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1 Biology 112 Unit Three Chapter Four 1 Cell Sizes Smallest Bacteria Largest Bird egg Longest Giraffe s Nerve Cell Most Cells Diameter of 0.7µm to 105 µm 2 10 m 1 m 100 mm (10 cm) 10 mm (1 cm) Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Unaided eye 1 mm Frog egg 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Mycoplasmas (smallest bacteria) Viruses Ribosome Proteins Light microscope Electron microscope 1 nm Lipids Small molecules 0.1 nm Atoms 3

2 How big can a cell get? Cells are limited by natural laws They must be able to house organelles (minimum size) They must stay within a certain surface area to volume raro (maximum size) 4 Surface Area L x W 5 Volume L x W x H Large cell = smaller SA/Vol raro 6

3 30 µm 10 µm 30 µm 10 µm Surface area of one large cube = 5,400 µm 2 Total surface area of 27 small cubes = 16,200 µm 2 7 Minimal Cell 1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm Cell Structure 3. GeneRc informaron 4. Ribosomes 8 ProkaryoRc EukaryoRc Two Types of Cells 9

4 ProkaryoRc Cells Average 2 µm to 8 µm long No nucleus Nucleoid (nuclear region) Most have a bacterial cell wall PepRdoglycan Limited organelles Ribosomes 10 Variety of structures ProkaryoRc Cells Capsule Some have srcky outer coat Pili or flagella Used for movement 11 Pili Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Cell wall A typical rod-shaped bacterium Capsule Flagella A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) 12

5 EukaryoRc Cells Average 10x bigger and 1000x in volume as prokaryorc Nucleus present Variety of membranous cellular organelles Vary in cellular metabolism Dependent on internal cellular membranes Increase areas of specializaron Increase in SA allows for more reacrons to take place at one Rme 13 ProRsta Unicellular The kingdom being reorganized Fungi Yeast 14 Plant No centrioles Cell wall (cellulose) Chloroplast Central vacuole MulRcellular 15

6 Golgi apparatus NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Chromosome Nucleolus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Plasmodesmata CYTOSKELETON: Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cell wall of adjacent cell 16 Animal MulRcellular Paired centrioles No cell wall Flagella in some (movement) ContracRle vacuole 17 Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Chromosomes Nucleolus Lysosome Centriole Ribosomes Peroxisome CYTOSKELETON: Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion 18

7 Organelles and FuncRons Four Categories 1. Manufacturing 2. Breakdown 3. Energy Processing 4. Support, Movement and CommunicaRon 19 Manufacturing Nucleus control center of the cell Nuclear Envelope Double membrane Perforated (pores) Material movement DNA ChromaRn strands Strands make up chromosomes Nucleolus Contains chromarn, RNA and protein Manufactures ribosome 20 Two membranes of nuclear envelope Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Pore Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes 21

8 Ribosomes Assemble amino acids into polypeprdes Every cell has ribosomes! 22 Ribosomes ER Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit TEM showing ER and ribosomes Small subunit Diagram of a ribosome 23 Endoplasmic ReRculum (ER) Rough ER (due to ribosomes) Makes membrane bound proteins Makes secretory proteins Smooth ER Synthesis of lipids In the liver, helps regulate blood sugar Drug breakdown Storage of calcium Amount of Smooth ER or Rough ER in the cells depends on the funcron of the cell 24

9 Nuclear envelope Smooth ER Rough ER Ribosomes 25 Transport vesicle buds off 4 Ribosome Secretory protein inside transport vesicle 1 3 Sugar chain Polypeptide 2 Glycoprotein Rough ER 26 Golgi Apparatus Receives and modifies substances manufactured in the ER Finishes, sorts and ships products # of GA depend on how acrve the cell is in secrerng proteins Receiving and Shipping sides (cis and trans) Contents may either leave the cell or become part of the cell s organelles or membrane 27

10 Receiving side of Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming Shipping side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi 28 Breakdown Lysosomes DigesRve enzymes (hydrolyrc) in a membranous sac Only work in a very acidic environment Stuff that needs to be broken down is brought into the membranous sac (recycling) Engulfing bacteria Fusing with food vacuoles Embryonic development (programmed cell death) 29 Digestive enzymes Plasma membrane Lysosome Digestion Food vacuole 30

11 Lysosome Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion Digestion 31 Peroxisomes Contains enzymes in a membranous sac that produce H 2 O 2 Help survive environmental toxins including alcohol Help the cell use oxygen to break down faky acids 32 Vacuoles In plants, can be a large lysosome Can store water, chemicals, pigments, poisons or waste product In animals, used as a contracrle vacuole to maintain water balance 33

12 Chloroplast Nucleus Central vacuole 34 Nucleus Contractile vacuoles 35 Mitochondria Energy Processing Energy converrng organelle Cellular RespiraRon ConverRng chemical energy in food to chemical energy of ATP for cellular work 36

13 Mitochondria (conrnued) Double membrane two compartments (outer and inner membranes) 1. Intermembrane space between the membranes where H+ build up occurs 2. Cristae increase surface area for ATP producron ATP Synthase is embedded here 3. Mitochondrial matrix The Citric Acid Cycle is located here 37 Mitochondrion Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Cristae Matrix 38 Cilia Support, Movement & CommunicaRon Microtubule extending from cell Short and many present Line trachea to sweep mucous containing debris out of lungs Line oviducts to move the egg toward the uterus 39

14 Cilia 40 Flagella Fewer in number but longer Sperm 41 Flagellum 42

15 Both Dynein arms for movement (9 + 2) arrangement Anchor in basal body Are tubular extensions of the plasma membrane FuncRon is to move either the whole cell or move material across cell or into cell 43 Cross sections: Outer microtubule doublet Central microtubules Radial spoke Flagellum Dynein arms Plasma membrane Triplet Basal body Basal body 44 Animal Cell Surfaces Animal and other eukaryotes are organized into single funcronal organisms These are held together with cell surfaces 45

16 Extracellular Matrix Helps hold cells together, affects cell behavior by contacrng proteins in plasma membrane and cytoskeleton within the cell 46 Glycoprotein complex with long polysaccharide EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Collagen fiber Connecting glycoprotein Integrin Plasma membrane Microfilaments CYTOPLASM 47 Binds Cells Together 1. Tight JuncRons leak proof sheet digesrve or nervous system 2. Anchoring JuncRons rivets with cytoskeleton 3. CommunicaRng (Gap) JuncRons allow for flow of water and chemicals also for electrical signals 48

17 Tight junctions Anchoring junction Gap junctions Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix 49

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