BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 7: Membrane Structure and Function: Life at the Edge
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1 BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 7: Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge
2 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge CONCEPTS: 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability 7.3 Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment 7.4 Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients 7.5 Bulk transprt acrss the plasma membrane ccurs by excytsis and endcytsis Descriptive term regarding the structures f the plasma membrane Descriptive term regarding the functins f the plasma membrane
3 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins The main macrmlecules in membranes are lipids and prteins, but carbhydrates are als imprtant. The mst abundant lipids are phsphlipids. Phsphlipids and mst ther membrane cnstituents are amphipathic mlecules, which have bth hydrphbic and hydrphilic regins.
4 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membrane mdels have evlved t fit new data. The structural arrangement f phsphlipids and prteins in bilgical membranes is described by the fluid msaic mdel. In this mdel, the membrane is a fluid structure with a msaic f varius prteins embedded in r attached t a duble layer (bilayer) f phsphlipids.
5 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are Fluid Membrane mlecules are held in place by relatively weak hydrphbic interactins. Mst f the lipids and sme prteins drift laterally in the plane f the membrane but rarely flip-flp frm ne phsphlipid layer t the ther. The lateral mvements f phsphlipids are rapid, abut 2 µm per secnd.
6 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are Fluid Membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature. As temperatures cl, membranes can transitin frm a fluid state t a slid state as the phsphlipids pack mre clsely. Membrane fluidity is als influenced by the cmpnents f the membrane. Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are mre fluid that thse dminated by saturated fatty acids because kinks in the unsaturated fatty acid tails at the lcatins f the duble bnds prevent tight packing
7 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are Fluid Membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature. As temperatures cl, membranes can transitin frm a fluid state t a slid state as the phsphlipids pack mre clsely. Membrane fluidity is als influenced by the cmpnents f the membrane. Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are mre fluid that thse dminated by saturated fatty acids because kinks in the unsaturated fatty acid tails at the lcatins f the duble bnds prevent tight packing Chlesterl helps t maintain a balance f fluidity
8 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are msaics f structure and functin A membrane is a cllage (msaic) f different prteins embedded in the fluid matrix f the lipid bilayer. Fr example, mre than 50 kinds f prteins have been fund in the plasma membranes f red bld cells. Prteins determine mst f the membrane s specific functins. The plasma membrane and the membranes f the varius rganelles each have unique cllectins f prteins.
9 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are msaics f structure and functin There are tw majr ppulatins f membrane prteins: integral and peripheral Integral prteins penetrate the hydrphbic interir f the lipid bilayer, ften cmpletely spanning the membrane as transmembrane prteins. (b,c,d) Integral prteins are integrated with the membrane as they are synthesized in the RER.
10 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are msaics f structure and functin There are tw majr ppulatins f membrane prteins: integral and peripheral Integral prteins penetrate the hydrphbic interir f the lipid bilayer, ften cmpletely spanning the membrane as transmembrane prteins. (b,c,d) Other integral prteins extend partway int the hydrphbic interir. (a)
11 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are msaics f structure and functin There are tw majr ppulatins f membrane prteins: integral and peripheral Integral prteins penetrate the hydrphbic interir f the lipid bilayer, ften cmpletely spanning the membrane as transmembrane prteins. (b,c,d) Other integral prteins extend partway int the hydrphbic interir. (a) The hydrphbic regins embedded in the membrane s interir cnsist f stretches f nnplar amin acids, usually ciled int -helices. The hydrphilic regins f integral prteins are in cntact with the aqueus envirnment.
12 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are msaics f structure and functin There are tw majr ppulatins f membrane prteins: integral and peripheral Integral prteins penetrate the hydrphbic interir f the lipid bilayer, usually cmpletely spanning the membrane as transmembrane prteins. (b,c,d) Other integral prteins extend partway int the hydrphbic interir. (a) Integrins are transmembrane receptrs that assist in transducing signals frm the extracellular envirnment, t the inside f the cell
13 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are msaics f structure and functin Peripheral prteins are nt embedded in the lipid bilayer at all. Instead, peripheral prteins are lsely bund t the surface f the membrane, ften t integral prteins r fatty acid anchrs
14 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are msaics f structure and functin Peripheral prteins are nt embedded in the lipid bilayer at all. Instead, peripheral prteins are lsely bund t the surface f the membrane, ften t integral prteins r fatty acid anchrs On the cytplasmic side f the membrane, sme membrane prteins are attached t the cytskeletn. On the extracellular side f the membrane, sme membrane prteins attach t the fibers f the extracellular matrix. These attachments cmbine t give animal cells a strnger framewrk than the plasma membrane itself culd prvide
15 Membrane Structure and Functin: Cellular membranes are fluid msaics f lipids and prteins 7.1 Membranes are msaics f structure and functin The prteins f the plasma membrane have six majr functins: 1. Transprt f specific slutes int r ut f cells 2. Enzymatic activity, smetimes catalyzing ne f a number f steps f a metablic pathway 3. Signal transductin, relaying hrmnal messages t the cell 4. Cell-cell recgnitin, allwing ther prteins t attach tw adjacent cells tgether 5. Intercellular jining f adjacent cells with gap r tight junctins 6. Attachment t the cytskeletn and extracellular matrix, maintaining cell shape and stabilizing the lcatin f certain membrane prteins
16 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability Substances d nt mve acrss the barrier indiscriminately; membranes are selectively permeable The cell is able t take up many varieties f small mlecules and ins and exclude thers. Substances that mve thrugh the membrane d s at different rates
17 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability Mvement f a mlecule thrugh a membrane depends n the interactin f the mlecule with the hydrphbic interir f the membrane. Nnplar mlecules, such as sterids, hydrcarbns, are hydrphbic and can disslve in the lipid bilayer and crss easily, withut the assistance f membrane prteins. Small mlecules, like CO 2, and O 2, can als freely pass thrugh the plasma membrane The hydrphbic interir f the membrane impedes the direct passage f ins and plar mlecules, which are hydrphilic. An in, whether a charged atm r a mlecule, and its surrunding shell f water als have difficulty penetrating the hydrphbic interir f the membrane.
18 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability Prteins assist and regulate the transprt f ins and plar mlecules Cell membranes are permeable t specific ins and a variety f plar mlecules, which can avid cntact with the lipid prtin f the bilayer by passing thrugh transprt prteins that span the membrane. Sme transprt prteins called channel prteins have a hydrphilic channel that certain mlecules r ins can use as a tunnel thrugh the membrane.
19 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability The passage f water thrugh the membrane can be greatly facilitated by channel prteins knwn as aquaprins. Each aquaprin allws entry f as many as 3 billin (109) water mlecules per secnd, passing single file thrugh its central channel, which fits 10 at a time. Withut aquaprins, nly a tiny fractin f these water mlecules wuld pass thrugh the same area f the cell membrane in a secnd, s they greatly increase the rate f water mvement.
20 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability Transprt prteins are generally specific fr the substance that they translcate. Transprt prteins called carrier prteins bind t mlecules and change shape in rder t shuttle them acrss the membrane. These are mre cmplex than channel prteins
21 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability Transprt prteins are generally specific fr the substance that they translcate. Transprt prteins called carrier prteins bind t mlecules and change shape in rder t shuttle them acrss the membrane. These are mre cmplex than channel prteins Fr example, the glucse transprt prtein in the liver carries glucse int the cell but des nt transprt fructse, its structural ismer. The glucse transprter causes glucse t pass thrugh the membrane 50,000 times as fast as it wuld diffuse thrugh n its wn.
22 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.3 Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment Mlecules have thermal energy r heat, due t their cnstant mtin. One result f thermal mtin is diffusin, the mvement f mlecules f any substance t spread ut in the available space. The 2 nd Law f Thermdynamics explains the prperties f diffusin: Cncentrated mlecules with high kinetic energy have cnstant cllisins. Cllisins transfer thermal mtin int the mvement f clliding mlecules away frm each ther. As a result, they spread ut (diffuse), ging frm rganized t disrganized Participating mlecules g t a lwer thermal energy state as the energy is used t mve the clliding mlecules away frm each ther (2 nd Law)
23 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.3 Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment In the absence f ther frces, a substance diffuses frm where it is mre cncentrated t where it is less cncentrated, dwn its cncentratin gradient N wrk must be dne t mve substances dwn the cncentratin gradient; diffusin is a spntaneus prcess, needing n input f energy. Each substance diffuses dwn its wn cncentratin gradient, independent f the cncentratin gradients f ther substances
24 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.3 Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment The diffusin f a substance acrss a bilgical membrane is passive transprt because it requires n additin f energy frm the cell t make it happen. The cncentratin gradient itself represents ptential energy and drives diffusin Cncentrated mlecules in mtin have lts f kinetic energy! Their energy is used (thrugh cllisins) as mtin t mve away frm each ther Energy is nt lst, but used t mve mlecules t a less cncentrated area
25 Membrane Structure and Functin: Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment 7.3 Osmsis is the passive transprt f water Osmsis is the diffusin f water acrss a semipermeable membrane A semipermeable membrane allws water t pass, but nt larger mlecules (slutes) A slute is a substance disslved in anther substance (called a slvent)
26 Membrane Structure and Functin: Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment 7.3 Osmsis is the passive transprt f water Water can becme less cncentrated! The clustering f water mlecules arund hydrphilic slute mlecules makes sme f the water unavailable t participate in interactins with ther free water mlecules It is the difference in the free water cncentratin that is imprtant The additin f slute lwers the cncentratin f free water The water will diffuse frm a higher cncentratin twards the area f lwer cncentratin (side with slute)
27 Membrane Structure and Functin: Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment 7.3 Osmsis is the passive transprt f water Because smsis requires the presence f a semipermeable membrane, situatins invlving smsis will always have tw areas r sides An example wuld be the inside r utside f a cell The tw sides will either have the same r different slute cncentratins. A slutin that is higher in slute is called hypertnic A slutin that is lwer in slute is called hyptnic If bth slutins have equal slute they are called istnic Why will water always mve twards a hypertnic slutin?
28 Membrane Structure and Functin: Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment 7.3 Specific prteins facilitate the passive transprt f water and selected slutes Many plar mlecules and ins that are nrmally impeded by the lipid bilayer f the membrane diffuse passively with the help f transprt prteins that span the membrane. The passive mvement f mlecules dwn their cncentratin gradient with the help f transprt prteins is called facilitated diffusin Mst transprt prteins are very specific: They transprt sme substances but nt thers. Which f these examples are facilitated diffusin?
29 Membrane Structure and Functin: Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment 7.3 Specific prteins facilitate the passive transprt f water and selected slutes Tw types f transprt prteins facilitate the mvement f mlecules r ins acrss membranes: channel prteins and carrier prteins. Channel prteins prvide hydrphilic crridrs fr the passage f specific mlecules r ins. Fr example, water channel prteins, aquaprins, greatly facilitate the diffusin f water.
30 Membrane Structure and Functin: Passive transprt is diffusin f a substance acrss a membrane with n energy investment 7.3 Specific prteins facilitate the passive transprt f water and selected slutes Tw types f transprt prteins facilitate the mvement f mlecules r ins acrss membranes: channel prteins and carrier prteins. Channel prteins prvide hydrphilic crridrs fr the passage f specific mlecules r ins. Fr example, water channel prteins, aquaprins, greatly facilitate the diffusin f water. Carrier prteins underg a cnfrmatinal (shape) change when transprting substances Carrier prteins can participate in facilitated diffusin (passive transprt) r active transprt
31 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.4 Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients Sme transprt prteins can mve slutes acrss membranes against their cncentratin gradient, frm the side where they are less cncentrated t the side where they are mre cncentrated. Mvement against a cncentratin gradient requires input f energy and is called Active Transprt The transprt prteins that mve slutes against a cncentratin gradient are all carrier prteins, rather than channel prteins.
32 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.4 Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients This active transprt requires the cell t expend metablic energy (ATP) and enables a cell t maintain internal cncentratins f small mlecules that wuld therwise diffuse acrss the membrane. Cmpared with its surrundings, an animal cell needs a much higher cncentratin f ptassium ins and a much lwer cncentratin f sdium ins The plasma membrane helps maintain these steep gradients by pumping sdium ut f the cell and ptassium int the cell. Withut active transprt, sdium wuld flw diffuse int the cell
33 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.4 Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients ATP supplies the energy fr mst active transprt by transferring its terminal phsphate grup directly t the transprt prtein. (this is called phsphrylatin) This prcess can induce a cnfrmatinal change in the transprt prtein, translcating the bund slute acrss the membrane. The sdium-ptassium pump wrks this way in exchanging sdium ins (Na+) fr ptassium ins (K+) acrss the plasma membrane f animal cells. 1. Affinity fr Na+ is n inside
34 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.4 Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients ATP supplies the energy fr mst active transprt by transferring its terminal phsphate grup directly t the transprt prtein. (this is called phsphrylatin) This prcess can induce a cnfrmatinal change in the transprt prtein, translcating the bund slute acrss the membrane. The sdium-ptassium pump wrks this way in exchanging sdium ins (Na+) fr ptassium ins (K+) acrss the plasma membrane f animal cells. 1. Affinity fr Na+ is n inside 2. Na+ binding causes phsphrylatin (ATP)
35 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.4 Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients ATP supplies the energy fr mst active transprt by transferring its terminal phsphate grup directly t the transprt prtein. (this is called phsphrylatin) This prcess may induce a cnfrmatinal change in the transprt prtein, translcating the bund slute acrss the membrane. The sdium-ptassium pump wrks this way in exchanging sdium ins (Na+) fr ptassium ins (K+) acrss the plasma membrane f animal cells. 1. Affinity fr Na+ is n inside 2. Na+ binding causes phsphrylatin (ATP) 3. PO 4- affinity fr Na+ (shape change)
36 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.4 Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients ATP supplies the energy fr mst active transprt by transferring its terminal phsphate grup directly t the transprt prtein. (this is called phsphrylatin) This prcess may induce a cnfrmatinal change in the transprt prtein, translcating the bund slute acrss the membrane. The sdium-ptassium pump wrks this way in exchanging sdium ins (Na+) fr ptassium ins (K+) acrss the plasma membrane f animal cells. 1. Affinity fr Na+ is n inside 2. Na+ binding causes phsphrylatin (ATP) 3. PO 4- affinity fr Na+ (shape change) 4. Shape change raises K+ affinity utside K+ binding releases PO 4-!
37 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.4 Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients ATP supplies the energy fr mst active transprt by transferring its terminal phsphate grup directly t the transprt prtein. (this is called phsphrylatin) This prcess may induce a cnfrmatinal change in the transprt prtein, translcating the bund slute acrss the membrane. The sdium-ptassium pump wrks this way in exchanging sdium ins (Na+) fr ptassium ins (K+) acrss the plasma membrane f animal cells. 1. Affinity fr Na+ is n inside 2. Na+ binding causes phsphrylatin (ATP) 3. PO 4- affinity fr Na+ (shape change) 4. Shape change raises K+ affinity utside K+ binding releases PO 4-! 5. Return t nrmal: affinity fr K+ inside Affinity fr Na+ inside
38 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.4 Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients ATP supplies the energy fr mst active transprt by transferring its terminal phsphate grup directly t the transprt prtein. (this is called phsphrylatin) This prcess may induce a cnfrmatinal change in the transprt prtein, translcating the bund slute acrss the membrane. The sdium-ptassium pump wrks this way in exchanging sdium ins (Na+) fr ptassium ins (K+) acrss the plasma membrane f animal cells. 1. Affinity fr Na+ is n inside 2. Na+ binding causes phsphrylatin (ATP) 3. PO 4- affinity fr Na+ (shape change) 4. Shape change raises K+ affinity utside K+ binding releases PO 4-! 5. Return t nrmal: affinity fr K+ inside Affinity fr Na+ inside
39 Membrane Structure and Functin: Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients 7.4 Sme in pumps generate vltage acrss membranes All cells maintain a vltage acrss their plasma membranes. Vltage is electrical ptential energy resulting frm the separatin f ppsite charges. The cytplasm f a cell is negative in charge relative t the extracellular fluid because f an unequal distributin f catins and anins n the tw sides f the membrane. Much f the charge separatin is due t the actin f in pumps like the Na+ / K+ pump Because f this, the Na+ / K+ pump is called an electrgenic pump
40 Membrane Structure and Functin: Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients 7.4 Sme in pumps generate vltage acrss membranes The vltage acrss a membrane is called a membrane ptential The membrane ptential acts like a battery. Because the inside f the cell is negative cmpared with the utside, the membrane ptential favrs the passive transprt f catins int the cell and anins ut f the cell.
41 Membrane Structure and Functin: Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients 7.4 Sme in pumps generate vltage acrss membranes Tw cmbined frces (diffusin and membrane ptential), cllectively called the electrchemical gradient, drive the diffusin f ins acrss a membrane. One is a chemical frce based n an in s cncentratin gradient. The ther is an electrical frce based n the effect f the membrane ptential n the in s mvement These frces wrk tgether t mderate the passage f ins in and ut f the cell
42 Membrane Structure and Functin: Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients 7.4 In ctransprt, a membrane prtein cuples the transprt f tw slutes A single ATP-pwered pump that transprts a specific slute can indirectly drive the active transprt f several ther slutes in a mechanism called ctransprt. 1. A gradient (#1) is created thrugh active transprt
43 Membrane Structure and Functin: Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients 7.4 In ctransprt, a membrane prtein cuples the transprt f tw slutes A single ATP-pwered pump that transprts a specific slute can indirectly drive the active transprt f several ther slutes in a mechanism called ctransprt. As the slute that has been actively transprted diffuses back passively thrugh a transprt prtein, its mvement can be cupled with the active transprt f anther substance against its cncentratin (r electrchemical) gradient. 1. A gradient (#1) is created thrugh active transprt 2. Gradient #1 pwers the transprt f a secnd mlecule against its cncentratin gradient!
44 Membrane Structure and Functin: Active transprt uses energy t mve slutes against their gradients 7.4 In ctransprt, a membrane prtein cuples the transprt f tw slutes A single ATP-pwered pump that transprts a specific slute can indirectly drive the active transprt f several ther slutes in a mechanism called ctransprt. As the slute that has been actively transprted diffuses back passively thrugh a transprt prtein, its mvement can be cupled with the active transprt f anther substance against its cncentratin (r electrchemical) gradient. Plants cmmnly use the gradient f H+ generated by prtn pumps, which are nt technically part f the c-transprt prcess, but are cupled t drive the active transprt f amin acids, sugars, and ther nutrients int the cell. One specific transprt prtein cuples the diffusin f H+ and the transprt f sucrse int the cell.
45 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.5 Bulk transprt acrss the plasma membrane ccurs by excytsis and endcytsis Small slutes and water enter r leave the cell thrugh the lipid bilayer r by transprt prteins. Larger mlecules, such as plysaccharides and prteins, crss the membrane via packaging in vesicles in prcesses called excytsis and endcytsis Like active transprt, these prcesses require energy. In excytsis, a transprt vesicle budded frm the Glgi apparatus is mved by the cytskeletn t the plasma membrane. When the tw membranes cme in cntact, the bilayers fuse and spill the cntents t the utside Endcytsis is a functinal reverse f this prcess
46 Membrane Structure and Functin: Life at the Edge 7.5 Bulk transprt acrss the plasma membrane ccurs by excytsis and endcytsis Many secretry cells use excytsis t exprt prducts. Pancreatic cells secrete insulin int the bld by excytsis. Neurns use excytsis t release neurtransmitters that signal ther neurns r muscle cells. When plant cells are making walls, excytsis delivers prteins and certain carbhydrates frm Glgi vesicles t the utside f the cell.
47 Membrane Structure and Functin: Summary: Mdes f Transprt Passive Transprt Pwered by Chemical Gradient (simple diffusin) Pwered by Electrical Gradient (Membrane Ptential) N Prtein invlved Simple Diffusin Channel Prtein (n shape change) [facilitated transprt] Carrier Prtein (shape change) [facilitated transprt] These frces can act tgether r ppse each ther Active Transprt Pwered by ATP (against diffusin gradient) can be assisted by c-transprt Carrier Prtein Endcytsis r Excytsis Facilitated Diffusin is a term t describe passive transprt that is aided by prtiens
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