Plasma Membrane. comprised of a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins separates the cells s contents from its surroundings

Transcription

1 Cell Organelles

2 Plasma Membrane comprised of a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins separates the cells s contents from its surroundings

3 Cytosol the fluid Cytoplasm cell interior, everything outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane, includes the organelles, cytosol, and molecules and ions dissolved or suspended in the cytosol

4 Nucleus: contains DNA Nucleoplasm, thick fluid, fills the nucleus, network of protein fibres provide internal structure and support Nucleolus denser region containing RNA, protein, where ribosomes are formed Nuclear Envelope surrounds the nucleus, protects DNA Chromatin Genetic material composed of DNA

5 Nucleus

6 Ribosomes made of ribosomal RNA and protein, carry out protein synthesis, composed of two subunits Endoplasmic Reticulum extensive membranes in the form of tubules and sacs, that separates the internal compartments from the cytosol

7 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum lacks ribosomes produces lipids, and carbohydrates Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes attached synthesis of proteins by ribosomes

8 Endoplasmic Reticulum

9 Golgi apparatus Flattened membranous sacs, has vesicles nearby Products of the ER are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations. Makes some polysaccharides. Vesicles: Bud like sacs that form from ER and Golgi apparatus, and transport materials around cell, and secrete to exterior.

10 Golgi Apparatus

11 Lysosomes membrane bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes digests macromolecules, Autophagy - carry out recycling for cell Phagocytosis - also involved in digestion when single celled organisms engulf smaller organisms Autodigestion - also involved in destroying the cell when a large number of lysosomes open up into the cell (cell suicide/apoptosis)

12 Lysosome: formation and function

13 Vacuoles vacuoles are larger than vesicles various functions; food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis, contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of the cell, plant cells have a large central vacuole enclosed by a membrane called a tonoplast central vacuole holds important organic compounds, some vacuoles contain pigments, major role in growth by elongation

14 Chloroplasts enclosed by a double membrane, have their own ribosomes, and a small amount of DNA, they reproduce themselves, found only in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis, convert solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water,

15 Chloroplasts

16 Mitochondria found in all cells, including plants and animals, enclosed by a double membrane, have their own ribosomes and a small amount of DNA, they reproduce themselves. sites of cellular respiration, catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels with the help of oxygen

17 Mitochondrion

18 Cell Wall Distinguish plant cells from animals cells, (although prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have cell walls) protects the plant cell, and maintains its shape, prevents excessive uptake of water, much thicker than the plasma membrane, made of cellulose

19 Cell Wall

20 ECM Extracellular Matrix glycoproteins, mostly collagen forms strong fibres outside the cell, interwoven with other glycoproteins (proteoglycans) form large complexes

21 Cytoskeleton There are three types: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments give mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape, provide anchorage for many organelles, involved in cell motility, cytoplasmic streaming

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23 Cilia specialized arrangements of microfilaments, that beat for locomotion, or function to move fluid over the surface of the tissue if the cell is held in place usually occur in large numbers on the cell surface (0.25 um) in diameter Flagella specialized arrangement of microfilaments, that beat for locomotion, usually a cell has one or a few per cell, undulating motion

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26 Typical Animal Cell Diagram 1. Plasma membrane o o Lipid bilayer Membrane protein 2. Secretory vesicle/food vacuole 3. Mitochondrion

27 4. Cytoplasm/cytosol 5. Centrioles (cytoskeleton) 8. Cytoskeleton: o Microtubule o Intermediate filament o Actin filament

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29 9. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 10. Rough endoplasmic Reticulum 11. Nucleus o o o Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pore 12. Ribosomes

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31 6. Golgi apparatus 7. a. Peroxisome 7. b. Lysosome

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34 Typical Plant Cell 6. c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 12. Ribosomes 3. Mitochondrion 1. Plasma membrane 8. Cell wall Adjacent cell wall

35 6. a. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 6. b. Golgi apparatus 5. Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pore

36 4. Cytoskeleton Microtubule Intermediate filament Actin filament 2. Cytoplasm 9. Chloroplast

37 7. Peroxisome 10. Central vacuole Tonoplast 11. Plasmodesmata Singular plasmodesma