inhibitors at the molecular level ü Know the factors that determine rates of chemical reactions. ü Know the factors that determine equilibrium of chemical reactions. Explain how enzymes achieve substrate specificity Describe the molecular basis for antibiotic-target binding (covalent, non-covalent bond formation) Explain binding equilibrium as it pertains to antibiotic-target binding (and how it affects efficacy of an antibiotic) Describe how metabolic inhibitors achieve prokaryotic specificity.
18 Enzymes as Antibiotic Targets Enzymes are usually proteins Certain RNAs also has catalytic activity these are ribozymes Enzymes can be good targets for antibiotics since they naturally bind small molecules
19 Key Elements of Enzymes Collision theory Activation energy Co-factors used in many reactions Vitamins are often co-factors Metals are co-factors Co-factors transfer electrons readily
20 Figure 5.2
21
22 True or false? The free energy released will be greater if the reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme. The rate of the reaction increases in the presence of an enzyme. The activation energy required for a reaction to proceed decreased in the presence of enzyme.
23 Equilibrium of a reaction is affected by: A. Change in free energy between products and reactants B. Temperature Choose all that apply C. Concentration of reactants D. Activation energy required E. Rate at which the reaction proceeds F. Presence of enzyme
24 Rate of a reaction is affected by: A. Change in free energy between products and reactants B. Temperature Choose all that apply C. Concentration of reactants D. Presence of active enzyme
25 Favorable non-covalent bonding interactions increase molecular binding specificity Binding is transient
26 Sulfonamides mimic structure of PABA, tricking DHPS to catalyze the wrong reaction Dihydropteroate diphosphate (DHPP) Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) + p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) Dihydropteroic acid
27 Sulfonamides mimic structure of PABA, tricking DHPS to catalyze the wrong reaction Dihydropteroate diphosphate (DHPP) Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) + p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) sulfonamides Dihydropteroic acid Wrong product created
28 Sulfonamide structure resembles that of PABA Enzyme recognizes sulfonamide as PABA, adds it to DHPP Downstream reactions fail Dihydropteroate diphosphate (DHPP) p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) Dihydropteroic acid sulfonamides
29 Enzyme Inhibitors Small molecules that exhibit non-covalent bonding to enzyme Bind to the active site (competitive inhibition) Bind to site other than active site alters conformation of active site (allosteric inhibition)
30 Trimethoprim is a competitive inhibitor of DHFR Dihydropteroate diphosphate (DHPP) Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) + p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) sulfonamides Folic acid (vitamin B 9 ) conversion in liver Dihydropteroic acid Dihydrofolic acid (DHF) Dihydrofolate reductase X trimethoprim (DHFR) tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) Thymidine synthesis Amino acid synthesis
31 Efficacy of an inhibitor depends on its affinity for the target Binding is transient Binding affinity refers to how often a molecule is in the bound state vs. unbound state substrate A + inhibitor B on off AB bound enzyme
32 Binding affinity of antibiotic for substrate must be great enough to compete with binding of the normal substrate
33 Movie illustrating the dynamic and transient nature of binding v=8xqtawerowm&feature=youtu.be Movie credit: life.uiuc.edu/emad/aac/ Copyright permissions needed From University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group
34 Section 5 Learning Goals ü Be able to explain the mechanism of action of metabolic inhibitors at the molecular level ü Know the factors that determine rates of chemical reactions. ü Know the factors that determine equilibrium of chemical reactions. ü Explain how enzymes achieve substrate specificity ü Describe the molecular basis for antibiotic-target binding (covalent, non-covalent bond formation) ü Explain binding equilibrium as it pertains to antibiotic-target binding (and how it affects efficacy of an antibiotic) ü Describe how metabolic inhibitors achieve prokaryotic specificity.
35 Think-Pair-Share 1. How do the sulfonamides achieve prokaryotic specificity? 2. How does trimethoprim achieve prokaryotic specificity?
36 How do the sulfonamides achieve prokaryotic specificity?
37 Sulfonamides affect biochemical reaction not present in humans Dihydropteroate diphosphate (DHPP) Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) + p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) sulfonamides Folic acid (vitamin B 9 ) Intake from diet human-specific conversion in liver Dihydropteroic acid Dihydrofolic acid (DHF) Dihydrofolate reductase X trimethoprim (DHFR) tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) Bacteria-specific Thymidine synthesis Amino acid synthesis
38 How does trimethoprim achieve prokaryotic specificity?
39 Trimethoprim has much lower binding affinity for the human version of DHFR Dihydropteroate diphosphate (DHPP) Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) + p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) sulfonamides Folic acid (vitamin B 9 ) Intake from diet human-specific conversion in liver Dihydropteroic acid Dihydrofolic acid (DHF) Dihydrofolate reductase X trimethoprim (DHFR) tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) Bacteria-specific Thymidine synthesis Amino acid synthesis
40 Section 5 Learning Goals ü Be able to explain the mechanism of action of metabolic inhibitors at the molecular level ü Know the factors that determine rates of chemical reactions. ü Know the factors that determine equilibrium of chemical reactions. ü Explain how enzymes achieve substrate specificity ü Describe the molecular basis for antibiotic-target binding (covalent, non-covalent bond formation) ü Explain binding equilibrium as it pertains to antibiotic-target binding (and how it affects efficacy of an antibiotic) ü Describe how metabolic inhibitors achieve prokaryotic specificity.
Enzymes: The Catalysts of Life
Chapter 6 Enzymes: The Catalysts of Life Lectures by Kathleen Fitzpatrick Simon Fraser University Activation Energy and the Metastable State Many thermodynamically feasible reactions in a cell that could
More informationPast Years Questions Chpater 6
Past Years Questions Chpater 6 **************************************** 1) Which of the following about enzymes is Incorrect? A) Most enzymes are proteins. B) Enzymes are biological catalysts. C) Enzymes
More informationTala Saleh. Ahmad Attari. Mamoun Ahram
23 Tala Saleh Ahmad Attari Minna Mushtaha Mamoun Ahram In the previous lecture, we discussed the mechanisms of regulating enzymes through inhibitors. Now, we will start this lecture by discussing regulation
More informationDNA and Protein Synthesis Practice
Biology 12 DNA and Protein Synthesis Practice Name: 1. DNA is often called the "code of life". Actually it contains the code for a) the sequence of amino acids in a protein b) the sequence of base pairs
More informationChapter 3. Table of Contents. Section 1 Carbon Compounds. Section 2 Molecules of Life. Biochemistry
Biochemistry Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Section 2 Molecules of Life Section 1 Carbon Compounds Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of
More informationMechanisms of Enzymes
Mechanisms of Enzymes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy How enzymes work * Chemical reactions have an energy
More informationConcept 8.3: ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
Concept 8.3: ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions A cell does three main kinds of work: Chemical Transport Mechanical To do work, cells manage energy resources
More informationincrease rate of reaction without being consumed reduce activation energy don t change free energy ( G) released or required
Enzymes Enzymes Biological catalysts proteins (& RNA) facilitate chemical reactions increase rate of reaction without being consumed reduce activation energy don t change free energy ( G) released or required
More informationEnzymes Part III: regulation II. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017
Enzymes Part III: regulation II Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017 Advantage This is a major mechanism for rapid and transient regulation of enzyme activity. A most common mechanism is enzyme phosphorylation
More information6.5 Enzymes. Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity
180 Chapter 6 Metabolism 6.5 Enzymes By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways Explain how enzymes function as molecular catalysts Discuss enzyme
More informationChapter 5- Enzymes. State Standard Standard 1.b.
Chapter 5- Enzymes State Standard Standard 1.b. Enzymes Speed Up Chemical Reactions Most of the essential chemical reactions in cells must occur quickly and precisely for the cell to survive For a chemical
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Chapter 5- Enzymes. State Standard. Enzymes Speed Up Chemical Reactions. Standard 1.b.
Slide 1 Chapter 5- Enzymes Slide 2 State Standard Standard 1.b. Slide 3 Enzymes Speed Up Chemical Reactions Most of the essential chemical reactions in cells must occur quickly and precisely for the cell
More informationNutritional Megaloblastic Anemias DR. NABIL BASHIR HLS, 2018
Nutritional Megaloblastic Anemias DR. NABIL BASHIR HLS, 2018 Definition: Macrocytic Anemia MCV>100fL Impaired DNA formation due to lack of: B12 or folate in ultimately active form use of antimetabolite
More informationSix Types of Enzyme Catalysts
Six Types of Enzyme Catalysts Although a huge number of reactions occur in living systems, these reactions fall into only half a dozen types. The reactions are: 1. Oxidation and reduction. Enzymes that
More informationPhysiology 12. Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular metabolism. The synthesis and Breakdown of organic molecules required for cell structure and function
Physiology 12 Cellular metabolism Germann Ch3 Metabolism The synthesis and Breakdown of organic molecules required for cell structure and function Metabolism Anabolism = Synthesis Catabolism = Breaking
More informationVELOCITY OF ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTIONS.
Lecture 12: Enzymes: Inhibition [PDF] Reading: Berg, Tymoczko & Stryer, Chapter 8, pp. 225-236 Problems: pp. 238-239, chapter 8, #1, 2, 4a,b, 5a,b, 7, 10 Updated on: 2/21/07 at 9:00 pm (deleted problems
More informationUnit 7 Part I: Introductions to Biochemistry
Unit 7 Part I: Introductions to Biochemistry Chemical Reactions, Enzymes and ATP 19 March 2014 Averett 1 Reaction Graphs Every chemical reaction involves bond breaking and bond forming. In order for bonds
More informationEnzymes. Ms. Paxson. From food webs to the life of a cell. Enzymes. Metabolism. Flow of energy through life. Examples. Examples
From food webs to the life of a cell energy energy energy Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions sun transforming energy from one form to another solar energy ATP & organic molecules
More informationA cell s metabolism is all the organism s chemical reactions. Metabolism manages the material and energy resources of the cell.
Enzymes Metabolism Metabolism A cell s metabolism is all the organism s chemical reactions. Metabolism manages the material and energy resources of the cell. Energy is the capacity to do work. Metabolism
More informationChapter 23 Enzymes 1
Chapter 23 Enzymes 1 Enzymes Ribbon diagram of cytochrome c oxidase, the enzyme that directly uses oxygen during respiration. 2 Enzyme Catalysis Enzyme: A biological catalyst. With the exception of some
More informationAn organic catalysts that enhances the speed or likelihood of a bio-chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation.
Micro 260 Fall 2009 Name: Allan Keys Tools: You may use your notes and or book for this assignment 1) What is an enzyme? (4 pts) An organic catalysts that enhances the speed or likelihood of a bio-chemical
More informationFIRST BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM Tuesday 25/10/ MCQs. Location : 102, 105, 106, 301, 302
FIRST BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM Tuesday 25/10/2016 10-11 40 MCQs. Location : 102, 105, 106, 301, 302 The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control General theory of enzyme action, by Leonor Michaelis
More informationAP Biology Protein Structure and Enzymes
AP Biology Protein Structure and Enzymes Connection to the Nitrogen-cycle Amino acids (protein) Nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) ATP 78% 1. Assimilation of nitrate by photosynthetic eukaryotes 2. Nitrogen fixation
More informationAP Biology. Metabolism & Enzymes
Metabolism & Enzymes From food webs to the life of a cell energy energy energy Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions transforming energy from one form to another organic molecules
More informationEnzyme Activity Lecture. Every reaction has energy requirement. The minimum amount of energy required is termed activation energy.
Enzyme Activity Lecture Every reaction has energy requirement. The minimum amount of energy required is termed activation energy. Living organisms have optimum temperature requirement so elevating the
More informationANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIDS. Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions
Handout Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIDS Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions I. Kinetics A. Reaction rates 1. First order (reaction rate is
More information[2] (b) When the enzyme catalase is added to hydrogen peroxide, the following reaction occurs: 2 H 2
1 (a) Enzymes are biological catalysts. Explain the term biological catalyst................ [2] (b) When the enzyme catalase is added to hydrogen peroxide, the following reaction occurs: catalase H 2
More informationChapter 6. Metabolism & Enzymes. AP Biology
Chapter 6. Metabolism & Enzymes Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions Chemical reactions of life Metabolism forming bonds between molecules dehydration synthesis anabolic reactions
More informationExamples. Chapter 8. Metabolism & Enzymes. Flow of energy through life. Examples. Chemical reactions of life. Chemical reactions & energy
WH Examples dehydration synthesis Chapter 8 Metabolism & Enzymes + H 2 O hydrolysis + H 2 O Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions Examples dehydration synthesis hydrolysis 2005-2006
More informationMetabolism & Enzymes. From food webs to the life of a cell. Flow of energy through life. Life is built on chemical reactions
Metabolism & Enzymes 2007-2008 From food webs to the life of a cell energy energy energy Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions transforming energy from one form to another organic
More informationMicrobial Metabolism. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R 5 Microbial Metabolism Big Picture: Metabolism Metabolism is the buildup and breakdown of nutrients
More informationGRU3L1 Metabolism & Enzymes. AP Biology
GRU3L1 Metabolism & Enzymes From food webs to the life of a cell energy energy energy Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions u transforming energy from one form to organic molecules
More informationNafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD
Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush Biochemical Kinetics: the science that studies rates of chemical reactions An example is the reaction (A P), The velocity,
More informationThe MOLECULES of LIFE
The MOLECULES of LIFE Physical and Chemical Principles Solutions Manual Prepared by James Fraser and Samuel Leachman Chapter 16 Principles of Enzyme Catalysis Problems True/False and Multiple Choice 1.
More informationChapter 8.4, 8.5. Enzymes. AP Biology
Chapter 8.4, 8.5 Enzymes Activation energy Breaking down large molecules requires an initial input of energy activation energy large biomolecules are stable must absorb energy to break bonds cellulose
More informationStudent Biochemistry I Homework III Due 10/13/04 64 points total (48 points based on text; 16 points for Swiss-PDB viewer exercise)
Biochemistry I Homework III Due 10/13/04 64 points total (48 points based on text; 16 points for Swiss-PDB viewer exercise) 1). 20 points total T or F; if false, provide a brief rationale as to why. Only
More informationChapter 6. Flow of energy through life. Chemical reactions of life. Examples. Examples. Chemical reactions & energy 9/7/2012. Enzymes & Metabolism
Flow of energy through life Chapter 6 Life is built on chemical reactions Enzymes & Metabolism Chemical reactions of life Examples Metabolism Forming bonds between molecules Dehydration synthesis Anabolic
More informationPoint total. Page # Exam Total (out of 90) The number next to each intermediate represents the total # of C-C and C-H bonds in that molecule.
This exam is worth 90 points. Pages 2- have questions. Page 1 is for your reference only. Honor Code Agreement - Signature: Date: (You agree to not accept or provide assistance to anyone else during this
More informationA Study on the Interactions of Trehalose with Model Folate Compounds
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects University of Tennessee Honors Program 5-2017 A Study on the Interactions
More information2/9/15 CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY BIOSC 10 ANNOUNCEMENTS 2/9 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW. Review Q3 (chapter 3- notes allowed!)
BIOSC 10 ANNOUNCEMENTS /9 Review Q3 (chapter 3- notes allowed!) Lecture: chapter 4 Wed: Quiz covering chapters 3-4 Next Wed (/18)- Exam 1 (chapters 1-4) Extra Credit: answer all study guide Q s (guide
More informationFolic Acid and vitamin B12
Folic Acid and vitamin B12 ILOs: by the end of this lecture, you will be able to: 1. Understand that vitamins are crucial nutrients that are important to health. 2. Know that folic acid and vitamin B12
More informationLecture 34. Carbohydrate Metabolism 2. Glycogen. Key Concepts. Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation
Lecture 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Glycogen Key Concepts Overview of Glycogen Metabolism Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen synthesis What mechanisms
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Practice Quiz 1 AP Bio Sept 2016 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen.
More information1- Which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Name: NetID: Exam 3 - Version 1 October 23, 2017 Dr. A. Pimentel Each question has a value of 4 points and there are a total of 160 points in the exam. However, the maximum score of this exam will be capped
More informationStudent Handout. green B 1. foam pieces. ) into a single unit to model the substrate in this reaction.
Student Handout Introduction Enzymes are specialized proteins that catalyze or speed up chemical reactions within cells. The substance upon which an enzyme acts is called a substrate. Substrates are small
More informationEnzymes. Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction. Parameters affecting Enzyme Catalysis. Enzyme Commission Number
SCBC203 Enzymes Jirundon Yuvaniyama, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Mahidol University Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction Free Energy A B + H 2 O A OH + B H Activation Energy Amount of
More informationReview of Energetics Intro
Review of Energetics Intro Learning Check The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be Created Destroyed Converted All of the above Learning Check The second law of thermodynamics essentially
More informationEnergy and catalysts. Enzymes. Contents. 1 Energy and catalysts 2 Enzymes
Contents 1 Energy and catalysts 2 Enzymes Energy and catalysts In Biological systems, energy is roughly defined as the capacity to do work. Molecules are held together by electrons. Breaking and building
More informationLecture 12 Enzymes: Inhibition
Lecture 12 Enzymes: Inhibition Reading: Berg, Tymoczko & Stryer, 6th ed., Chapter 8, pp. 225-236 Problems: pp. 238-239, chapter 8, #1, 2, 4a,b, 5a,b, 7, 10 Jmol structure: cyclooxygenase/non-steroidal
More informationBiochem sheet (5) done by: razan krishan corrected by: Shatha Khtoum DATE :4/10/2016
Biochem sheet (5) done by: razan krishan corrected by: Shatha Khtoum DATE :4/10/2016 Note about the last lecture: you must know the classification of enzyme Sequentially. * We know that a substrate binds
More informationMicrobial Metabolism (Chapter 5) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus
Microbial Metabolism (Chapter 5) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Primary Source for figures and content: Tortora, G.J. Microbiology An Introduction
More informationEnzymes Topic 3.6 & 7.6 SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS!!!!!!!
Enzymes Topic 3.6 & 7.6 SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS!!!!!!! Key Words Enzyme Substrate Product Active Site Catalyst Activation Energy Denature Enzyme-Substrate Complex Lock & Key model Induced fit model
More informationGENERAL THOUGHTS ON REGULATION. Lecture 16: Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery REGULATION IS KEY TO VIABILITY
GENERAL THOUGHTS ON REGULATION Lecture 16: Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2004 1). Enzymes slow down as product accumulates 2). Availability of substrates determines
More informationChapter 10. Regulatory Strategy
Chapter 10 Regulatory Strategy Regulation of enzymatic activity: 1. Allosteric Control. Allosteric proteins have a regulatory site(s) and multiple functional sites Activity of proteins is regulated by
More informationTHIS IS A NEW SPECIFICATION MODIFIED LANGUAGE
THIS IS A NEW SPECIFICATION ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY GCE BIOLOGY Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health F212 * OCE / 2 3957* Candidates answer on the Question Paper OCR Supplied Materials: Insert (inserted)
More informationSurname. Number OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY GCE F212 BIOLOGY. Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health
Candidate Forename Centre Number Candidate Surname Candidate Number OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY GCE F212 BIOLOGY Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health TUESDAY 12 JANUARY
More informationThe building blocks of life.
The building blocks of life. All the functions of the cell are based on chemical reactions. the building blocks of organisms BIOMOLECULE MONOMER POLYMER carbohydrate monosaccharide polysaccharide lipid
More informationObjectives. Carbon Bonding. Carbon Bonding, continued. Carbon Bonding
Biochemistry Table of Contents Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules. Identify functional groups in biological
More informationBiochemistry Department. Level 1 Lecture No : 3 Date : 1 / 10 / Enzymes kinetics
Biochemistry Department Level 1 Lecture No : 3 Date : 1 / 10 / 2017 Enzymes kinetics 1 Intended Learning Outcomes By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to: 1.Understand what is meant by
More informationCHEM 527 SECOND EXAM FALL 2006
CEM 527 SECD EXAM FALL 2006 YUR AME: TES: 1. Where appropriate please show work if in doubt show it anyway. 2. Pace yourself you may want to do the easier questions first. 3. Please note the point value
More informationENZYMES: CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE
ENZYMES: CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE Enzymes - catalysts of biological reactions Accelerate reactions by a millions fold Common features for enzymes and inorganic catalysts: 1. Catalyze only thermodynamically
More informationAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 1 High energy bonds ATP adenosine triphosphate N NH 2 N -O O P O O P O- O- O O P O- O CH 2 H O H N N adenine phosphoanhydride bonds (~) H OH ribose H OH Phosphoanhydride bonds
More informationLecture 6: Allosteric regulation of enzymes
Chem*3560 Lecture 6: Allosteric regulation of enzymes Metabolic pathways do not run on a continuous basis, but are regulated according to need Catabolic pathways run if there is demand for ATP; for example
More informationAmino acids. Side chain. -Carbon atom. Carboxyl group. Amino group
PROTEINS Amino acids Side chain -Carbon atom Amino group Carboxyl group Amino acids Primary structure Amino acid monomers Peptide bond Peptide bond Amino group Carboxyl group Peptide bond N-terminal (
More informationMicrobiology - Problem Drill 16: Antibiotics. Question No. 1 of 10. Question. Feedback. Question
Microbiology - Problem Drill 16: Antibiotics No. 1 of 10 1. An effective chemotherapeutic drug should have. (A) Low therapeutic index (B) More toxicity (C) Selective toxicity (D) Mutation inducing properties
More information/ The following functional group is a. Aldehyde c. Carboxyl b. Ketone d. Amino
Section A: Multiple Choice Select the answer that best answers the following questions. Please write your selected choice on the line provided, in addition to circling the answer. /25 1. The following
More informationTerminology-Amino Acids
Enzymes 1 2 Terminology-Amino Acids Primary Structure: is a polypeptide (large number of aminoacid residues bonded together in a chain) chain of amino acids linked with peptide bonds. Secondary Structure-
More informationIII. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular
III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways
More informationDrug Discovery through Enzyme Inhibition and Inactivation
Drug Discovery through Enzyme Inhibition and Inactivation Learning outcomes The student will be able to: List the types of enzyme inhibitors Describe the mechanism of enzyme catalysis and drug resistance
More informationBiology Chapter 2 Review
Biology Chapter 2 Review Vocabulary: Define the following words on a separate piece of paper. Element Compound Ion Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Molecule Hydrogen Bon Cohesion Adhesion Solution Solute Solvent
More informationFigure 1 Original Advantages of biological reactions being catalyzed by enzymes:
Enzyme basic concepts, Enzyme Regulation I III Carmen Sato Bigbee, Ph.D. Objectives: 1) To understand the bases of enzyme catalysis and the mechanisms of enzyme regulation. 2) To understand the role of
More information3/1/2011. Enzymes. Enzymes and Activation Energy. Enzymes Enzyme Structure and Action. Chapter 4 Outline. Enzymes
Free content 3/1/2011 Chapter 4 Outline Enzymes as catalysts Control of enzyme activity Bioenergetics Enzymes 4-2 4-3 Enzymes Enzymes - function as biological catalysts permit reactions to occur rapidly
More informationREGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY. Medical Biochemistry, Lecture 25
REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY Medical Biochemistry, Lecture 25 Lecture 25, Outline General properties of enzyme regulation Regulation of enzyme concentrations Allosteric enzymes and feedback inhibition
More informationHuman Biochemistry. Enzymes
Human Biochemistry Enzymes Characteristics of Enzymes Enzymes are proteins which catalyze biological chemical reactions In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam 3 BIOL 1406, Fall 2012 HCC Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY I HOMEWORK III DUE 10/15/03 66 points total + 2 bonus points = 68 points possible Swiss-PDB Viewer Exercise Attached
BIOCHEMISTRY I HOMEWORK III DUE 10/15/03 66 points total + 2 bonus points = 68 points possible Swiss-PDB Viewer Exercise Attached 1). 20 points total T or F (2 points each; if false, briefly state why
More informationAnas Kishawi. Zaid Emad. Nafez abu tarboush
24 Anas Kishawi Zaid Emad Nafez abu tarboush Hello everybody, this sheet is done according to Dr. Nafith s lecture so try to use his slides for the best understanding, and good luck. WAYS OF CHANGING THE
More informationBiology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam
Biology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam Name: Water: 1. The bond between water molecules is a (n) a. ionic bond b. covalent bond c. polar covalent bond d. hydrogen bond 2. The water properties: good solvent,
More informationChapter 5. The Working Cell. Lecture by Richard L. Myers
Chapter 5 The Working Cell PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Richard L. Myers MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
More informationMargaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003
Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery ENZYME-SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS THE LOCK & KEY MODEL Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 A perfect match between enzyme and substrate can explain enzyme specificity
More informationAn Introduction to Enzyme Structure and Function
An Introduction to Enzyme Structure and Function Enzymes Many reactions in living systems are similar to laboratory reactions. 1. Reactions in living systems often occur with the aid of enzymes. 2. Enzymes
More informationBIOL 158: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II
BIOL 158: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY II Lecture 5: Vitamins and Coenzymes Lecturer: Christopher Larbie, PhD Introduction Cofactors bind to the active site and assist in the reaction mechanism Apoenzyme is an
More informationFoundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 8 An Introduction to Microbial Metabolism Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationChapter Three (Biochemistry)
Chapter Three (Biochemistry) 1 SECTION ONE: CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON BONDING All compounds can be classified in two broad categories: organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made
More informationCopy into Note Packet and Return to Teacher Section 3 Chemistry of Cells
Copy into Note Packet and Return to Teacher Section 3 Chemistry of Cells Objectives Summarize the characteristics of organic compounds. Compare the structures and function of different types of biomolecules.
More informationEnzymes. Enzymes : are protein catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being changed in the overall process.
Enzymes Enzymes Enzymes : are protein catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being changed in the overall process. All reactions in the body are mediated by enzymes A + B E C A, B: substrate
More informationReview of Biochemistry
Review of Biochemistry Chemical bond Functional Groups Amino Acid Protein Structure and Function Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Each amino acids in a protein contains a amino group, - NH 2,
More informationBACKGROUND INFORMATION:
BIOLOGY 12 ENZYMES NAME: BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Energy: is defined as the ability to do or bring about change. A living organism must constantly perform work in order to maintain its organization, to
More informationExam 3 Fall 2015 Dr. Stone 8:00. V max = k cat x E t. ΔG = -RT lnk eq K m + [S]
Exam 3 Fall 2015 Dr. Stone 8:00 Name There are 106 possible points (6 bonus points) on this exam. There are 8 pages. v o = V max x [S] k cat = kt e - ΔG /RT V max = k cat x E t ΔG = -RT lnk eq K m + [S]
More informationInhibition of enzymatic activity
Inhibition of enzymatic activity Inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the rate of enzymatic reactions. Activators are chemicals that increase the rate of enzymatic reactions Inhibition may be a. irreversible
More informationCHAPTER 2- ENZYMES PROTEINS B. AMINO ACID- 10/4/2016
CHAPTER 2- ENZYMES BIOL. 1 AB KENNEDY PROTEINS A. DEFINITION- LARGE MACROMOLECULES MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, AND SULFUR THEIR PRIMARY BUILDING BLOCK IS THE AMINO ACID THEY FUNCTION AS
More informationThe Carbon Atom (cont.)
Organic Molecules Organic Chemistry The chemistry of the living world. Organic Molecule a molecule containing carbon and hydrogen Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell and can share electrons with
More informationFinal Exam Chemistry 391 Structural Biochemistry Fall Do not open the exam until ready to begin! Rules of the Game:
Name Practice for 2018 Final Exam Chemistry 391 Structural Biochemistry Fall 2016 Do not open the exam until ready to begin! ules of the Game: This is a take-home Exam. The exam is due on Thursday, December
More informationCarboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading Study Problems Key Concepts and Skills Lecture Topics: Structures and reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Reading: Wade chapter 21, sections 21-1- 21-16 Study Problems: 21-45, 21-46, 21-48, 21-49, 21-50, 21-53, 21-56, 21-58, 21-63 Key Concepts and Skills: Interpret the spectra of
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY Unit 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #7 (Chapter 8.4) Enzymes. A. Is this reaction dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis?
AP BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY Unit 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #7 (Chapter 8.4) NAME DATE PERIOD Enzymes 8.4 1. Enzymes are an important type of protein. For now, use this sketch to review what you know about enzymes.
More informationExamination I PHRM 836 Biochemistry for Pharmaceutical Sciences II September 30, 2014
Examination I PHRM 836 Biochemistry for Pharmaceutical Sciences II September 30, 2014 PHRM 836 Exam I - 1 Name: Instructions 1. Check your exam to make certain that it has 10 pages including this cover
More informationLECTURE 4: REACTION MECHANISM & INHIBITORS
LECTURE 4: REACTION MECHANISM & INHIBITORS Chymotrypsin 1 LECTURE OUTCOMES After mastering the present lecture materials, students will be able to 1. to explain reaction mechanisms of between enzyme and
More informationWater: 1. The bond between water molecules is a(n) a. ionic bond b. covalent bond c. polar covalent bond d. hydrogen bond
Biology 12 - Biochemistry Practice Exam KEY Water: 1. The bond between water molecules is a(n) a. ionic bond b. covalent bond c. polar covalent bond d. hydrogen bond 2. The water properties: good solvent,
More informationTable of contents. Author's preface. Part 1: Structure and function of enzymes
Author's preface xvii Part 1: Structure and function of enzymes 1 An introduction to enzymes 1.1 What are enzymes 3 1.2 A brief history of enzymes 3 1.3 The naming and classification of enzymes 4 1.3.1
More informationLecture 17: Nitrogen metabolism 1. Urea cycle detoxification of NH 3 2. Amino acid degradation
Lecture 17: Nitrogen metabolism 1. Urea cycle detoxification of NH 3 2. Amino acid degradation Reference material Biochemistry 4 th edition, Mathews, Van Holde, Appling, Anthony Cahill. Pearson ISBN:978
More information