Introduction to Macromolecules. If you were to look at the nutrition label of whole milk, what main items stick out?
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1 Introduction to Macromolecules Macromolecules are a set of molecules that are found in living organisms. Macromolecules essentially mean big molecules as the word macro means large. The functions of these macromolecules play a vital role in maintaining a balanced internal environment. If you were to look at the nutrition label of whole milk, what main items stick out? You may have noticed the calories, fat, cholesterol, carbohydrates and protein. Three of the above listed items are in fact macromolecules. Fat and cholesterol are both in the category of lipids, and both carbohydrates and proteins are both categories of macromolecules. Macromolecules have 4 categories 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Macromolecules are basically a long-chain of repeating structure. Think of it as lego-blocks that can be put together to make one large structure. The single building blocks are called monomers, while the combination of many lego blocks are called polymers. Let s begin by looking at carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules. There are many kinds of sugar molecules. The sugar that we eat is called sucrose. The sugar found in milk is lactose, and the main sugar molecule that is found in both animal and plant organisms are called glucose. Notice they all have an ending of ose. Glucose has the basic chemical structure of the following: There are 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms. This gives the basic chemical formula of C 6 H 12 O 6. The name used in carbohydrates is called saccharide. If there is just one saccharide (sugar molecule), it is called monosaccharide. If there are two, disaccharide, three for trisaccharide. Any sugar that has two or more could be called polysaccharide. Polysaccharide is mostly used if the sugar molecules are found in a longer chain and is not used for 2 sugars connected to each other.
2 When chains of glucose are formed by linking many glucose molecules together, we get something called cellulose, in plants, or glycogen, in animals. Cellulose provides the structure for plants (such as stems, and leaves). Glycogen on the other hand is found in animals and is used as energy storage. Animals can break down the chains of glucose to get individual glucose molecules to use them as energy.
3 Starch is another form of polysaccharides where glucose chains are linked together. The difference between glycogen, starch and cellulose is due to how the glucose molecules are linked together in the chemical position. But at this time, we will focus on the polysaccharides instead of the chemical composition. Starch is found in plants and is used for energy storage. Potatoes are rich in starch and when we eat potatoes, we are breaking down the starch into single glucose molecules. Notice how the 3 different carbohydrate polymers are made from the same glucose molecule but linked together in a different orientation Disaccharides (two sugar molecules linked together) Other more complicated sugars can be formed by linking glucose molecules together. Disaccharides such as sucrose (the sugar that gives the sweet taste) is formed by connecting a glucose molecule with a fructose, while a maltose sugar is when two glucose molecules combined together. Lastly, lactose (the sugar that can make some people s stomach upset) is when a galactose and a glucose is linked together. Disaccharides are not polymers in the sense that they do not link together to form large molecules. Disaccharides are simply two sugar molecules combined into one to make another form of a sugar. Use the list on the next page to see the difference between each of them.
4 A list of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides:
5 Lipids Lipids are essentially fats of the body. Lipids however, are not considered as a polymer (repeating single structure). Lipids form many important molecules found in our bodies such as hormones, cholesterol and phospholipids. The basic structure of a fat molecule has a molecule called glycerol combined with 3 fatty acid chains. The fatty acid chains are long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together. The main function of lipid is energy storage. Other functions include sending signals around the body with hormones. If you look at the label on the right, you will notice that there is Saturated Fat and Trans fat. Basically, fat molecule can be broken down into 3 types: Saturated, unsaturated and trans fat. Saturated fat is when the fatty acid chain (the long chain) has just single bonds (S for saturated and S for single bonds) while unsaturated fat has double bonds between the carbon atoms. This doesn t seem very important but the bonding plays an important role. By having just single bonds, the fat molecules can actually pack more, and form a more condense structure. Animal fat is made up of saturated fat. Unsaturated fat has a double bond in the fatty acid chain, so it will not pack as close because of the configuration so your body can process it easier. Trans fat is another type of fat and it is what it is classified as bad fat. Trans fat is formed by another double bond but in another configuration. Notice the single double bond on the fatty acid chain can cause it to become an unsaturated fat
6 Proteins: Proteins are important molecules that make up at least 50% of dry cell mass. The functions of proteins are structure, signaling (sending signals), protection (defense), carry out chemical reactions, transport, movement, and storage. Proteins are made up of many single molecules called amino acids that are linked together similar to carbohydrates. There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins and they are linked together by Peptide bond. Peptide bond is a linkage that connects two amino acids together and can be linked with 1000s of other amino acids. The peptide bond links the amino acid molecules together 20 Amino Acids
7 Nucleic acids Nucleic acids make up the genetic material of living organisms. It can make up deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), or ribonucleic acids (RNA). The basic structure of nucleic acids is composed of simple linkage of nucleotides. The nucleotides link together in long chains forming RNA or DNA. Individual nucleotides are formed by 3 components, a ribose (5 carbon sugar) + nitrogenous base + phosphate molecule. The variations of RNA and DNA come from the nitrogenous bases that form the nucleotides. There are four different kinds, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). In order for DNA to form a double helix, hydrogen bonds link neighboring nitrogenous bases together. DNA s double helix is when hydrogen bonds form between adjacent nitrogenous bases. DNA is attached together by hydrogen bond between the nitrogenous bases Basic nucleotide structure with a sugar base, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
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