Biochemistry. Chapter 6

Transcription

1 Biochemistry Chapter 6

2 Game Plan for Today. - Collect your papers - Hand back quests - Go over Amoeba Sister Chart - Biochem Notes - Video

3 Carbohydrate Lab

4 Food Label Lab!

5 Testing For Carbohydrates Benedict's Solution Monosaccharides Iodine Polysaccharides

6 6.2 & 6.4

7 Objectives 1. SWBAT identify the three major types of macromolecules in our bodies. 2. SWBAT create a concept map. 3. SWBAT explain why our bodies need proteins, carbs, and fats.

8 6.4 Macromolecules of Life Organic Chemistry = The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. (Inorganic= no carbon)

9 6.4 Macromolecules of Life Carbon compounds can be found as straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

10 Macromolecules: large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.

11 Macromolecules Polymers molecules made from repeating units of identical (or nearly identical) compounds linked together by covalent bonds. These smaller units are called monomers

12 The 4 macromolecules are: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids

13

14 DO NOW! 1. Organic chemistry revolves around the element:. 2. Polymers are made of smaller subunits called:. 3. Name the four macromolecules of life:

15 Think - pair - share Quiz your partner on - Polymer - Macromolecule - Organic Chemistry

16 1. Carbohydrates Broken down into sources of energy Ex. Glucose! Ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen of 1:2:1 n(ch2o) N= # of CH2 in a chain Where there is a corner there is a carbon!*

17 Simple Carbs: Monosaccharide- Values of n ranging from three to seven Ex. Glucose (n=6) simple sugars! Disaccharide - Two monosaccharides joined together Ex. Lactose Complex Carbs: Polysaccharide- many monosaccharides joined together Ex. Glycogen (energy storage in muscle or liver)

18

19

20

21 Classify the following as mono, di, or polysaccharide: 1. C H O C H O

22 Monosaccharides and the body Glucose - blood sugar Insulin response: as glucose increases, our body releases insulin to decrease blood sugar Diabetes- difficulty with glucose homeostasis

23 Disaccharides and the body - Found in many foods you eat - Sucrose - becomes monosaccharides quickly

24 Disaccharides and the body Glucose + Glucose = Maltose Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

25 More about Polysaccharides Cellulose (fiber) - makes you regular, lowers cholesterol Glycogen- short term energy storage (in the liver) Starch long term carbohydrate storage

26 2. Lipids Made mostly of C and H Hydrophobic Used for energy storage and insulation Ex: Fats, Oils, and Waxes 3 types of lipids! Triglycerides Steroids (hormones) Phospholipids

27 Saturated vs. Unsaturated Triglycerides Saturated Fats Only Single bonds between the carbons Solid at room temperature (typically) Unhealthy Unsaturated Fats Double bonds between the carbons Liquid at room temperature (typically) Better than saturated fats

28

29 Click me

30 Saturated Fat Structural Differences State Source/examples Health Purpose Unsaturated Fat

31 Saturated Fat Unsaturated Fat Structural Differences All single bonds Some double bonds State Solid Fats Liquid Fats Source/examples Come from animals Comes from vegetables Health Less healthy More healthy Purpose Energy storage and insulation

32 Hydrogenated oil and trans fat why are they so bad for you?

33 Cholesterol (Hormone!) HDL Name Function Health Purpose LDL

34 Cholesterol (Hormone!) Name Function Health Purpose HDL LDL High density lipoproteins low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol from the transport cholesterol from the body to the liver for liver to the body breakdown and disposal good cholesterol bad cholesterol strengthens cell membranes

35 Phospholipids Makes up our cell membrane Phosphate, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails

36 Do Now What are carbs broken down into? What does this provide? If this compound isn t used, what is it stored as? Where is it stored? What are the purpose of lipids? Difference between Unsaturated and Saturated fats? What are HDL and LDL?

37 3. Proteins Monomers = amino acids There are 20 types of amino acids. We produce 10 of the 20! Central Carbon

38

39 Atoms that make up Amino Acids: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur! (CHONS) Amino acids are connected together through a PEPTIDE BOND.

40

41

42 Proteins in the Body structural - hair, collagen, muscle etc enzymes - speed up chemical reactions Involved in nearly every function of your body!

43

44 4. Nucleic Acids Store and transmit genetic information. Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.

45 Three types of Nucleic Acids DNA RNA ATP

46

47

48

49 6.2 - Chemical Reactions Chemical reaction -atoms or groups of atoms are reorganized into different substances. Chemical Reactions: - Production of heat or light - Formation of a gas, liquid, or solid

50 Parts of a Reaction Reaction- Molecules breaking or coming together Reactants- What goes in the reaction Products- What comes out of the reaction

51 Practice Identify the reactants and products!

52 Energy in Chemical Reactions Activation energy - minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to turn into products

53 Exothermic vs. Endothermic RXN Exothermic- releases heat energy - The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.

54 Exothermic vs. Endothermic RXN Endothermic - absorbs heat energy. - The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.

55

56 Think - pair - share Determine whether or not the following are Exothermic or Endothermic reactions: 1. combustion reactions of fuels 2. melting ice cubes 3. Nuclear Bomb 4. a candle flame 5. cooking an egg

57 DO NOW Please put all your group members names on the food label lab I will pick one from each group to collect! Please get your notebooks out

58 What are enzymes?

59 What do they do?

60

61 Enzymes continued

62 How do they work? A substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme. This forms an enzyme substrate complex. They then break or form bonds.

63 Enzymes Continued Anything that changes the shape of the active site stops the enzyme from working. Ways to denature an enzyme: ph Temperature

64 Quick! Label the parts of the reaction:

65 DO NOW Label the components of the energy diagram What type of reaction is this?

66 ph - Acids and Bases ph- Measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

67 Acids and Bases Acids- Release Hydrogen Ions (H+). Tastes Sour. Ex: HCl Bases- Release Hydroxide Ions (OH-). Taste Bitter. (a.k.a Alkaline) Ex: NaOH Neutral Number of H+ = Number of OH+

68

69

70

71 ph Paper: Indicates the number of H+ ions by means of a number value. Litmus Paper: Red Litmus Paper: Stays red in a Acid Turns Blue in a Base Blue Litmus Paper: Stays Blue in Base Turns Red in Acid

72 Buffers Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the ph within a particular range. Question: We want to keep our body fluids at a ph of Why do you think that is?

73 Neutralization Reactions When an acid and a base react to form water and a salt. It s Neutralized NaOH + HCl ---- H2O + NaCl Salt positive/negative ion. Na+ OH- H+ Cl-