Outline. Biology 105: Biological Molecules. Carbon Review. Organic Compounds. Carbon 1/28/2016. Biological Molecules Functional Groups

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1 Outline Biology 105: Biological Molecules Lecture 3 Reading: Chapter 2, Pages Organic Compounds Functional Groups Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino acids and Proteins Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids RNA and DNA 1 2 Organic Compounds What do you think of when someone says organic? In biology Molecules of one or more elements covalently bonded to one or more carbon atoms Organic vs Inorganic Carbon Review How many electrons in its outer shell? How many does it need to be stable? How many covalent bonds can it form? Can link together to form a backbone 3 4 Carbon Biological Molecules Functional Groups 5 6 1

2 Polar Functional Groups Oxygen containing Carboxyl (-CO) Hydroxyl (alcohol) (-) Phosphates (-PO 4 ) Carbonyl Ketone (-CO) Aldehyde (-CHO) Nitrogen containing Amino (-NH 2 ) Sulfur containing (-SH) Macromolecules Giant molecule of life Nucleic acid, protein, polysaccharide Formed by the joining together of smaller molecules Monomers Polymer Polymer Party Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides Lipids Triglycerices, Phopholipids, Steroids Proteins Made of amino acids Enzymes, Channels, Pores, Transporters, Regulatory, Structural Ex. Keratin, Collagen, Actin Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides DNA & RNA Carbohydrates Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Ratio of: C 1 H 2 O 1 Example: Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Image From: 10 Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Polymers Made up of Glucose Macromolecules Polymers Dehydration Synthesis Water is removed H from one molecule from the other molecule Image From: 2

3 Polymer Formation Dehydration Synthesis Macromolecules Polymers What do you think occurs when polymers are broken down? Hydrolysis Hydro = Water Lysis = Breaking down Hydrolysis Polymer Breakdown Carbohydrates 4 Functions of carbohydrates 1) Rapidly mobilized source of energy 2) Energy storage 3) Structural 4) Coupled with proteins to form glycoproteins Simple Carbohydrates Glucose Ring Structure H CHO 1 H HO H H HO HO 6 H H O H H 6 CH 2 1 H CH 2 CH 6 2 CH O O CH O 1 CH 1 C 1 H HO

4 Glucose Disaccharides Disaccharide - Lactose Disaccharide - Lactose Glucose + Galactose Lactose Lactase What happens if you do not have this enzyme? Lactose intolerance 21 Image From: 22 Image From: Complex Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates Functions 2) Energy Storage Glycogen (animals) Starch (plants) 3) Structural Cellulose (cell walls of bacteria and plants )

5 Structure of Complex Carbohydrates Structure of Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Long chains of saccharides (sugars) 100s to 1000s The difference between the complex carbohydrates is in the structure Branched Unbranched Coiled Hydrogen Bonded Complex Carbohydrate - Glycogen Complex Carbohydrate - Glycogen Function Stored in animals for energy Structure Coiled and Branched Very easy to digest (break down) Stored mainly in liver and muscle Complex Carbohydrate - Starch Function Stored in plants for energy Structure Coiled, may have some branching Stored in amyloplasts Used for energy Plants that are high in starch Potatoes, rice, carrots, corn 30 Complex Carbohydrate - Cellulose Function Carbohydrate used by plants for structure Structure Hydrogen bonds stabilize chains into tight bundles Important fiber in our diet Image From: 5

6 Complex Carbohydrate - Cellulose Complex Carbohydrates - Summary Review Questions What is the complex carbohydrate stored in animals? What monomer is starch composed of? Lipids Mainly made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Usually have many carbons and hydrogens Not soluble in water 3 types 1) Triglycerides 2) Phospholipids 3) Steroids 33 Image From: 34 Lipids - Triglycerides Lipids - Triglyceride Function Energy storage Insulation Protection of vital organs Structure Three fatty acids joined to one glycerol

7 Lipids - Triglyceride Lipids - Triglycerides Examples Butter, lard (animal fat), vegetable oils Differences are in the structure of the fatty acids Chain length Number of double bonds Fatty Acids Fatty Acids Saturated Fatty Acids Carbon chain has NO double bonds CH 3 -(CH 2 -CH 2 ) n -CO Unsaturated fatty acids Carbon chain has at least one double bond Monounsaturated VS Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Triglycerides Animal Fats Solid at room temperature Vegetable Oils Liquid at room temperature Hydrogenated Oils Example Crisco Trans fats

8 Trans Fats Hydrogenation Adding hydrogen to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils Sources of trans fats Cookies, french fries, cakes, popcorn, many other packaged good Partially hydrogenated oil Trans Fats Trans Fats Fatty Acids and Health Heart disease Plaque collecting in the blood vessels Plaque from oxidized cholesterol LDL vs HDL LDL and HDL levels vary with the type of fatty acids you eat Fatty Acids and Cholesterol Trans fats Raise LDL and lower HDL Saturated fats Raise LDL Polyunsaturated fats Slightly lower HDL Monounsaturated fats Do not increase either Omega-3 Fats Type of unsaturated fat Has a carbon double bond located 3 carbons from the end Healthiest type of fat Reduce LDL Sources Fatty fish (salmon, tuna), walnuts, flax

9 Review Questions What fat is the least healthy? What type of fatty acid does not contain a double bond? Triglycerides are so named because they are formed by a reaction between 3 fatty acid molecules and one Lipids - Phospholipids Function Backbone of cell membranes Structure Glycerol + 2 FAs + charged phosphate group + R group Lipids - Phospholipids Amphipathic Phosphate end of molecule is polar Lipid (FA) end is nonpolar Lipids - Phospholipids Lipids - Phospholipids

10 Lipids - Phospholipids Image from: Lipids Steroids Lipids - Steroids Functions Signaling between cells (hormones), control metabolic processes and cellular functions Part of cell membrane (cholesterol) Structure 4 ring backbone with side chains attached Examples Hormones Cholesterol Lipids Steroids Lipids - Steroids

11 Lipids - Steroids Lipids - Steroids Anabolic steroids Testosterone type compounds to enhance athletic performance Image From: Review Question What type of lipid is an important component of membranes? 64 Proteins Functions Numerous and varied Facilitate chemical reactions (enzymes) Transport Movement of muscles Structure Cell signaling Nutrition Defense Components of cell membrane Immune response Hormones (insulin) Proteins Proteins Amino Acid Structure Polymers made up of amino acids There are 20 amino acids Each with a different substitution for R O H 2 N CH C R

12 Proteins Amino Acids Proteins Amino acids that form proteins are linked by bonds Peptide bonds Formed through dehydration synthesis Proteins Protein Structre Peptides Polypeptides Proteins 4 different levels of structure that affect their function in the body Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Protein Structure Protein Structure - Primary Amino acid sequence Determines its function and structure AAs have different properties and structures AAs bound together by a peptide bond

13 Protein Structure - Secondary Structural features within a polypeptide chain Do the AA form coils or sheets? Protein Structure - Tertiary Overall folding Determined by size and placement of AA in protein Chaperone proteins Denaturation Lose its shape under some conditions Protein Structure - Tertiary Protein Structure - Quaternary Multiple chains of AAs (polypeptide chains) interacting or binding together to function as one protein Protein Structure - Quaternary Hemoglobin Shape of Protein and Health Hemoglobin and Sickle Cell Anemia Caused by change of ONE amino acid in the sequence

14 Rate of reaction 1/28/2016 Proteins - Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that help reactions to happen Some require cofactors to function Example = iron Enzyme Properties Usually specific for their substrates They are not consumed (destroyed) in the process They have optimal conditions ph Temperature Enzyme Example Pepsin and Trypsin Enzyme Example 81 Image From: 82 ph Protein Structure Enzymes

15 Review Question Nucleotides Enzymes are a type of, which function to. Function Energy (ATP) Coenzymes that aid enzyme function (NAD+) or are messengers between and within cells (ADP) Small compounds Sugar, attached phosphate groups, nitrogenous base 5 different nucleotides Adenine, Thymine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine Nucleotide Nucleotide Complex Adenosine Triphosphate and Diphosphate ATP, ADP Energy transferring molecules Guanosine Triphosphate and Diphosphate GTP, GDP Intracellular signaling molecules and energy transferring molecules Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Energy transfer Nucleotide - ATP Nucleic Acids Polymer Chain or chains of nucleotides (monomer) Two types DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid Functions Blueprint to make proteins (DNA) Protein synthesis (RNA)

16 Nucleic Acids RNA vs DNA RNA Single stranded Sugar: Ribose Nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil DNA Two strands that for double helix Sugar: Deoxyribose Nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine Nucleic Acids - RNA Nucleic Acids - DNA Nucleic Acids - DNA Nucleic Acids Review: Monomer VS Polymer Monomer Individual unit that makes up a polymer Examples: Starch is a polymer made up of the monomer units of glucose Polymer Starch Cellulose Glycogen Protein Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Monomer Glucose Glucose Glucose Amino Acids Nucleotides

17 97 Important Concepts What are the functions of all the biological molecules? What are the types of carbohydrates? What is the function of each of the carbohydrates? Know what types of organisms the complex carbohydrates are found in, the digestibility of the different complex carbohydrates 98 Important Concepts Know what parts of the body is glycogen mainly stored in Know the cause and symptoms of lactose intolerance Know what monomers join to form the complex carbohydrates Know the structure of the complex carbohydrates (branched, tightly packed and stabilized by hydrogen bonds, coiled, etc) Know the types of lipids, their functions and their structures Important Concepts What is the general structure of triglycerides? What are the molecules that make up triglycerides? Know the general structure of phospholipids and the molecules that make up the phospholipids and know the properties of phospholipids Know the general structure of steroids (ie. that it is a four ring structure) and be able to identify the structure (don t need to be able to draw it) Important Concepts What are the monomers that are joined to make proteins and what type of bond joins them What is the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins What monomer units comprise nucleic acids, know the general structure of nucleotides Know the molecules that form nucleotides Be able to identify from a picture any of the biological molecules Important Concepts What are the different types of fatty acids Which fatty acids are healthy and which are not as healthy What is the order from healthiest to least healthy Know the structure of trans fat and the source of trans fat What is the effect of trans fat on the body What is trans fat called on ingredient labels Know the functions of the 3 types of lipids Know the functions of proteins Important Concepts What are enzymes, what is their function and their properties What are the structure differences between RNA and DNA What is the function of DNA and RNA Which molecules join together to form what molecules (monomer and polymers)

18 Monosaccharide Disaccharides Polysaccharide Amyloplasts Saturated fatty acids Definitions Trans fats Peptide Polypeptide Protein Peptide bond Enzyme Unsaturated fatty Active site acids Substrate Monounsaturated fatty acids Product Polyunsaturated Cofactors fatty acids Lactose Omega 3s Lactase 103 Alpha helix Beta pleated sheets Amphiphathic Chaperone Denaturation Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Monomer Polymer 104 The End Image From: 18