Biological Chemistry. Is biochemistry fun? - Find it out!

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1 Biological Chemistry Is biochemistry fun? - Find it out! 1. Key concepts Outline 2. Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions 3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids 5. Proteins 6. Nucleic Acids Key Concepts: 1. Organic compounds have carbon atoms to which hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other atoms are attached 2. Cells put together large biological molecules from smaller organic compounds Monomer (one unit) & Polymer (many units) 3. Glucose and other simple sugars are carbohydrates (monomers monosaccharides; Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides)

2 Key Concepts: 4. Lipids are all water insoluble Lipids include neutral fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids 5. Proteins have diverse roles forming structures, enzymes, transporters, body defenses, and help in movement 6. DNA and RNA are the basis of inheritance and reproduction Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions Condensation (Dehydration) Hydrolysis Carbohydrates Simple sugars Monosaccharides 6 Carbon sugars Glucose Fructose

3 Carbohydrates Disaccharides Sucrose Lactose Formed by condensation reactions Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin- polymer of glucose with nitrogen Cellulose Glycogen Carbohydrates Bonding patterns between glucose monomers in cellulose

4 Scanning Electron Micrograph of a Tick Chitin Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

5 Lipids Water insoluble Reservoirs of energy Structural materials Cell membrane Types of Lipids Neutral fats Phospholipids Waxes Steroids Fatty Acids Hydrogen & Carbons Carboxyl group (- COOH) Unsaturated One or more double bonds Saturated Single bonds Neutral fats Three fatty acids and a glycerol Condensation Reactions Body s most abundant lipid Functions Energy reservoir Insulation Triglycerides

6 Triglyceride-Protected Penguins Triglyceride-Protected a Bear Butter Brown bear Phospholipids and Steroids Phospholipids In cell membranes Glycerol backbone Two fatty acids Hydrophobic tail Phosphate group Hydrophilic head (water soluble)

7 Steroids Steroids No fatty acid tails Four carbon rings Cholesterol in animal tissues Steroids(hormones) Cholesterol Waxes Long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings Cover plant parts Help conserve water Fend off parasites Animals Protect (Waterproof) Proteins Amino Acids and the Primary Structure of Proteins Enzymes Structures Transport Nutritious Hormones Immune system From a pool of 20 amino acids

8 Structure of Amino Acids 1. Central carbon atom 2. An amino group 3. A carboxyl group 4. A hydrogen atom 5. One or more atoms R Group Structural Formulas for Some Amino Acids Structural Formulas for Some Amino Acids

9 Structural Formulas for Some Amino Acids Primary structure of proteins Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids Second Level of Protein Structure Secondary structure - regional shapes (small area)

10 Third and Fourth Level of Protein Structure Tertiary structure - 3 D shape of a polypeptide Additional folding of secondary structure Quaternary structure of the Protein 3 D conformation Third and Fourth Level Structures hemoglobin Proteins Bighorn sheep

11 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Sugar Ribose or Deoxyribose Phosphate group Bases Single or double carbon rings with nitrogen In DNA and RNA The Four Kinds of Nucleotides in DNA 1. Double strand of nucleotides 2. Twisted helically 3. Hydrogen bonds 4. Genetic information DNA

12 In Conclusion 1.Living cells assemble organic compounds 2.The building blocks are amino acids, nucleotides, simple sugars, and fatty acids 3.Complex carbohydrates are energy storage forms and structural materials In Conclusion 4.Lipids are used as energy storage and structural components 5.Proteins are made of amino acids which form structures, enzymes, transport, movement, and are part of the immune system 6.Nucleic acids are the basis of inheritance and reproduction

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