Cell Chemistry - Intro

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1 Cell Chemistry - Intro SBI 3C Cell Chemistry All things are made of atoms, including living things. As we explore the cell we need to have a basic understanding of the chemistry and molecules that make up cells and are involved in their functions.

2 Water Water is the most important molecule for life (as we know it). The cytoplasm is almost completely water Water Water is a polar molecule. This means is has positive areas and negative areas. Remember: Like charges repel, opposites attract

3 Water This means that the positive areas of one water molecule (H) are attracted to the negative areas of another (O). These attraction forms a hydrogen bond Water These bonds mean that water sticks together, and is the reason we have surface tension

4 Aqueous Solution Aqueous mean waterlike and in science we use it to describe any solution where something is dissolved into water (the solvent) Concentration Concentration of a solution is the ratio of the solute (the thing dissolved) to the volume of the solution. Example: Coke has 27 g of sugar in 100 ml. It has a concentration of 27/100 g/ml = 0.27 g/ml = 270 g/l

5 Concentration The concentration of a substance, in solution, can also be written as [substance]. The square brackets indicate concentration. Concentration is sometimes written in Moles/Litre (mol/l) Acids An acid is a substance that easily gives away Hydrogen ions (H+) Example: HCl (hydrochloric acid)

6 Bases A base is a molecule that loves to join with positively charged ions (like H+). They often contain OH-. Example: NaOH (drain cleaner) Buffers A buffer is a substance that can neutralize small amounts of acid and base. Buffers are important in biology because living things are very sensitive to ph. Example: Sodium Bicarbonate (baking soda) is great at neutralizing acids

7 ph scale The ph scale is a tool indicating the strength of acids and bases. The lower the number the higher the concentration of H+ (strong acid). The higher the number the lower the [H+] Reading and Questions Review the material covered on pg in the textbook. Answer questions 1, 2, 3, 5, 6

8 Functional Groups A Functional Group is a set (cluster) of atoms that gives a compound it specific chemical properties. Functional Groups These are some important, common functional groups

9 Macromolecules Macromolecules are large, to very large, organic molecules. We will look at four key biological macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (Carbs) are molecules that are, or are built of, sugars. Examples: Starch, Table Sugar (pictured), Cellulose

10 Carb Terms: Monosaccharide (literally one-sugar): Is a carb that has only one sugar unit. Examples Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Note: Fructose is far sweeter than Glucose Carb Terms: Disaccharide (two-sugar): Is a carb that has two sugar units. Examples - Table sugar, lactose, maltose Polysaccharide (many-sugar)(complex carbs): Is a carb that has more than two sugar units. Examples - Starch, Cellulose, Chitin

11 Polysaccharides All three molecules are built up of just glucose units that are connected in different ways Polysaccharides Complex Carbs are used in a variety of ways by cells and organisms. Starches are used for storing energy and are easily digested. Cellulose is a structural molecule used in cell ways and woody sections of plants Chitin is used to make shells (exoskeletons)

12 Lipids (Fat) Lipids are used for a variety of functions in cells and organisms. What functions can you think of? Lipids One key function is cell membranes. Why are Lipids good to form membranes? (hint: Fats are oils)

13 Lipids Some lipids called phospholipids. They are molecules that have fatty acids on one end and a polar functional group at the other end. Lipids The polar region likes water (hydrophilic) and the fatty acid end doesn t (hydrophobic). This means that phospholipids natural make bi-layers

14 Triglycerides When most of us think about fat we think about Triglycerides, because this is the type of fat that we eat and store. Triglycerides Triglycerides are made up of 3 Fatty acids and a Glycerol molecule (hence triglyceride)

15 Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated fats have only single bonds in their fatty acids. (Saturated = max # of single bonds) Saturated vs. Unsaturated Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in their fatty acids (FAs). Polyunsaturated fats have multiple double bonds.

16 Trans-fats Trans-fats are artificially created and have an unnatural double bond in their structure. Our bodies can t break this bond and they are linked to health issues Structure Function Saturated fats have straight FA so they stack nicely and stick together, they are generally solid at room temp. Unsaturated fats have bends in their FA, causing them to be more liquid.

17 Steroids Steroids are a form of lipid, made up of carbon rings. They are used as signalling molecules (hormones) and for building cell membranes Proteins Proteins are the main functional molecules in our bodies. They are involved in providing structural support, building all cell structures, signalling between cells, reading DNA and affecting chemical reactions.

18 Proteins Proteins are strings of amino acids. Amino acids are molecules that have an amino group on one side and and carboxyl acid on the other. The R group, off the middle represents different side groups Proteins There are 20 different amino acids that humans need to make up all of the 1000 s of different proteins in our bodies.

19 Proteins 9 Amino acids are called essential, this is because our bodies can t make them and we have to get them from our food. Proteins Amino acids are joined together by forming peptide bonds, which is which proteins are also called polypeptides. (note that water is produced)

20 Proteins Protein Synthesis is the process of making proteins. 1. DNA is read to make RNA instructions 2. RNA go to ribosomes 3. Ribosomes read RNA and join together amino acids into a polypeptide 4. Polypetide is folded into correct shape Proteins Proteins only work correctly when they are in the correct shape. Their shape depends on the environment (ph, temperature, concentration of solutes, etc.)

21 Proteins When a protein is put in an environment that causes it to change shape (like heating it up) it denatures. Proteins Enzymes are proteins that are used to help chemical reactions occur faster.

22 Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are the information storage molecules of cells. DNA and RNA are the both Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids are made of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of: 1. a five-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA) 2. a phophate group 3. a nitrogenous base

23 Nucleic Acids DNA has 4 different nucleotides and the sequence of these nucleotides codes for all the plans and functions of the organism. Questions Read/Review pg Answer questions: 1-3, 4-14, 16, 17, 18

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