Glycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Glycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4"

Transcription

1 Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4

2 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of glycolysis I. The hexokinase (HK) II. The phoshofructokinase (PFK) III. The pyruvate kinase They are regulatory enzymes which are regulated by the level of ATP in the cell

3 I- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1): The most important regulatory enzyme which catalyzes the first irreversible reaction unique to the glycolytic pathway (the committed step) Allosteric enzyme inhibited by elevated level of ATP, which:is the end product of glycolysis as well as it is substrate for PFK-1

4 I- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1): o Sigmoidal dependence of reaction rate on [fructose-6-p] is seen. o At high [ATP], PFK has lower affinity for the other substrate, fructose-6-p. ATP binds to inhibition site of PFK, and thereby decreases the activity of enzyme.

5 I- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1): AMP, present at significant levels only when there is extensive ATP hydrolysis, antagonizes effects of high ATP. AMP, ADP and Fructose 2, 6 biphosphate act as allosteric activators of PFK-1.

6 II- Hexokinase It is allosterically inhibited by its product Glucose 6 phosphate. In liver, glucokinase is inhibited by Fructose 6P and ATP (acts as a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme)

7 III- Pyruvate Kinase It is allosterically inhibited by ATP. ATP binding to the inhibitor site of PK decreases its ability to bind to PEP the substrate. It is also inhibited by Acetyl Coenzyme A and long chain fatty acid because they are source rich ATP which inhibits PK.

8 Hormonal regulation of glycolysis Insulin and Glucagon (secreted by the pancreas) are the main endocrine that modulate blood glucose levels and they act antagonistically Insulin is secreted in hyperglycemia and after carbohydrates feeding, it causes: 1. Induction for synthesis of glycolytic key enzyme 2. Activation of protein phosphatase 1 producing dephosphorylation and activation of glycolytic key enzymes

9 Hormonal regulation of glycolysis Glucagon is secreted in hypoglycemia or in CHO deficiency and it affects liver cells mainly as follows: 1. It acts as repressor of glycolytic key enzymes (PFK1, Pyruvate kinase, glucokinase) 2. It produces phosphorylation of specific enzymes leading to inactivation of glycolytic key enzymes

10 Hormonal regulation of glycolysis

11 Inhibitors of glycolysis 2-deoxyglucose: inhibits hexokinase Mercury and iodoacetate: inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-p dehydrogenase Fluoride: inhibits enolase by removal of Mg 2+ as Mg fluoride Arsenate: is uncoupler of oxidation and phosphorylation, it forms 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate which interferes with ATP formation at substrate level

12 Pasteur Effect It is the inhibition of glycolysis by the presence of oxygen Explanation: Aerobic oxidation of glucose produces increased amount of ATP and citrate. Those inhibit PFK1.

13 Mitochondrial pathway for glucose oxidation (TCA cycle) BCH 340 lecture 5

14 Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate (the product of glycolysis) passes by special pyruvate transporter into mitochondria which proceeds as follows: 1. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. 2. Acetyl CoA is then oxidized completely to CO 2, H 2 O through Krebs' cycle G first stage cytosol glycolytic pathway Pyr Mitochodria second stage Pyr CH 3 CO~SCoA third stage CO2 + H 2 O+ATP TAC

15 Oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA COO - C CH 3 pyruvate NAD + NADH + H + O + HSCoA H 3 C C~SCoA + CO 2 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Acetyl CoA Irreversible reaction catalyzed by a multi enzyme complex associated within the inner mitochondrial membrane known as Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O

16 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex This enzyme complex contains 3 subunits, which catalyze the reaction in 3 steps: Es E 1 pyruvate dehydrogenase E 2 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase E 3 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase HSCoA NAD +

17 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex This enzyme needs 5 coenzymes (all are vitamin B complex derivatives) Thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP (VB 1 ) HSCoA (pantothenic acid) cofactors lipoic Acid NAD + FAD (VB 2 ) HSCoA NAD +

18 Regulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E and product accumulation: 1 2 allosteric inhibitors: ATP, acetyl CoA, NADH, FA Low levels E: allosteric activators: AMP, CoA, NAD +,Ca 2+ Pyruvate dehydrogenase (Active(active dephosphorylated form) form) Pi pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase H 2 O ATP pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase ADP 3 Ca 2+,insulin pyruvate dehydrogenase P (Inactive (inactive phosphorylated form) form) acetyl CoA, NADH ADP, NAD + Regulation of E1 by covalent modification through phosphorylation

19 Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Irreversible reaction must be tightly controlled-- three ways Allosteric Inhibition Inhibited by products: acetyl-coa and NADH Inhibited by high ATP Allosteric activation by AMP Ratio ATP/AMP important

20 Covalent modification (hormonal regulation): Through Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of E1 PDH exists in two forms: Phosphorylated (inactive): Protein kinase enzyme converts active into inactive enzyme Dephosphorylated (active): Phosphatase enzyme converts inactive into active NB: In vitro inhibition of PDH: Arsenic Mercury

21 Figure: Metabolic sources and fates of acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA is an important molecule in metabolism used in many biochemical reactions Acetyl CoA functions as: 1. input to Krebs Cycle, where the acetate moiety is further degraded to CO 2 2. donor of acetate for synthesis of FA, ketone bodies, & cholesterol citric acid cycle GLUCOSE PYRUVATE Acetyl CoA glycolysis pyruvate dehydrogenase lipogenesis -oxidation Fatty acids (Cytoplasm) CO 2 ketogenesis (liver only) In mammals, acetyl CoA is essential to the balance between CHO and fat metabolism Ketone bodies ketone oxidation Cholesterol cholesterol synthesis (endocrine glands) steroid hormones

22 Figure: Metabolic sources and fates of pyruvate and acetyl CoA gluconeogenesis GLUCOSE glycolysis alanine aminotransferase Alanine PYRUVATE pyruvate carboxylase lactate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase Lactate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA lipogenesis Fatty acids citric acid cycle -oxidation (Cytoplasm) CO 2 ketogenesis (liver only) ketone oxidation cholesterol synthesis Ketone bodies Cholesterol (endocrine glands) steroid hormones

23 Kreb's cycle Also known as Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) Or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) Or Catabolism of Acetyl CoA (CAC)

24 Definition: TCA is a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions in which acetyl CoA is oxidized into CO 2, H 2 O and energy. Location: Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion = aerobically

25 Steps: o The enzymes of TCA are present in the mitochondrial matrix either free or attached to the inner surface of the mitochondrial membrane. o The cycle is started by acetyl CoA (2C) and oxaloacetate (4 C) to form citrate (6C). It ends by oxaloacetate (4C). o The difference between the starting compound (6C) and the ending compound (4C) is 2 carbons that are removed in the form of 2 CO 2. These 2 carbons are derived from acetyl CoA. For this reason acetyl CoA is completely catabolized in TCA and never gives glucose.

26 The cycle begins with the condensation of acetyl-coa and oxaloacetate to form citrate Non-equilibrium reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase Inhibited by: ATP NADH Citrate - competitive inhibitor of oxaloacetate

27 Aconitase then catalyzes the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate via dehydration and hydration Equilibrium reactions Results in interchange of H and OH

28 Isocitrate is then converted to α-ketoglutarate via oxidative decarboxylation, producing CO 2 Isocitrate dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to give - ketoglutarate Non-equilibrium reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase + NAD

29 Isocitrate is then converted to α-ketoglutarate via oxidative decarboxylation, producing CO 2 Results in formation of: o NADH + H + o CO 2 Stimulated by isocitrate, NAD +, Mg 2+, ADP, Ca 2+ Inhibited by NADH and ATP + NAD

30 The α-ketoglutarate is then converted to succinyl-coa via another oxidative decarboxylation, producing the second CO 2 Series of reactions result in decarboxylation, dehydrogenation and incorporation of CoASH Non-equilibrium reactions catalyzed by -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Stimulated by Ca 2+ Inhibited by NADH, ATP, Succinyl CoA TPP lipoate FAD

31 Succinyl CoA is then converted to succinate, accompanied by the formation of a GTP (or ATP) Equilibrium reaction catalyzed by succinate thiokinase Results in formation of GTP and CoA-SH Nucleoside diphosphate kinase interconverts GTP and ATP by a readily reversible phosphoryl transfer reaction: GTP + ADP GDP + ATP

32 Succinate is then converted to fumarate by dehydrogenation Succinate dehydrogenated to form fumarate Equilibrium reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase Only Krebs enzyme contained within inner mitochondrial membrane Results in formation of FADH 2

33 Fumarate is then converted to malate via hydration Equilibrium reaction catalyzed by fumarase

34 The cycle ends by the regeneration of oxaloacetate from L-malate Malate dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate Equilibrium reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase Results in formation of NADH + H +

35 Glucose glycolysis PDH Pyruvate fatty acids, ketone bodies Acetyl CoA CoA Figure: Reactions of the citric acid cycle NADH NAD + Malate Oxaloacetate Citrate cis Aconitate Isocitrate -Ketoglutarate NAD NADH, CO 2 CoA, NAD Fumarate Succinyl CoA NADH, CO 2 FADH FAD Succinate GTP GDP ATP ADP

36 Products of Krebs Cycle 2 CO 2 3 NADH 1 ATP 1 FADH 2 ATP Yield Each NADH energizes 3 ATP Each FADH 2 energizes 2 ATP Double this list for each glucose

37 The amphibolic nature of Citric acid cycle By transamination, oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate By transamination α-ketoglutarate is converted to glutamate This pathway is utilized for the both catabolic reactions to generate energy as well as for anabolic reactions to generate metabolic intermediates for biosynthesis

38 What are the key regulated enzymes in citrate cycle?

39 What are the key regulated enzymes in citrate cycle? Pyruvate dehydrogenase not a citrate cycle enzyme but it is critical to flux of acetyl-coa through the cycle; this multisubunit enzyme complex is inhibited by acetyl-coa, ATP and NADH. Citrate synthase catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway and can be inhibited by citrate, succinyl-coa, NADH and ATP; inhibition by ATP is reversed by ADP.

40 What are the key regulated enzymes in citrate cycle? (Cond ) Isocitrate dehydrogenase - catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate by transferring two electrons to NAD + to form NADH, and in the process, releasing CO 2, it is activated by ADP and Ca 2+ and inhibited by NADH and ATP α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase - functionally similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase in that it is a multisubunit complex, requires the same five coenzymes and catalyzes an oxidative decarboxylation reaction that produces CO 2, NADH and succinyl-coa; it is activated by Ca 2+ and AMP and it is inhibited by NADH, succinyl- CoA and ATP

41 Inhibitors of TCA Fluoroacetyl CoA: it combines with oxaloacetate giving rise to fluorocitrate which inhibits aconitase enzyme Malonic acid: inhibits succinate dehydrogenase (competitive inhibition) Arsenate and Mercury : inhibit Pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by reacting with sulphydral group of lipoic acid leading to accumulation of pyruvic lactic acid and α- ketoglutarate with acidosis

Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college

Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate(the product of glycolysis) passes by special pyruvatetransporter into mitochondria which proceeds as follows:

More information

Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle

Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Stage II of catabolism involves the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylcoa In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final

More information

CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG

CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 1 2018/19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG Chapter Outline (19-1) The central role of the citric acid cycle in metabolism (19-2) The overall pathway of the citric

More information

TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle)

TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) TCA CYCLE The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as: Kreb s cycle Sir Hans Krebs Nobel prize, 1953 TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle The citric acid cycle requires aerobic conditions!!!!

More information

Module No. # 01 Lecture No. # 19 TCA Cycle

Module No. # 01 Lecture No. # 19 TCA Cycle Biochemical Engineering Prof. Dr. Rintu Banerjee Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Saikat Chakraborty Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

More information

Vocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle

Vocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle Vocabulary Amphibolic: able to be a part of both anabolism and catabolism Anaplerotic: referring to a reaction that ensures an adequate supply of an important metabolite Citrate Synthase: the enzyme that

More information

Krebs cycle Energy Petr Tůma Eva Samcová

Krebs cycle Energy Petr Tůma Eva Samcová Krebs cycle Energy - 215 Petr Tůma Eva Samcová Overview of Citric Acid Cycle Key Concepts The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is a multistep catalytic process that converts acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates,

More information

Citrate Cycle. Lecture 28. Key Concepts. The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions

Citrate Cycle. Lecture 28. Key Concepts. The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions Citrate Cycle Lecture 28 Key Concepts The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions Eight reactions of the Citrate Cycle Key control points in the Citrate Cycle regulate metabolic flux What role

More information

BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE

BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION CITRIC ACID CYCLE (T.C.A) PRODUCTION OF ACETYL CoA REACTIONS OF THE CITIRC ACID CYCLE THE AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF THE T.C.A CYCLE THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE

More information

CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions

CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy

More information

Sheet #13. #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016. Here we go.. Record #18

Sheet #13. #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016. Here we go.. Record #18 1 Sheet #13 #Citric acid cycle made by zaid al-ghnaneem corrected by amer Al-salamat date 11/8/2016 Here we go.. Record #18 2 Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism: 1) The citric acid

More information

Marah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh

Marah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh 8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon

More information

Krebs Cycle. Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes. Extra information Biochemistry team 438. Red boxes are IMPORTANT!

Krebs Cycle. Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes. Extra information Biochemistry team 438. Red boxes are IMPORTANT! Red boxes are IMPORTANT! Krebs Cycle Color Index: Original slides. Important. 436 Notes 438 notes : ل ی د ع ت ل ا ط ب ا ر https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wvdec1atp7j- ZKWOUSukSLsEcosjZ0AqV4z2VcH2TA0/edit?usp=sharing

More information

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle. TCA Cycle; Krebs Cycle; Citric Acid Cycle

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle. TCA Cycle; Krebs Cycle; Citric Acid Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid ycle TA ycle; Krebs ycle; itric Acid ycle The Bridging Step: Pyruvate D hase O H 3 - - pyruvate O O - NAD + oash O 2 NADH O H 3 - - S - oa acetyl oa Pyruvate D hase omplex Multienzyme

More information

Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading

Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - The Citrate Cycle captures energy using redox reactions - Eight enzymatic reactions of the Citrate Cycle - Key control points in the citrate cycle regulate

More information

Yield of energy from glucose

Yield of energy from glucose Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005

More information

Gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009. Free energy changes in glycolysis 11/13/2009

Gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009. Free energy changes in glycolysis 11/13/2009 Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009 Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids are converted to glucose. Fasting requires all the

More information

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is converted into acetyl CoA.

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is converted into acetyl CoA. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is converted into acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the fuel for the citric acid cycle, which processes the two carbon acetyl unit to two molecules

More information

Biological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle

Biological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle Biological oxidation II The Cytric acid cycle Outline The Cytric acid cycle (TCA tricarboxylic acid) Central role of Acetyl-CoA Regulation of the TCA cycle Anaplerotic reactions The Glyoxylate cycle Localization

More information

Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate. Chapter 16 Homework Assignment. Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle

Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate. Chapter 16 Homework Assignment. Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Chapter 16 Homework Assignment The following problems will be due once we finish the chapter: 1, 3, 7, 10, 16, 19, 20 Additional Problem: Write out the eight reaction steps of the Citric Acid Cycle, using

More information

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Note (Study Glycolysis, fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose, TCA cycle and Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle, HMP shunt in

More information

The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1

The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1 The Citric Acid Cycle 19-1 The Citric Acid Cycle Three processes play central role in aerobic metabolism the citric acid cycle electron transport oxidative phosphorylation Metabolism consists of catabolism:

More information

Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways

Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways Three stages of catabolism Glucose Synthesis of compounds e.g. lactose glycolipids Glucose-6-P Pentosephosphate Pathway Glycolysis Glycogenesis Acetyl-CoA

More information

Chapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I

Chapter 9 Overview. Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle. Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions. Aerobic metabolism I n n Chapter 9 Overview Aerobic Metabolism I: The Citric Acid Cycle Live processes - series of oxidation-reduction reactions Ingestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids Provide basic building blocks for

More information

Respiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs

Respiration. Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Respiration rganisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: Autotrophs Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis Heterotrophs Live on organic compounds produced by

More information

The Citric acid cycle. The Citric Acid Cycle II 11/17/2009. Overview. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

The Citric acid cycle. The Citric Acid Cycle II 11/17/2009. Overview. Pyruvate dehydrogenase The itric acid cycle The itric Acid ycle II 11/17/2009 It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the hub of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid

More information

Transport. Oxidation. Electron. which the en the ETC and. of NADH an. nd FADH 2 by ation. Both, Phosphorylation. Glycolysis Glucose.

Transport. Oxidation. Electron. which the en the ETC and. of NADH an. nd FADH 2 by ation. Both, Phosphorylation. Glycolysis Glucose. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidation Phosphorylation When one glucose molecule is oxidized to six CO 2 molecules by way of glycolysiss and TCA cycle, considerable amount of energy (ATP) is generated.

More information

Biochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Lecture - 27 Metabolism III

Biochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Lecture - 27 Metabolism III Biochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture - 27 Metabolism III In the last step of our metabolism of carbohydrates we are going to consider

More information

Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism

Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism of Foods Food is broken down into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and sent through catabolic pathways to produce energy. Glycolysis glucose 2 P i 2 ADP

More information

Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain. Pavla Balínová

Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain. Pavla Balínová Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain Pavla Balínová Mitochondria Structure of mitochondria: Outer membrane Inner membrane (folded) Matrix space (mtdna, ribosomes, enzymes of CAC, β-oxidation of FA,

More information

Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle

Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 21 Session Plan Gluconeogenesis Cori Cycle Common Metabolic Pathway The Citric Acid Cycle Stoker 2014, p859 Gluconeogenesis

More information

Aerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose

Aerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose Aerobic Respiration The four stages in the breakdown of glucose 1 I. Aerobic Respiration Why can t we break down Glucose in one step? (Flaming Gummy Bear) Enzymes gently lower the potential energy until

More information

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Overview (Also called KREBS CYCLE, or CITRIC ACID CYCLE ) Occur totally in mitochondria. TCA cycle is an aerobic pathway, bcz O 2 is required as the final electron accepter. Supplies

More information

Chapter 16. The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA

Chapter 16. The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle: CAC Kreb s Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: TCA The Citric Acid Cycle Key topics: To Know Also called Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) or Krebs Cycle. Three names for the

More information

Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD

Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush Why do we need it? Location & where is it in the picture? Electron (energy) carrying molecules Components Enzymes & cofactors

More information

III. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle

III. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle Slide 1 The Eight Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes: 4 dehydrogenases (2 decarboxylation) 3

More information

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes

More information

CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete loss of electrons Reduction: partial or complete gain of electrons

More information

Integration of Metabolism

Integration of Metabolism Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed

More information

Glucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain

Glucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain Glycolysis 4 / The Text :- Some Points About Glucose Glucose is very soluble source of quick and ready energy. It is a relatively stable and easily transported. In mammals, the brain uses only glucose

More information

Both pathways start with Glucose as a substrate but they differ in the product.

Both pathways start with Glucose as a substrate but they differ in the product. Glycosis:may occur either with the presence or absence of -Glucose-.So with oxygen we have Aerobic glycolysis-, without the participation of oxygen Anaerobic glycolysis-(it occur in certain places) where

More information

III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular

III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways

More information

CHAPTER 16. Glycolysis

CHAPTER 16. Glycolysis CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis Net reaction of Glycolysis Converts: 1 Glucose Hexose stage 2 pyruvate - Two molecules of ATP are produced - Two molecules of NAD + are reduced to NADH Triose stage Glucose + 2 ADP

More information

Biochemistry: A Short Course

Biochemistry: A Short Course Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course First Edition CHAPTER 19 Harvesting Electrons from the Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 19 Outline The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl

More information

Citric acid cycle. Tomáš Kučera.

Citric acid cycle. Tomáš Kučera. itric acid cycle Tomáš Kučera tomas.kucera@lfmotol.cuni.cz Department of Medical hemistry and linical Biochemistry 2nd Faculty of Medicine, harles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital 2017

More information

The Krebs cycle is a central pathway for recovering energy from three major metabolites: carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids.

The Krebs cycle is a central pathway for recovering energy from three major metabolites: carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. Chapter 16 - Citric Acid Cycle TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle) Citric acid cycle and Krebs cycle. Named after Sir Hans Krebs, Nobel Laureate. He worked as an assistant professor for Otto Warburg (Nobel

More information

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead

More information

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece The

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.

More information

NAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided!

NAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! EXAM 3a BIOC 460 Wednesday April 10, 2002 Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! 1 1. (5 pts.) Define the term energy charge: Energy charge refers to the

More information

Chapter-5 Respiration in Plants Very Short Answers Questions: 1. Different substrates get oxidized during respiration. How does respiratory quotient (RQ) indicate which type of substrate i.e. carbohydrate,

More information

INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY. BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007

INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY. BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007 Name SIS # Make sure that your name or SIS # is on every page. This is the only way we have of matching you with your exam after

More information

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete

More information

Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain

Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Goals: To be able to describe the overall catabolic pathways for food molecules. To understand what bonds are hydrolyzed in the digestion

More information

Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General

Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy A. Obtaining Energy and Electrons from Glucose Lecture Series 12 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy B. An Overview: Releasing Energy from Glucose

More information

Multiple choice: Circle the best answer on this exam. There are 12 multiple choice questions, each question is worth 3 points.

Multiple choice: Circle the best answer on this exam. There are 12 multiple choice questions, each question is worth 3 points. CHEM 4420 Exam 4 Spring 2015 Dr. Stone Page 1 of 6 Name Use complete sentences when requested. There are 120 possible points on this exam. Therefore there are 20 bonus points. Multiple choice: Circle the

More information

Chapter 13 - TCA Cycle

Chapter 13 - TCA Cycle Chapter 13 TCA Cycle The third fate of glucose/pyruvate is complete oxidation to C 2 + H 2 in the matrix of the mitochondrion. The 1 st step is the oxidation and decarboxylation of pyruvate to AcetylCoA,

More information

METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways

METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways Metabolism Metabolism involves : Catabolic reactions that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules. Anabolic reactions that use ATP energy

More information

Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Energetics of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 1 Metabolism: The sum of all the chemical transformations taking place in a cell or organism, occurs through a series of enzymecatalyzed reactions that constitute

More information

I tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions.

I tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions. I tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions. These are some questions from doctor2015 med exam : 1. One of them isn t acute phase protein

More information

I tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions.

I tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions. I tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions. These are some questions from doctor2015 med exam : 1. One of them isn t acute phase protein

More information

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION

Notes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete

More information

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration

More information

Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2

Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2 Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2 Biol 638, Exam-2 (Code-1) 1. Assume that 16 glucose molecules enter into a liver cell and are attached to a liner glycogen one by one. Later, this glycogen is broken-down

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh number 13 Done by Asma Karameh Corrected by Saad hayek Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis This lecture covers gluconeogenesis with aspects of: 1) Introduction to glucose distribution through tissues.

More information

Chemical Energy. Valencia College

Chemical Energy. Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of

More information

Metabolic Biochemistry Lecture 5

Metabolic Biochemistry Lecture 5 :The PDH Complex Part 1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Content: The pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction mechanism Roles of vitamin derivatives in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

More information

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy Figure 9-01 LE 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic + O molecules 2 powers most cellular work Heat energy LE 9-UN161a becomes

More information

BCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry

BCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry BCH 5045 Graduate Survey of Biochemistry Instructor: Charles Guy Producer: Ron Thomas Director: Glen Graham Lecture 50 Slide sets available at: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/teach/guyweb/bch5045/index.html

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy You should be able to: 1. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Name and describe the three stages of cellular respiration;

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor

number Done by Corrected by Doctor number 12 Done by Baraa Ayed Corrected by Mamoon Mohammad Alqtamin Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Lactate production 1 P a g e Advantages of producing lactate Lactate is produced anaerobically to meet the following

More information

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism OpenStax-CNX module: m46451 1 Carbohydrate Metabolism OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,

More information

METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI

METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI 1 METABOLISM Process of how cells acquire, transform, store and use energy Study of the chemistry, regulation and energetics

More information

Moh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar

Moh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar 14 Moh Tarek Razi Kittaneh Jaqen H ghar Naif Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis is making glucose from non-carbohydrates precursors. Although Gluconeogenesis looks like Glycolysis in many steps, it is not the simple

More information

Glycolysis. Intracellular location Rate limiting steps

Glycolysis. Intracellular location Rate limiting steps Glycolysis Definition Fx Fate Site Intracellular location Rate limiting steps Regulation Consume ATP Subs level phosphoryla tion Key reactions control points Nb Oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (

More information

Chem Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis

Chem Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis Chem 352 - Lecture 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism Part I: Glycolysis Introduction Carbohydrate metabolism involves a collection of pathways. Glycolysis Hexoses 3-Carbon molecules Gluconeogenesis 3-Carbon molecules

More information

This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.)

This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC 2010. (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) Topic 10: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (lectures 14-16) OBJECTIVES: 1. Know the basic reactions that

More information

Respiration. Energy is everything!

Respiration. Energy is everything! Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular

More information

Chem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217

Chem 109 C. Fall Armen Zakarian Office: Chemistry Bldn 2217 Chem 109 C Fall 2014 Armen Zakarian ffice: Chemistry Bldn 2217 o Catabolism of carbohydrates: 10 reactions of glycolysis Chapter 25 C C 2 C 2 D-glucose α-d-glucopyranose aworth projection α-d-glucopyranose

More information

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell.

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Metabolism Cellular Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Can be reactions that break things down. (Catabolism) Or reactions that build things up. (Anabolism)

More information

The citric acid cycle Sitruunahappokierto Citronsyracykeln

The citric acid cycle Sitruunahappokierto Citronsyracykeln The citric acid cycle Sitruunahappokierto Citronsyracykeln Ove Eriksson BLL/Biokemia ove.eriksson@helsinki.fi Metabolome: The complete set of small-molecule metabolites to be found in a cell or an organism.

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Assemble polymers, pump substances across membranes, move and reproduce The giant panda Obtains energy for its cells by eating plants which get

More information

CLASS 11 th. Respiration in Plants

CLASS 11 th. Respiration in Plants CLASS 11 th 01. Introduction All living cells require continuous supply of energy to perform various vital activities. This energy is released in controlled manner for cellular use via the process of respiration.

More information

Respiration. Energy is everything!

Respiration. Energy is everything! Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular

More information

Lecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III

Lecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III Lecture 16 Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III The Powertrain of Human Metabolism (verview) CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS

More information

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.2 Light energy

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

Ahmad Ulnar. Faisal Nimri ... Dr.Faisal

Ahmad Ulnar. Faisal Nimri ... Dr.Faisal 24 Ahmad Ulnar Faisal Nimri... Dr.Faisal Fatty Acid Synthesis - Occurs mainly in the Liver (to store excess carbohydrates as triacylglycerols(fat)) and in lactating mammary glands (for the production of

More information

Integrative Metabolism: Significance

Integrative Metabolism: Significance Integrative Metabolism: Significance Energy Containing Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Catabolism Energy Depleted End Products H 2 O NH 3 ADP + Pi NAD + NADP + FAD + Pi NADH+H + NADPH+H + FADH2 Cell

More information

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5

4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5 1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

Name: Chem 351 Exam 3

Name: Chem 351 Exam 3 Multiple hoice: Pick the BEST answer and write it in the box at the end of the section. 1) The TA (Krebs) ycle depends on oxygen availability, though it does not directly use it. How can you best explain

More information

Glycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition

Glycolysis. BCH 340 lecture 3 Chapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition Glycolysis B 40 lecture hapter 8 in Lippincott 5 th edition All carbohydrates to be catabolized must enter the glycolytic pathway Glycolysis is degradation of glucose to generate energy (ATP) and to provide

More information

Campbell Biology 9. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., Lecture on General Biology 1

Campbell Biology 9. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., Lecture on General Biology 1 Lecture on General Biology 1 Campbell Biology 9 th edition Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chul-Su Yang, Ph.D., chulsuyang@hanyang.ac.kr Infection Biology Lab., Dept. of Molecular & Life

More information

CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Metabolism Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems The direction and extent to which a chemical reaction

More information

(A) Urea cycle (B) TCA cycle (C) Glycolysis (D) Pyruvate oxidation (E) Respiratory chain

(A) Urea cycle (B) TCA cycle (C) Glycolysis (D) Pyruvate oxidation (E) Respiratory chain Biochemistry - Problem Drill 15: Citric Acid Cycle No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements is not a metabolic pathway involved in carbohydrate catabolism and ATP production. (A) Urea cycle (B)

More information

Pathway overview. Glucose + 2NAD + + 2ADP +2Pi 2NADH + 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H 2 O + 4H +

Pathway overview. Glucose + 2NAD + + 2ADP +2Pi 2NADH + 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H 2 O + 4H + Glycolysis Glycolysis The conversion of glucose to pyruvate to yield 2ATP molecules 10 enzymatic steps Chemical interconversion steps Mechanisms of enzyme conversion and intermediates Energetics of conversions

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush number 7 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Shahd Alqudah Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush 1 P a g e As we have studied before, in the fourth reaction of the Krebs cycle, α- ketoglutarate is converted into Succinyl-CoA

More information