3.1.3 Lipids. Source: AQA Spec
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1 alevelbiology.co.uk SPECIFICATION Triglycerides and phospholipids are two groups of lipid. Triglycerides are formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid. A condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid (RCOOH) forms an ester bond. The R-group of a fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated. In phospholipids, one of the fatty acids of a triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate-containing group. The different properties of triglycerides and phospholipids related to their different structures. The emulsion test for lipids. Students should be able to: recognise, from diagrams, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids explain the different properties of triglycerides and phospholipids Source: AQA Spec
2 Lipids Lipids are a mixed group of hydrophobic compounds composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The main complex lipid types are triglycerides and phospholipids. Hydrophobic: water fearing, non-polar molecules, lipid soluble Hydrophilic: water loving, polar molecules, water soluble (not soluble in lipids) Lipid Classification Lipids complex simple Triglycerides Phospholipids Waxes Steroids Terpenes Emulsion Test for Lipids
3 Emulsion Test for Lipids Lipids do not dissolve in water, but they do dissolve in ethanol. If you want to find out if there is any fat in a sample, you can do the emulsion test: 1. Add ethanol to the test substance and shake thoroughly for about a minute so that it dissolves 2. Add water to the solution 3. Any lipid will show as a milky emulsion and the more lipid there is, the more noticeable the milky colour will be 4. The test can be improved further by adding the dye Sudan III, which will stain the lipids red Triglyceride Formation Triglycerides are commonly called fats or oils They are made of one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids attached to it. Glycerol is a small, 3-carbon molecule with three alcohol groups. (C 3 H 8 O 3 ). Glycerol is common to all triglycerides and so the properties of the fats depend on the nature of the fatty acids. Triglycerides are insoluble in water. They are used for storage, insulation and protection in fatty tissue (or adipose tissue) found under the skin (subcutaneous) or surrounding organs. They yield more energy per unit mass than other compounds so are good for energy storage. (structure of a triglyceride) Glycerol hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids
4 s Fatty acids, have a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon (CH 2 ) chain that can be anything from C14-C22 units long. May have no C=C (double) bonds in the chain, making them saturated and straight chains May have one (mono) or several (poly) C=C bonds, making them unsaturated. This causes kinks, bends in the chains. This lowers the melting point. Plant and fish fats are liquids at room temperature (oils) as they have a high degree of unsaturation. Animal fats are solids at room temperature as they are saturated fats. The long tails of hydrocarbon in fatty acids are hydrophobic (they repel water molecules) which makes lipids insoluble in water All fatty acids have the same basic structure but the hydrocarbon tail varies.
5 How Triacylglycerol is Formed Fats are also called triacylglycerols or triglycerides because of their chemical structure - shown below. Image source: OpenStax College, Biology
6 Phospholipids Similar to triglycerides, but a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid chain. The phosphate head is hydrophilic and polar (water soluble) Two non-polar hydrophobic "tails" (the fatty acid chains). They are the main components of the cell membranes also known as plasma membranes. When mixed with water, phospholipids form droplet spheres with the hydrophilic heads facing the water and the hydrophobic tails facing each other. This is called a micelle. Alternatively, they may form a double-layered phospholipid bilayer. This traps a compartment of water in the middle separated from the external water by the hydrophobic sphere. This naturally-occurring structure is called a liposome, and is similar to a membrane surrounding a cell. (structure of a phospholipid) phosphate group Glycerol hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids
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