Evaluation of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production as a Feed Ingredient for Broilers 1

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (11): , 006 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 006 Evlution of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production s Feed Ingredient for Broilers 1 S. Cerrte, F. Yn, Z. Wng, C. Coto, P. Sckli nd P.W. Wldroup Deprtment of Poultry Science, University of Arknss, Fyetteville AR 7701, USA Astrct: Glycerine from iodiesel production ws used s pure energy source in roiler diets formulted to meet typicl commercil stndrds. In the first experiment, glycerine ws dded t 0, 5, nd 10% of the diet while in the second experiment glycerine ws dded t 0,.5, nd 5%. Glycerine ws ssigned metolizle energy vlue of 57 ME kcl/kg in formulting the diets. In ech experiment the vrious tretments were ssigned to eight replicte pens of 60 mle roilers ech. In the first experiment, irds fed diets with 5% glycerine did not differ significntly in performnce from irds fed the control diet with no glycerine. Birds fed diets with 10% glycerine consumed significntly less feed thn did those fed diets with 0 or 5% glycerine nd consequently hd significntly reduced ody weight. It is felt tht this ws due in lrge prt to reduced flow rte in the feeders used in this study s previous reserchers hve shown cceptnce of higher levels of glycerine. In the second study, irds fed diets with.5 or 5% glycerine hd growth rte nd feed conversion tht did not differ significntly from tht of irds fed the diet with no glycerine. Brest yield s percent of the dressed crcss ws significntly greter for irds fed diets with.5 or 5% glycerine s compred to those fed the diet with no glycerine. These dt indicte tht glycerine from iodiesel cn e useful energy source for use in roiler diets. Concerns remin regrding cceptle levels of residul methnol resulting from seprtion of the ftty cids in iodiesel production. Key words: Glycerine, roilers, iodiesel, crcss Introduction An incresing mount of fts nd oils re eing processed for use s iodiesel fuel. A yproduct of iodiesel production is glycerine, the crohydrte frction tht mkes up out 10-11% y weight of typicl triglycerides. The U.S. iodiesel industry is expected to produce n estimted 1.4 illion pounds of glycerine etween 006 nd 015 (Niles, 006). Glycerine is considered Generlly Recognized s Sfe when used in ccordnce with good mnufcturing or feeding prctices (CFR, 004). Severl studies hve evluted glycerine in diets for (Roserough et l., 1980). Thus, mny experiments hve used glycerol with high sorption, 95% (Lin et l., 1976; Brmill nd Hill, 1966) or the sme energy level s corn strch (Lessrd et l., 199). However, the digestiility demonstrted in roilers or rts is round 75% (Simon et l., 1996; Hoer nd Hoer, 199). The ojective of the present study ws to exmine the use of glycerol in the feed of roilers grown to 4 dys of ge in litter floor pens nd to evlute its effect on crcss composition nd chrcteristics. Mterils nd Methods poultry nd swine (Bernl et l., 1978; Brteczko nd Diets were formulted for strter (0-14 d), grower (14-5 Kminski, 1999; Kijor et l., 1995, 1997; Simon, 1996; d) nd finisher (5-4 d) periods sed on typicl Kuhn, 1996; Kijor, 1996; Frncois, 1994; Wgner, 1994; nutrient levels for roilers in populr griculturl survey Simon et l., 1996, 1997). The ojective of this study ws (Agri-Stts, Fort Wyne, IN). Glycerine from iodiesel to evlute the use of glycerol from iodiesel fuel production ws included t the rte of 0, 5 or 10% for production s n energy source in diets for growing experiment 1 nd 0,.5 or 5% for experiment. An roilers. energy vlue of,57 ME kcl/kg ws ssigned to the Upon ingestion, glycerol cn e converted to glycerol-- glycerine, sed on Gross Energy vlue of,596 phosphte (GP) which cn then form dihydroxycetone kcl/kg determined y om clorimetry nd ssuming phosphte ctlyzed y glycerol kinse nd GP high digestiility of the glycerine. Composition of diets dehydrogense respectively (Lin et l., 1976). Dietry is shown in Tles 1 nd for experiments 1 nd glycerol cn induce ntomicl, physiologicl nd respectively. As the level of glycerine incresed in the iochemicl dpttions especilly in the liver nd diets, the mount of corn decresed nd the mount of kidney (Cryer nd Brtley, 197). In irds the ddition of soyen mel nd poultry oil incresed to mintin the glycerol hs the ility to form primrily glucose diets isocloric nd isonitrogenous. Diets were fortified (Emmnuel et l., 198), pyruvte, or Kres cycle with complete vitmin nd trce minerl mixes nd products such s mlte nd oxlocette contined 5% of lended niml protein product, 1001

2 Cerrte et l.: Evlution of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production s Feed Ingredient for Broilers typicl of industry use levels for niml protein. In ech experiment ech diet ws fed to eight pens of 60 mle irds ech. In experiment 1 ll strter diets were fed s crumles; in experiment four of the replicte pens were fed the diets s crumles during the strter period while four of the pens were fed the diet pelleted with 1/8 inch die. For the reminder of the feeding period ll diets were pelleted using /16 inch die. Mle chicks of commercil roiler strin (Co 500) were otined from locl htchery where they hd een vccinted in ovo for Mrek s disese nd hd received vccintions for Newcstle Disese nd Infectious Bronchitis post htch vi corse spry. Sixty irds were rndomly ssigned to ech of 4 pens (5. M ) locted in roiler house of commercil design. Ech pen ws equipped with two tue feeders nd one utomtic wter font. Supplementl feeders nd wterers were used during the first seven dys. Temperture nd irflow were controlled y thermostticlly controlled gs rooders, ventiltion fns, nd sidewll curtins. Incndescent lmps supplemented nturl dylight to provide hr light dily. Cre nd mngement of the irds followed recommended guidelines (FASS, 1999). Body weight y pen ws determined t 1, 14, 5, nd 4 d of ge. Feed consumption ws mesured during ech feeding period. Birds were checked twice dily for mortlity with the weight of ded irds used to djust feed conversion. At the conclusion of the study, ten representtive irds per pen were processed t the University of Arknss pilot processing plnt s descried y Fritts nd Wldroup (006) to determine dressing percentge nd prts yield. In experiment, wter uptke y crcsses during three hour chill in non-gitted ice th ws determined. Pen mens were served s n experimentl unit for sttisticl nlysis. Dt were sujected to nlysis of vrince using the Generl Liner Models (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 1991). Significnt differences mong or etween mens were seprted y repeted t-tests using the LSMEANS option of SAS. Mortlity dt were trnsformed to prior to nlysis; dt re presented s nturl numers. Results Experiment 1 Live performnce: The effects of the dietry tretments on live performnce re shown in Tle. The inclusion of 5% glycerine hd no significnt effects on ody weight, feed intke, feed conversion, or mortlity t ny ge compred to irds fed the control diet with no glycerine. The ddition of 10% glycerine to the diet resulted in ody weight similr to tht of irds fed diets with 0 or 5% glycerol t 14 d of ge, ut t 5 nd 4 d of ge the ody weight of irds fed diets with 10% glycerine ws significntly less thn tht of irds fed the control diet or the diet with 5% glycerine. This reduction in ody weight is thought to e relted to dietry effects on feed intke. During the first 7 dys feed ws ville in oth the tue feeders nd in open supplementl feeders nd over the first 14 d irds fed diets with 10% glycerine hd significntly higher feed consumption thn did irds fed the control diet or the diet with 5% glycerine. However, feed consumption ws numericlly reduced t 5 d nd significntly reduced t 4 d compred to those fed the control diet, ut not those fed the diet with 5% glycerine. The diet with 10% glycerine hd visily lower pellet qulity nd it ppered tht the texture of the diet with 10% glycerol hd n dverse ffect on flow rte of feed in the tue feeders used in the study. Feed conversion t 5 nd 4 d ws lso significntly higher for irds fed the diet with 10% glycerine, reflecting the reduction in ody weight gin ssocited with this diet. No dverse effects on mortlity were noted from the ddition of 10% glycerine. During the course of the study it ws oserved tht litter in pens where irds were fed diets with 10% glycerol ws much wetter thn tht of litter in pens where irds were fed the control diet or diet with 5% glycerol. Anlysis of the diet for potssium indicted tht diets with 10% glycerol contined pproximtely 0.15% more potssium thn did the control diets. A portion of this incresed potssium my e ssocited with the slightly higher levels of soyen mel ut is more likely ssocited with residul potssium levels in the glycerine from the use of potssium hydroxide s ctlyst in the seprtion of the triglyceride molecule during the production of iodiesel fuel. Further, the presence of glycerol in the litter cn give the ppernce of wet litter, since 5% of glycerol excretion hd een shown on diet contining 10% glycerol (Simon et l., 1997). Crcss chrcteristics: Significnt differences in crcss chrcteristics were oserved mong irds fed the experimentl diets (Tle ). Feeding diets with 10% glycerine hd n dverse effect on severl crcss chrcteristics. Birds fed diets with 5% glycerine did not differ significntly from irds fed the control diet for ny crcss mesurement. Feeding diets with 10% glycerine resulted in significnt reduction in dressing percentge nd in weight of rest met, wings, nd leg qurters s compred to those fed the control diet. When expressed s percent of the crcss, however, there were no significnt difference in rest or leg qurter yield mong irds fed the vrious experimentl diets, lthough rest yield ws numericlly reduced (P= 0.11) when the diet contined 10% glycerine. When expressed s percentge of the crcss, wing yield of irds fed diets with 10% glycerine were significntly greter thn tht of irds fed the control diet or 5% glycerine. 100

3 Cerrte et l.: Evlution of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production s Feed Ingredient for Broilers Tle 1: Composition (g/kg) nd clculted nutrient content of diets contining glycerol from iodiesel production (Experiment 1) Ingredient 0-14 d 14-5 d 5-4 d A B C A B C A B C Glycerol Yellow corn Soyen mel Pro-Pk Poultry oil MHA Limestone Diclcium phosphte L-Lysine Hcl L-Threonine Constnt ingredients Con Totl ME kcl/kg Crude protein % Clcium % Nonphytte P % Met % Lys % Thr % TSAA % Sodium % H. J. Bker & Bro., 595 Summer Street, Stmford, CT Novus Interntionl, Inc., St. Louis MO Includes 5 g/kg vitmin premix (provides per kg of diet: vitmin A 7715 IU; choleclciferol 5511 IU; vitmin E 16.5 IU; vitmin B mg; rioflvin 6.6 mg; nicin 9 mg; pntothenic cid 10 mg; mendione 1.5 mg; folic cid 0.9 mg; choline 1000 mg; thimin 1.54 mg; pyridoxine.76 mg; d-iotin mg; ethoxyquin 15 mg; 0.15 mg selenium), 5 g/kg sodium chloride, 1 g/kg trce minerl mix (provides per kg of diet: 100 mg mngnese; 100 mg zinc; 50 mg iron; 10 mg copper; 1 mg iodine), 0.5 g/kg BMD-50 (Alphrm, 4 Inc, Fort Lee, NJ 0704),.5 g/kg Pel-Stik (Uniscope Inc., Johnstown CO 8054). Elnco Animl Helth division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indinpolis, IN Experiment Live performnce: The effects of the dietry tretments on live performnce re shown in Tle 4. At 14 d irds fed diets with 5% glycerine hd significntly greter ody weight nd greter feed intke thn irds fed the negtive control or diets with.5% glycerine. At 5 nd 4 d, irds fed diets with.5 or 5% glycerol hd numericlly greter ody weight nd greter feed intke thn did irds fed the control diet. The inclusion of.5 or 5% glycerol hd no significnt dverse effects on feed conversion t ny ge compred to those fed the control diet, suggesting tht the energy vlue of,56 ME kcl/kg ssigned to the glycerine ws vlid. Crcss chrcteristics: Significnt differences in crcss chrcteristics were oserved mong irds fed the experimentl diets (Tle 4). No significnt differences were oserved mong irds fed the dietry tretments for dressing percentge or wter uptke during chill. Birds fed diets with.5 or 5% glycerine hd significntly higher rest yield nd lower wing yield thn did irds fed the control diet with no significnt difference in leg qurter yield. Asolute weight of rest nd leg qurters ws significntly greter for irds fed diets with.5 nd 5% glycerine s compred to those fed the control diet. Discussion Broilers fed 0% glycerol diet hd the sme weight, feed intke, or feed conversion s control diet during experiments conducted up to 1 d (Lin et l., 1976), 8 d (Cmpell nd Hill, 196) or 1d of ge (Simon et l., 1996). A 5% inclusion rte of glycerol in the diet of roilers grown to 4 dys of ge improved the feeding vlue of plm ftty cid distillte (Snchez et l., 004) nd supported performnce similr to those fed the control diet (Lessrd et l., 199). The effects of glycerol on crcss dressing percentge or prts yield hve not een previously een reported. However, roilers fed diets with glycerol were evluted for nitrogen retention, chemicl composition, or dominl ft of crcss (Simon et l., 1996, 1997; Lessrd et l., 199). Mny studies hve shown the eneficil effects of glycerol on mino cid or nitrogen retention in rts (Chn et l., 1981) nd humns (Brennn et l., 1975). This is ecuse glycerol my spre the gluconeogenic mino cids vi the inhiition of phosphoenolpyruvte croxykinse (Cryer nd Brtley, 197; Young et l., 1964) or glutmte dehydrogense ctivity (Steele et l., 1971). In chickens Simon et l. (1997) showed positive correltion etween glycerol up to 0% nd nitrogen retention. However, in susequent study, Simon et l. (1997) 100

4 Cerrte et l.: Evlution of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production s Feed Ingredient for Broilers Tle : Composition (g/kg) nd clculted nutrient content of diets contining glycerol from iodiesel production (Experiment ) Ingredient 0-14 d 14-5 d 5-4 d A B C A B C A B C Glycerol Yellow corn Soyen mel Pro-Pk Poultry oil MHA Limestone Diclcium phosphte L-Lysine Hcl L-Threonine Constnt ingredients Con Totl ME kcl/kg Crude protein % Clcium % Nonphytte P % Met % Lys % Thr % TSAA % Sodium % H. J. Bker & Bro., 595 Summer Street, Stmford, CT Includes 5 g/kg vitmin premix (provides per kg of diet: vitmin A 7715 IU; choleclciferol 5511 IU; vitmin E 16.5 IU; vitmin B mg; rioflvin 6.6 mg; nicin 9 mg; pntothenic cid 10 mg; mendione 1.5 mg; folic cid 0.9 mg; choline 1000 mg; thimin 1.54 mg; pyridoxine.76 mg; d-iotin mg; ethoxyquin 15 mg; 0.15 mg selenium), 5 g/kg sodium chloride, 1 g/kg trce minerl mix (provides per kg of diet: 100 mg mngnese; 100 mg zinc; 50 mg iron; 10 mg copper; 1 mg iodine), 0.5 g/kg BMD-50 (Alphrm, Inc, Fort Lee, NJ 0704),.5 g/kg Pel-Stik (Uniscope Inc., Johnstown CO 8054). Elnco Animl Helth division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indinpolis, IN oserved no positive effect of glycerol on nitrogen nd Brtly, 197; Young et l., 1964) or glutmte retention in diet low in protein (18%) or high in dehydrogense ctivity (Steele et l., 1971). Even though crohydrtes. On the other hnd, Lessrd et l. (199) glycerol hs een proven to improve protein deposition reported tht 5% glycerol diet hd no dverse effect on in roilers (Simon et l., 1996), rts (Chn et l., 1981) roiler crcss ft, except dominl ft pd weight. nd humns (Brennn et l., 1975), glycerol dded to Moreover, Lin et l. (1976) demonstrted tht glycerol roiler diet low in crude protein did not ffect on the decreses the rte of ftty cid synthesis nd lipogenic nitrogen retention (Simon et l., 1997). On the other enzyme ctivities in the chicken liver. The dietry glycerol hnd, study y Lessrd et l. (199) showed tht the my hve eneficil effect on wter intke of roiler inclusion of 5% glycerol hd the sme crude protein nd crcss due to the esy ccumultion of glycerol in ether extrct of the crcss s compred to control diet, chicken muscle (Simon et l., 1996) or the high osmotic ut incresed the dominl ft pd weight. This pressure (Riedesel et l., 1987). increse in dominl ft my e result of the The digestiility of glycerine in roilers or rts hs een overestimtion of metolizle energy ssigned to reported to e round 75% (Simon et l., 1996; Hoer glycerol or the high plsm lipids or lipoproteins s nd Hoer, 199). Bernl et l. (1978) showed tht when consequence of the stimultion of mucosl triglyceride diets contining 0 nd 8.5% of glycerol were formulted esterifiction y the glycerol (Nryn et l., 1977). without considering equl ME levels, the ddition of However, in roilers dietry glycerol decreses the rte 8.5% glycerol resulted in worse feed conversion thn did of ftty cid synthesis nd lipogenic enzyme ctivities in the positive control. the liver (Lin et l., 1976). Moreover, in rts when glycerol The fct tht diets contining.5% or 5% glycerol nd ft re fed together, they cn reduce plsm incresed the rest yield suggests tht glycerol my cholesterol nd liver lipids (Nryn nd McMullen, improve protein deposition. Brest met contriutes 1979) nd the esterifiction of ftty cids in rt ft tissue out 0% of totl crcss met nd s much s 50% (Nryn nd Ross, 1987). of totl edile crcss protein (Summers et l., 1988). The fct tht diets with.5 or 5% glycerol resulted in n Glycerol my increse the protein deposition due to the increse in rest met yield in experiment ut not in reduction of gluconeogenic mino cids vi the experiment 1 my e due to the lower feed intke in inhiition of phosphoenolpyruvte croxykinse (Cryer experiment s compred to experiment 1. In situtions 1004

5 Cerrte et l.: Evlution of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production s Feed Ingredient for Broilers Tle : Effects of dietry glycerol levels on performnce of mle roilers (Experiment 1) Prmeter Glycerol, % Pro > F CV Body weight, kg Dy Dy Dy Feed intke, kg/ird Dys Dys Dys Feed Conversion (kg feed/kg gin) Dys Dys Dys Mortlity, % Dys * Dys * Dys * Crcss chrcteristics Dressing percentge, % Brest, % of crcss Wing, % of crcss Leg qurters % of crcss Brest weight, kg Wing weight, kg Leg qurters weight, kg Mens in row with common superscript do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). *CV of trnsformed mens. Tle 4: Effects of dietry glycerol levels on performnce of mle roilers (Experiment ) Prmeter Glycerol, % Pro > F CV Body weight, kg Dy Dy Dy Feed intke, kg/ird Dys Dys Dys Feed Conversion (kg feed/kg gin) Dys Dys Dys Mortlity, % Dys * Dys * Dys * Crcss chrcteristics Dressing percentge, % Wter uptke in chill % Brest, % of crcss Wing, % of crcss Leg qurters % of crcss Brest weight, kg Wing weight, kg Leg qurters weight, kg Mens in row with common superscript do not differ significntly (P < 0.05). *CV of trnsformed mens. of suoptiml feed intke or crohydrte intke glycerol Hence, the fct tht glycerol hd incresed the nitrogen my form glucose-spring gluconeogenic mino cids retention in low crohydrtes diets (Simon et l., 1996) nd consequently incresing the protein deposition. ut not in high crohydrtes diets (Simon et l. 1997) 1005

6 Cerrte et l.: Evlution of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production s Feed Ingredient for Broilers my e the prtil explntion of this positive effect of Chn, P.H., E. Pollck nd R.A. Fishmn, glycerol on rest yield in experiment. Further Terlnche et l. (1981) showed tht exercise nd fsting rts fed glycerol diets depleted the muscle nd liver glycogen stores less rpidly thn those fed control diet. The wter uptke of the crcss ws not significntly ffected y the inclusion of.5 or 5% glycerol in the present studies. Even though the glycerol did not increse the wter intke during hour of chilling, it cn increse the wter holding cpcity s demonstrted in swine (Mourot et l. 1994) nd humns (Riedsel et l., 1987). Chilling in the present experiments ws conducted in non-gitted chill tnks nd wter uptke my e different in gitted chill tnks typiclly used in the poultry industry. In conclusion, the results of these two experiments indicte tht glycerine from iodiesel production cn e effectively used in roiler diets t levels of.5 or 5%. The use of 10% glycerine resulted in reduced performnce tht ws felt to e highly relted to prolems with feed flow. In different type of feeding system it my e possile to use levels higher thn 5%. The influence of glycerine levels on pellet qulity needs to e evluted in future studies. The qulity of the glycerine is concern s residul levels of potssium my result in prolems with wet litter or imlnces in dietry electrolyte lnce. Acceptle levels of residul methnol re yet to e determined. Acknowledgements The uthors express their thnks to Griffin Industries, Cold Spring KY nd to Ptriot Biofuels, Stuttgrt AR for donting the glycerine used in Experiments 1 nd, respectively. References Brteczko, J., nd J. Kminski, The effect of glycerol nd vegetle ft on some physiologicl indices of the lood nd excess of ft in roiler crcsses. Annls Wrsw Ag. Univ. An. Sci., 6: Bernl, G., J. Grz, M. Vin, E. Avil, A. Shimd nd M. Montero, Efecto de l inclusión de glycerol o ceite vegetl diets con melz pr cerdos y ves en crecimiento. Vet. Mex., : Brmill, S. nd F.W. Hill, Comprison of neutrl ft nd free ftty cids in high lipid-low crohydrtes diets for the growing chicken. J. Nutr., 88: Brennn, M.F., G.F. Fitzptrick, K.H. Cohen nd F.D. Moore Glycerol: Mjor contriutor to the short term protein spring effect of ft emulsions in norml mn. Ann. Surg., 18: Cmpell, A.J. nd F.W. Hill, 196. The effects of protein source on the growth promoting ction of soyen oil, nd the effect of glycerine in low ft diet. Poult. Sci., 41: Differentil effects of hypertonic mnnitol nd glycerol on rt rin metolism nd mino cids. Brin Res., 5: Code of Federl Regultions, 004, Glycerine. Office of Federl Register, Ntionl Archives nd Records Administrtion, Wshington DC. Cryer, A. nd W. Brtley, 197. Studies of the dpttion of rts to diet high in glycerol. Int. J. Biochem., 4: Emmnuel, B., R. Berzins nd A.R. Rolee, 198. Rtes of entry of lnine nd glycerol nd their contriution to glucose synthesis in fsted chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 4: FASS, Guide for the Cre nd Use of Agriculturl Animls in Agriculturl Reserch nd Teching. 1st rev. ed. Federtion of Animl Science Societies, Svoy IL. Frncois, A., Glycerol in nutrition. Comp. Rend. Acd. Agric. Frnce, 80: Fritts, C.A. nd P.W. Wldroup, 006. Modified phosphorus progrm for roilers sed on commercil feeding intervls to sustin live performnce nd reduce totl nd wter-solule phosphorus in litter. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 15: Hoer, R. nd J. Hoer, 199. Experiments on the sorption of orgnic solutes in the smll intestine of rts. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 10: Kijor, C., Utiliztion of glycerol s yproduct of Bio-Diesel production in niml nutrition. Lnduforshung Volkenrode, 169: Kijor, C., H. Bergner, R.D. Kupsch nd L. Hgemnn, Glycerol s feed component in diets of fttening pigs. Arch. An. Nutr., 47: Kijor, C., R.D. Kupscy, H. Bergner, C. Wenk nd A.L. Prucki, Comprtive investigtion on the utiliztion of glycerol, free ftty cids, free ftty cids in comintion with glycerol nd vegetle oil in fttening of pigs. J. An. Phys. An. Nutr., 77: Kuhn, M., Use of technicl rpeseed-glycerol from Bio-Diesel production in the ftting of pigs. Lnduforshung Volkenrode, 169: Lessrd, P., M.R. Lefrncois nd J.F. Bernier, 199. Dietry ddition of cellulr metolic intermedites nd crcss ft deposition in roilers. Poult. Sci., 7: Lin, M.H., D.R. Romsos nd G.A. Leveille, Effect of glycerol on enzyme ctivities nd on ftty cid synthesis in the rt nd chicken, J. Nutr., 106: Mourot, J., A. Aumitre, A. Mounier, P. Peiniu nd A.C. Frncois, Nutritionl nd physiologicl effects of dietry glycerol in the growing pig. Consequences on ftty tissues nd post mortem musculr prmeters. Livestock Prod. Sci., 8: 7-

7 Cerrte et l.: Evlution of Glycerine from Biodiesel Production s Feed Ingredient for Broilers Nryn, K.A. nd E.W. Ross, The interctive effect of glycerol nd the type nd level of ft on rt tissue lipids. Nutr. Rep. Int., 6: 5-4. Nryn, K.A. nd J.J. McMullen, The interctive effect of dietry glycerol nd corn oil on rt liver lipids, serum lipids nd serum lipoproteins. J. Nutr., 109: Nryn, K.A., J.J. McMullen, T. Wkefield nd W.K. Clhoun, Influence of dietry glycerol on the serum lipoproteins of rts fed ft-free diet. J. Nutr., 107: Niles, D., 006. Comting the glycerine glut. Biodiesel, : Riedesel, M.L., D.Y. Allen, G.T. Peke nd K. Al-Qttn, Hyperhydrtion with glycerol solutions. J. Appl. Physiol., 51: Roserough, R.W., E. Geis, P. Jmes, H. Ot nd J. Whitehed, Effects of dietry energy sustitutions on reproductive performnce, feed efficiency, nd lipogenic enzyme ctivity on Lrge White Turkey Hens. Poult. Sci., 59: Snchez, J., A. Gutierrez, J.I. Fernndez, D. Menoyo nd P. Medel, 004. Plm ftty cid distillte clcium sop s vegetle ft source for roiler diets. Poultry Sci., 8(Suppl. 1): 5 (Astr.). SAS Institute, SAS User s Guide: Sttistics. Version 6.0 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cry, NC. Simon, A., Administrtion of glycerol to roilers in the drinking wter. Lnduforshung Volkenrode, 169: Simon, A., H. Bergner nd M. Schwe, Glycerolfeed ingredient for roiler chickens. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 49: Simon, A., M. Schwe nd H. Bergner, Glycerol supplementtion to roilers rtions with low crude protein content. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 50: Steele, R., B. Winkler nd N. Altszuler, Inhiition y infusion glycerol of gluconeogenesis from other precursors. Am. J. Physiol., 1: Summers, J.D., S. Leeson nd D. Sprtt, Yield nd composition of edile met from mle roilers s influenced y dietry protein level nd mino cid supplementtion. Cn. J. Anim. Sci., 68: Terlnche, S.E., R.D. Fell, A.C. Juhlin-Dnnfelt, B.W. Crig nd J.O. Holloszy, Effects of glycerol feeding efore nd fter exhusting exercise in rts. J. Appl. Physiol. Resp. Envir. Exercise Physiol., 50: Wgner, F., Glycerol in niml feeding- yproduct of lterntive fuel production. Muhle + Mischfuttertechnik, 11: Young, J.W., E. Shrgo nd H.A. Lrdy, Metolic control of enzymes involved in lipogenesis nd gluconeogenesis. Biochem., : Pulished with pprovl of the Director, Arknss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Fyetteville AR Mention of trde nme, proprietry product, or specific equipment does not constitute gurntee or wrrnty y the University of Arknss nd does not imply its pprovl to the exclusion of other products tht my e suitle. To whom correspondence should e ddressed: Wldroup@urk.edu. When referring to its function in living orgnisms, the term glycerol is preferred while the crude product otined from hydrolysis of fts nd oils is generlly referred to s glycerine. 1007