Chapter 3: Cells. I. Overview
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1 Chapter 3: Cells I. Overview A. Characteristics 1. Basic structural/functional unit 2. Diameter is too small to see by the naked eye 3. Can be over 3 feet long 4. Trillions of cells in over 200 basic types B. General structure 1. Nucleus: control center of cell 2. Cytoplasm: viscous fluid that fills cell 3. Organelles: structures that perform specific functions
2 4. Plasma membrane: outermost boundary of cell II. Plasma membrane (also called cell membrane) A. Describes the outer border of a cell 1. Separates the two main fluid compartments a. Intracellular: fluid within the cell b. Extracellular: fluid outside the cell B. Fluid mosaic model 1. Membrane structure a. Phospholipids bilayer 1) Polar heads: 2) Fatty acid tails:
3 3) Cholesterol: stabilizes the membrane 4) Diagram: 2. Membrane proteins: peripheral and integral a. Proteins float in a sea of phospholipids b. Peripheral: attached to the surface of the bilayer, inner or outer 1) Functions c. Integral: inserted into bilayer 1) Functions C. Specializations of plasma membrane
4 1. Microvilli: finger-like extensions 2. Cell to cell junctions: most cells are tightly bound together a. Tight junctions: integral proteins are fused together b. Desmosomes: short linker proteins hold membranes together c. Gap junctions: protein tubes called connexons are found between cells D. Plasma membrane functions 1. Definitions a. Interstitial fluid: fluid between cells b. Semi permeable: only select substances pass through 2. Membrane transport a. Passive processes: do not require energy 1) Diffusion: movement of substances down it s concentration gradient
5 a) Simple diffusion: small substances move directly through bilayer b) Facilitated diffusion: diffusion using a carrier protein c) Osmosis (special case): simple diffusion of H2O
6 (1) Osmotic pressure: (osmometer diagram) (2) Tonicity: the ability of solution to change the shape of cell by altering intracellular H2O level (a) Isotonic (b) Hypertonic (c) Hypotonic (d) Examples: 2) Filtration: a pressure gradient pushes fluid through a membrane
7 b. Active processes: require energy 1) Active transport: Na + /K + pump 2) Vesicular (bulk) transport: Transport of large quantities of material a) Exocytosis: exit the cell b) Endocytosis (1) Phagocytosis: cell eating (2) Pinocytosis: cell drinking
8 3. Membrane potential: voltage is generated across a membrane a. Voltage: is defined as the separation of charged particles b. Diagram: III. Cytoplasm (cell forming material) A. Terminology 1. Cytosol: viscous semitransparent fluid 2. Organelles: little organs" 3. Inclusions: stored substances B. Organelles (membranous and non-membranous) 1. Mitochondria: "powerhouse" of cell - provide most of the ATP 2. Ribosomes: protein factories
9 3. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): sac-like network of membranes a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum: (RER) b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: (SER) 4. Golgi: a flattened stack of sac-like membranes a. Processes proteins from the E.R. b. Forms the secretory vesicles for protein export 5. Lysosomes: "suicide pack" of cell
10 6. Cytoskeleton: structural internal and external protein support a. Microtubules: hollow protein tubes b. Microfilaments: thin strands of protein c. Intermediate filaments: tough proteins 7. Centrioles: made of microtubules C. Cellular extensions formed of microtubules 1. Cilia: hair-like extensions that move things 2. Flagella: only found in sperm cell tail
11 IV. Nucleus A. Nuclear envelope: double membrane B. Nucleoli: site of rrna synthesis C. Chromatin: uncoiled chromosomes (DNA) plus protein 1. Chromosomes tightly coiled chromatin (DNA) V. Cell growth and reproduction A. The cell life cycle: 2 main phases: interphase and cell division 1. Interphase (G1, S, G2): the time from cell formation to cell division a. DNA Synthesis (replication) during S phase 1) DNA uncoils 2) Enzyme breaks H-bonds between DNA strands 3) DNA polymerase builds the new DNA strands
12 4) Diagram of DNA synthesis (replication) 2. Cell division: essential for body growth and repair a. Divided into mitosis and cytokinesis 1) Mitosis: (division of the nucleus) a) Prophase b) Metaphase
13 c) Anaphase d) Telophase 2) Cytokinesis: (division of the cytoplasm) VI. Protein synthesis
14 A. Terminology 1. Gene: segment of DNA coding for 1 RNA 2. Codon (triplet): specifies the placement of a single amino acid 3. Typical protein: contains amino acids B. Types of RNA (3) 1. rrna (ribosomal): forms the large and small subunits of ribosome a. Ribosome: the workbench for protein synthesis 2. mrna (messenger) 3. trna (transfer) C. 2 main steps in protein synthesis: transcription and translation 1. Transcription
15 2. Translation a. Diagram of translation 1) Start codon: is always AUG in every protein produced 2) Stop codons: several, but we will use UAA and UGA
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18 b. Polyribosome VII. Extracellular materials: Substances found outside the cell A. Body fluids 1. Extracellular fluid: all fluid outside cells a. Interstitial fluid: specifically between body cells b. Plasma: the fluid part of blood c. CSF: cerebrospinal fluid B. Extracellular matrix: protein or polysaccharide substances that help hold the body together
The Study of Cells The diversity of the cells of the body The following figure shows the proportion of cell size of the variety of cells in the body
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