4/7/2011. Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry. Structural Formulas. 3. Petroleum Products

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1 Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry Carbon Bonds Alkanes Petroleum Products Isomers Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Benzene Polymers Carbohydrates Photosynthesis Lipids Proteins Soil Nitrogen Nucleic Acids Hydrocarbon Groups Origin of Life Petroleum Products Polymerization-the making of plastics Vinyl 4 Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon. The general properties of carbon compounds are: 1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes. 2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow. 3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated. 4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures Petroleum Products Petroleum Products Fractional distillation Catalytic cracking Modern cracking uses zeolites as the catalyst. Alkanes or Hydrocarbons Methane 1 carbon Ethane 2 carbons Propane 3 carbons Butane 4 carbons Pentane 5 carbons Hexane 6 carbons Heptane 7 carbons Octane 8 carbons 3 6 1

2 Table 13.1 Alcohols Ethanol 2 carbons Propanol 3 carbons Butanol 4 carbons Pentanol 5 carbons Hexanole 6 carbons Heptanol 7 carbons Octanol 8 carbons 7 10 Alkenes Ethene 2 carbons Propene 3 carbons Butene 4 carbons Pentene 5 carbons Hexene 6 carbons Heptene 7 carbons Octene 8 carbons Alkynes Acetylene 2 carbons Propyne 3 carbons Butyne 4 carbons Pentyne 5 carbons Hexyne 6 carbons Heptyne 7 carbons Octyne 9 carbons Ethers oxygen in the middle Aldehydes Double bond O with H on end 8 11 Fig. 13.9, etc. Acetylene gas welding and cutting. Ketones Double bond O in middle Carboxylic Acids Double bond O with OH

3 13.7 Benzene Aromatic compounds Amines NH 2 on end Esters Double bond O with O both in middle 13 Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain benzene rings. 16 Table Polymers A polymer is a long chain of simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling Isomers Table 13.3 Optical Isomers m19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm Structural Isomers at/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated compounds have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more reactive than saturated compounds, which have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes and similar compounds)

4 13-10 Polymers Polysaccharides.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers. 19 Sucrose Lactose Maltose Amylopectin Polymers Polysaccharides.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a nostick surface in cookware. 20 Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest 23 cellulose in plants Carbohydrates Photosynthesis D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose D-Glucose (an aldose) α-d-glucose β-d-glucose β-d-glucose (chair form)

5 13.12 Photosynthesis Proteins The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure in proteins: On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be as flexible as a simple hydrocarbon chain. Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by bending bonds, and the normal tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds: Lipids Soil Nitrogen Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Lipids Nucleic Acids. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation

6 Origin of Life What is the primary product we get from oil? gasoline 2. Give an example of an alcohol. CH 3 OH with 8 carbons? octane 4. What is another name for sugars? carbohydrates 5. Give an example of a polysaccharide. Cellulose, starch, sucrose or table sugar What is the primary product we get from oil? 2. Give an example of an alcohol. with 8 carbons? 4. What is another name for sugars? 5. Give an example of a polysaccharide. 1. What are 3 products we get from oil? 2. Give an example of a polymer. with 4 carbons? 4. What is another name for carbohydrates? 5. Give an example of a lipid What are 3 products we get from oil? 2. Give an example of a polymer. with 4 carbons? butane 4. What is another name for carbohydrates? sugars 5. Give an example of a lipid. soap, cholesterol